Ece 1071 OP AMP

Operational Amplifier and Applications
Reference:
• Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, 11th Edition, PHI, 2012
• Linear IC’s and Its applications By Roy Choudhary
By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

08-03-2024 1
Engineering,MIT Bengaluru
Application of OP-AMP: Amplification
With amplifier(OPAMP)
Without amplifier

08-03-2024 2
Application of OP-AMP: Filters

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Operational Amplifier
●Enables substantial amplification of an input signal
●Enables elimination of noise from an input signal

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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
• An op-amp is a very high gain direct coupled amplifier
which can amplify signals over a wide range of
frequencies.
• Ability to perform mathematical operations
• DC/AC amplification
• High gain differential amplifier
Adder
• High input impedance and low output impedance
• Used in amplifiers, filters, oscillators, comparators,
regulators etc.
Oscillator Subtractor
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• Advantages of OPAMP over transistor amplifier
• Less power consumption

• Costs less
• More compact
• More reliable
• Higher gain can be obtained
• Easy design

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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
• Amplifies the difference between the two input signals
Figure: Symbol of an op-amp.

Figure: Pin diagram of a typical µA741 op-amp

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OPAMP terminals
• Two DC power supplies (dual) are required

• Magnitudes of both may be same
• The other terminal of both power supplies are
connected to common ground
• All input and output voltages are measured with
reference to the common ground

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OPAMP terminals
• If input is applied to non
inverting input terminal,
+VCC
then output will be in-phase
with input
• If input is applied to inverting Non inverting
+
input
input terminal, then output will
be 180 degrees out of phase Out
with input put
Inverting –
• If inputs are applied to both input
terminals, then output will
be proportional to –VEE
difference between the two
inputs
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Internal block diagram of OPAMP

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Open-loop configuration
AOL : AOL the open-loop voltage
gain of the OPAMP
AOL = 0.5 x 106 (Typical)
• So, even if input is in micro volts,

output will be in volts
If v1 = 0, then vo = –AOLv2 Inverting amplifier

If v2 = 0, then vo = AOLv1 Non inverting
amplifier
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If input is in milli volts, output reaches saturation
value ±Vsat = ±VCC (or ±VEE)

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v0 = Advd + Acmvcm
Where Ad is the differential gain for the difference signal vd = (v1 – v2 )
Acm is the common mode gain for the common mode signal vcm = (v1 + v2)/2
 v1 + v 2 
v o = Ad (v1 − v 2 ) + Acm  
 2 

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Op-Amp equivalent circuit
Practical Op-Amp
+
Ri
–
AOLvid Ro
vo
vi1 vi2

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Op-Amp equivalent circuit
Ideal Op-Amp
+
–
AOLvid
vo
vi1 vi2

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Op-Amp Characteristics
• Input resistance Ri
• It is the equivalent resistance measured between the two input terminals of Op-
Amp
• Output resistance Ro
• It is equivalent resistance measured between output terminal and ground
• Bandwidth
• It is the range of frequency over which the gain of Op-Amp is almost constant
• Slew rate
• It is the maximum rate of change of output voltage with respect to time
• Slew rate has to be very high if Op-Amp has to operate efficiently at high
frequencies

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• Output offset voltage Voo
• It is the output voltage when both input voltages are zero
• Input offset voltage Vio

• It is the differential input voltage that must be applied at the input terminals in order to
make output voltage equal to zero
Vio = |v1 – v2| for vo = 0
• Supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR)

It is change in the opamp input offset voltage due to variation in supply voltage.

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• Input offset current Iio
• It is the difference between the currents in the input terminals when both input
voltages are zero
Iio = | I1 – I2 | when v1 = v2 = 0
• Input bias current Iib

• It is the average of the currents in the input terminals when both input voltages are
zero
Iib = (I1 + I2) / 2 when v1 = v2 = 0

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• Ideal Op-Amp
• Infinite differential mode gain
• Zero common mode gain
• Infinite CMRR
• Infinite input resistance
• Zero output resistance
• Infinite bandwidth
• Infinite slew rate

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• Practical characteristics of µA741C Op-Amp
• Differential mode gain is 2,00,000
• CMRR is 90 dB
• Input resistance is 2 MΩ
• Output resistance is 75 Ω
• Unity-gain Bandwidth is 1 MHz
• Slew rate is 0.5 V / μs

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Ideal and Practical op-amp characteristic values
Sl. No. Characteristics Ideal Practical

1 Open loop voltage gain, Avo ∞ 2*105
2 Unity gain BW ∞ 1MHz
3 Input resistance, Ri ∞ 2MΩ
4 Output resistance. Ro zero 75Ω

5 CMRR ∞ 90dB
6 Slew rate high 0.5 V/μs
7 SVRR zero 150µV/V
8 Input offset voltage 0 6mv (max)
9 Input offset current 0 200 nA (max)
Differential mode output

10 ∞ 2*105
voltage gain Ad
Common mode output

11 0 10
voltage gain Ac

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AOL : AOL the open-loop voltage
gain of the OPAMP
AOL = 0.5 x 106 (Typical)
• So, even if input is in micro volts,

output will be in volts
If v1 = 0, then vo = –AOLv2 Inverting amplifier

If v2 = 0, then vo = AOLv1 Non inverting
amplifier
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Open loop gain
0
V4
12
R4 LM324 11
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5 V R6
0 + 4
1k
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
0
V11
0.001 V
0

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0
V4
12
R4 LM324 11
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5 V R6
0 + 4
1k
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
0
-0.01 to 0.01V V11
0
Non-Inverting amplifier

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0
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 V R7
-0.01 to 0.01V - 4 OS1
1k
V181k LM741 V-
V14
0
0 12 0
Inverting Amplifier

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0
V4
12
R4 LM324 11
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5 R6V+
0 + 4
1k
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
0
V-
V11
VOFF = 0 V+
VAMPL = 5 0
FREQ = 1k
AC =
0
V-

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0
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 R7V+
- 4 OS1
1k V- 1k
V18 LM741
VOFF = 0 V+ V14
VAMPL = 5 0
V-
FREQ = 1k
AC =
0 12 0
V-
Inverting amplifier

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Problem

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Common Mode Rejection ratio(CMRR)
• When it comes to electronic devices, common mode signals can often interfere with the desired
signal.
• These common mode signals refer to unwanted noise or interference that affects both the positive
and negative terminals of a device.
• The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is a measure of a device's ability to reject these common
mode signals.
• CMRR is a measure of the capability of an op-amp to reject a signal that is common to both inputs.
• Ideally, CMRR is infinite: if both inputs fluctuate by the same amount (while remaining constant
relative to each other), this change will have no bearing on the output.
• The common mode rejection is a feature of differential amplifiers.
• Op-amps are amplifiers with differential input; so common mode rejection applies to operational
amplifiers.
• The common mode signal is when both of the inputs of the amplifier have the same voltage or they
have a “common voltage” across them. Under this condition, the output of the amplifier should be
zero or the amplifier should reject the signal and not amplify it.
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Differential and common mode configuration
Common mode(ideal)
Common mode(practical)
Differential

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CMRR
• Voltage that is common between either of the inputs and ground, as “Vcommon-
mode” is in this case, is called common-mode voltage. As we vary this common
voltage, the perfect differential amplifier’s output voltage should hold absolutely
steady (no change in output for any arbitrary change in common-mode input).
This translates to a common-mode voltage gain of zero.
The operational amplifier, being a differential amplifier with high differential gain, would ideally have zero
common-mode gain as well. In real life, however, this is not easily attained. Thus, common-mode voltages
will invariably have some effect on the op-amp’s output voltage.
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0
V4
U4 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
OUT
V11 2 1 V R6
VOFF = 0 - 4 OS1
V- 1k
VAMPL = 20 LM741
FREQ = 1k V6
AC = 0
0
12 0

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0
V4
U4 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
OUT
V11 2 1 V R6
4
VOFF = 0 - OS1
V 1k
VAMPL = 20 LM741
V-
FREQ = 1k V6
AC = 0
0
12 0
0
V12
U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
OUT
V13 2 1 V R7
VOFF = 0 - 4 OS1
V
V- 1k
VAMPL = 10 LM741
FREQ = 1k V14
AC = 0
0
12 0
V15
U6 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
OUT
V16 2 1 V R8
VOFF = 0 - 4 OS1
V
V- 1k
VAMPL = 30 LM741
FREQ = 1k V17
AC = 0
0
12 0

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MCQ
• The common mode voltage gain for the circuit:
a) 30*10-3
b) 17*10-3
c) 51*10-3
d) 2.4*10-3

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MCQ
• The common mode voltage gain for the circuit:
a) 30*10-3
b) 17*10-3
c) 51*10-3
d) 2.4*10-3

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MCQ
• A differential amplifier with a common-mode input of 500 mV and a
difference-mode input of 30 mV has an output of 5 mV due to the
common mode input and 3 V due to difference-mode input. Find the
difference-mode and the common-mode gains respectively.
A) 0.01, 0.01
B) 100, 0.01
C) 100, 100
D) 0.01, 100

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MCQ
• A differential amplifier with a common-mode input of 500 mV and a
difference-mode input of 30 mV has an output of 5 mV due to the
common mode input and 3 V due to difference-mode input. Find the
difference-mode and the common-mode gains respectively.
A) 0.01, 0.01
B) 100, 0.01
C) 100, 100
D) 0.01, 100

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• A differential amplifier has two inputs of 5 mV and 3 mV. The output
is 300 mV. What is the amplifier gain? Also find the output voltage, if
now inputs of 153 mV and 155 mV are applied?
A) Gain=150, Output=2 mV
B) Gain=300, Output=300 mV
C) Gain=150, Output=300 mV
D) Gain=300, Output=150 mV

08-03-2024 39
• A differential amplifier has two inputs of 5 mV and 3 mV. The output
is 300 mV. What is the amplifier gain? Also find the output voltage, if
now inputs of 153 mV and 155 mV are applied?
A) Gain=150, Output=2 mV
B) Gain=300, Output=300 mV
C) Gain=150, Output=300 mV
D) Gain=300, Output=150 mV

08-03-2024 40
Problem
• An OPAMP has differential voltage gain of 100,000 and CMRR of
60dB. If non-inverting input voltage is 150 μV and inverting input
voltage is 140 μV, calculate the output voltage of OPAMP.

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Problem 2
• For an OPAMP, when v1 is 0.5 mV and v2 is –0.5 mV, output voltage is
8 V. For the same OPAMP, when v1 = v2 = 1 mV, output voltage is 12
mV. Calculate the CMRR of the OPAMP
Ans: 56.48 dB

08-03-2024 43
Concept of Virtual ground
• While analysing different circuits that include op-amps we need to use an important concept
called “virtual short”.
• According to virtual short concept, the potential difference between the two input terminals of an
Op-amp is almost zero. In other words, both the input terminals are approximately at the same
potential.
• The input impedance (Ri) of an op-amp is ideally infinite. Hence current flowing from one input
terminal to the other will be zero as shown in Figure.
The term virtual ground means any point in the circuit that has a Zero voltage and draw no
current.
Thus, the voltage drop across Ri will be zero and
both the input terminals will be at the same
potential. In other words, they are virtually shorted
to each other.

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Concept of Virtual ground
• If the non-inverting (+) terminal of op-amp is connected to ground as

shown in figure, then due to the “virtual short” existing between the
two input terminals, the inverting (-) terminal will also be at ground
potential. Hence it is said to be at “virtual ground”.

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• Applications of OP-AMP

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Closed loop configuration
• The Open Loop Gain, ( AVO ) of an operational amplifier can be very high, as much as 1,000,000
or more.
• However, this very high gain is of no real use to us as it makes the amplifier both unstable and
hard to control as the smallest of input signals, just a few micro-volts, (μV) would be enough to
cause the output voltage to saturate and swing towards one or the other of the voltage supply
rails losing complete control of the output.
• As the open loop DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high we can
therefore afford to lose some of this high gain by connecting a suitable resistor
across the amplifier from the output terminal back to the inverting input
terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This then
produces and effect known commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus produces a very stable
Operational Amplifier based system.

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Non-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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Non-Inverting Amplifier
R3 R3
R3
11.32V 11.32V
5k 0 5k 0
5.997V
5k 0
V4 V4
V4 1.886V 12 1.886V 12
1.000V 12 LM324 11 R4 LM324 11
R4 6 V-
6 V- -
R4 LM324 11 -
V- 1k 7
6 1k 7 0V
- OUT
0V OUT
1k 5
7 5 0 + 4
0V OUT 3.000V
0 + 4
2.000V V6
R5 U2B V+
5 V6
R5 U2B V+ 12
1k
0 + 4
1.000V 1k 12
V6
R5 U2B V+ V11
V11 3
1k 12 0
2
0
V11
R3 0
1
0 0 -11.99V
5k 0
R3
0 -5.999V
V4
5k 0
R3 -1.999V12
11.32V V4 LM324 11
5k 0 R4
-1.000V12 6 V-
V4 LM324 11
-
R4 1k
1.886V 12 6 V- 7
- 0V OUT
LM324 11 1k 7
R4 5
6 V- 0V OUT
- 5
0 + 4
-5.000V
1k 7 0 + 4 V6
R5 U2B V+
-1.000V
0V OUT U2B V+
V6
R5 1k 12
5 1k 12
0 + 4
5.000V
V6
R5 U2B V+
12 1 V11 5 V11
1k
0 0
V11
5
0 0 0
08-03-2024
0 49
0
V4
12
R6
R4 LM324 11 5k
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5 V
0 + 4
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
-5 to 5V V11
0

08-03-2024 50
Non Inverting amplifier
R3
5k 0
V4
12
R4 LM324 11
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5
V- V+
0 + 4
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
V7
VOFF = 0 V+
VAMPL = 1 0
FREQ = 1k
AC =
0
V-

08-03-2024 51
R3
5k 0
V4
12
R4 LM324 11
6 V-
-
1k 7
OUT
5
V- V+
0 + 4
V6
R5 U2B V+
1k 12
V7
VOFF = 0 V+
VAMPL = 3 0
FREQ = 1k
AC =
0
V-

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Problem
• Find the gain of the amplifier?
Gain= 3.1
Vout= 10.54V By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication
08-03-2024 54
Inverting Amplifier

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Inverting Amplifier
R2
5k 0
V2
12
R1 LM324 11
2 V-
-
1k 1
OUT
V12 3 V
-5 to 5V + 4
0 U1A V+
V1
12
0

08-03-2024 56
Inverting Amplifer
R2
5k 0
V2
12
R1 LM324 11
2 V-
-
1k 1
OUT
V3 3 V
VOFF = 0 + 4
V
VAMPL = 1 0 U1A V+
V1
FREQ = 1k 12
AC =
0
0
Inverting amplifier

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Inverting Amplifier

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OP-AMP adder

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OP-AMP adder
0
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 R7V+
V
- 4 OS1
1k V- 1k
V+ R12 LM741
V20 1k V14
3 0
V-
V21
1 V+ 12 0
R11
V-
0 0
V- 2k

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OP-AMP adder
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 R7V+
V
- 4 OS1
1k V- 1k
V+ R12 LM741
V20 5k V14
3 0
V-
V21
1 V+ 12 0
R11
V-
0 0
V- 2k

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OP-AMP adder
0
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 R7V+
V
- 4 OS1
1k V- 1k
V+ R12 LM741
V18 1k V14
VOFF = 0 0
V-
VAMPL = 1 V19
FREQ = 1k VOFF = 0 V+ 12 0
AC = VAMPL = 1
FREQ = 1k R11
V- AC =
0 0
V- 2k

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OP-AMP adder
V12
R9 U5 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
0 1k 6
R10 OUT
2 1 R7V+
V
- 4 OS1
1k V- 1k
V+ R12 LM741
V18 1k V14
VOFF = 0 0
V-
VAMPL = 1 V19
REQ = 1k VOFF = 0 V+ 12 0
AC = VAMPL = 1
FREQ = 2k R11
V- AC =
0 0
V- 2k

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OP-AMP adder

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Non-inverting Summing Amplifier
If we make the two input resistances equal in value, then R1 =

R2 = R.

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Non-inverting Summing Amplifier

08-03-2024 66
Difference amplifier
When resistors, R1 = R2 and R3 = R4

08-03-2024 67
0
0
V4
R16
7
R15 2k U4
3 5
V+
V23 + 12 OS2
1k 6
5 V+
R14 OUT
2 1 R6V+
4
V22 - OS1
1k 1k
0 2 LM741
V-
V- V+
V6
0
V-
0
V- 12 0
R13
2k
R16=R13(R3=R4)

08-03-2024 68
0
0
V4
R16
7
R15 1k U4
3 5
V23 + V+
12 OS2
1k 6
5 V+
R14 OUT
2 1 R6V+
4
V22 - OS1
1k 1k
0 2 LM741
V-
V- V+
V6
0
V-
0
V- 12 0
R13
2k
R16 not equal to R13 (R3 not equal toR4)

08-03-2024 69
0
0
V4
R16 7
R15 1k U4
3 5
V+
V23 + 12 OS2
1k 6
5 V+
R14 OUT
2 1 R6V+
4
- OS1
1k 1k
0 LM741
V-
V- V+
V6
0
V-
V24 12
VOFF = 0 0
VAMPL = 3
FREQ = 1k R13
AC =
V- 2k
0
R16 not equal to R13 (R3 not equal toR4)

08-03-2024 70
0
0
V4
R16
R15 2k U4 7
3 V+ 5
V23 + 12 OS2
1k 6
5 V+
R14 OUT
2 1 R6V+
4
- OS1
1k 1k
0 LM741
V-
V- V+
V6
0
V-
V24 12
VOFF = 0 0
VAMPL = 3
FREQ = 1k R13
AC =
V- 2k
0
R16=R13(R3=R4)

08-03-2024 71
Problems
• Design an OPAMP circuit such that output is given by vo=–
(0.5v1+0.75v2) where v1 and v2 are input voltages. Choose RF=10KΩ.
RF /RA = 0.5 & RF /RB = 0.75
Hence RA = 20KΩ & RB = 13.33KΩ

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Integrator
VA = 0V
KCL at Node A:
(Vin – VA ) /R = C d(VA – V0 ) /dt
Vin /R = - C dV0 / dt
dV0 /dt = [-1/RC] Vin

08-03-2024 78
0
V19
7
0 U7
3 5
V+
+ 12 OS2
6
R11 OUT
2 1 R12
V+
4
- OS1
1k 1k
V22 LM741
V-
V+
VOFF = 0 V21
VAMPL = 2 0
V-
FREQ = 1k
AC =
12 0
V-
0 C2
100n

08-03-2024 79
Integrator
C1
1n
0
V16
15
11
R9 LM324
9
V-
-
V19 1k
VOFF = 0 8
V+ OUT
VAMPL = 1
FREQ = 1k 10
V+
4
AC = +
0 U5C V18
V+
V-
15
V-
0

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Integrator
V15
0 U6 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
R9 OUT
2 1 R8V+
4
- OS1
1k 1k
V1 = -5 V18 LM741
V-
V+
V2 = 5 V17
TD = 0 0
V-
TR = 0
TF = 0
12 0
PW = 0.5m
PER = 1m V-
0 C1
100n

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0
V15
0 U6 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
R9 OUT
2 1 R8V+
- 4 OS1
1k 1k
V1 = -5 V18 LM741
V-
V+
V2 = 5 V17
TD = 0 0
V-
TR = 0
TF = 0
12 0
PW = 0.5m
PER = 1m V-
0 C1
100n
R13
1k

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0
V15
0 U6 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
6
R9 OUT
2 1 R8V+
4
- OS1
1k 1k
V1 = -5 V18 LM741
V-
V+
V2 = 5 V17
TD = 0 0
V-
TR = 0
TF = 0
12 0
PW = 0.5m
PER = 1m V-
0 C1
100n
R13
2k

08-03-2024 83
Problem: Sketch the output waveform for the op.amp. Integrator if
the input signal is a square wave as shown. Select R=1KΩ and
C=1μF.
Fig. (a) Input signal
Fig. (b) Output signal ?
Soln. (a) For 0≤ t≤1ms, vin = +5V
= -5 x 10 3 t volts
At t = 1ms, we get v0 = -5V
08-03-2024 By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication 84

Integrator
b) For 1 ≤t≤3ms, With Vin = -5V
V0 = -5 + 5 x 103 (t – 1) ; 1 ≤t≤3ms
At t = 3 ms, V0 = 5V

Differentiator
Assume ideal op.amp
VA = 0V
iR KCL:
iC = iR
VA
iC
V0 = - RC dvin /dt

Differentiator

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Differentiator
V19
7
0 U7
3 5
V+
+ 12 OS2
6
C3 OUT
2 1 R12V+
4
- OS1
100n 1k
V22 LM741
V-
V+
VOFF = 0 V21
VAMPL = 2 0
V-
FREQ = 1k
AC =
12 0
V-
0 R14
1k
08-03-2024
R=1k By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication
88
Differentiator
V19
7
0 U7
3 5
V+
+ 12 OS2
6
C3 OUT
2 1 R12V+
4
- OS1
100n 1k
V22 LM741
V-
V+
VOFF = 0 V21
VAMPL = 1 0
V-
FREQ = 1k
AC =
12 0
V-
0 R14
10k
R=10k

08-03-2024 89
Differentiator
V19
7
0 U7
3 5
V+
+ 12 OS2
6
C3 OUT
2 1 R12V+
4
- OS1
100n 1k
V1 = -5 V22 LM741
V-
V+
V2 = 5 V21
TD = 0 0
V-
TR = 0
TF = 0
12 0
PW = 0.5m
PER = 1m V-
0 R14
1k

08-03-2024 90
08-03-2024 91
What is a Voltage Follower?
• A voltage follower (also known as a buffer amplifier, unity-gain amplifier, or
isolation amplifier) is an op-amp circuit whose output voltage is equal to the
input voltage (it “follows” the input voltage). Hence a voltage follower op-amp
does not amplify the input signal and has a voltage gain of 1.
• The voltage follower provides no attenuation or amplification—only buffering.
• A voltage follower circuit has a very high input impedance. This characteristic
makes it a popular choice in many different types of circuits that require
isolation between the input and output signal.

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Non-linear applications:
Comparator

08-03-2024 94
Comparator
V19
U7 7
3 V+ 5
V23 + 12 OS2
2 V
6
OUT
2 1 V
V22 - 4 OS1
1 LM741 V-
0 V
V21
0
12 0

08-03-2024 95
Comparator
V19
U7 7
3 V+ 5
V23 + 12 OS2
2 V
6
OUT
2 1 V
V22 - 4 OS1
5 LM741 V-
0 V
V21
0
12 0

08-03-2024 96
Square wave generator

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Square wave
R2
12k
0
V24
R3 U8 7
3 V+ 5
+ 12 OS2
10k 6
OUT
2 1 V
- 4 OS1
LM741 V-
0 V+
V27
C1
1u
12 0
V-
0
R1
10k

08-03-2024 99
Problem 2: In the op-amp square wave generator shown, the output saturation
voltage is ±12V, f = 10KHz, R = 10KΩ , C = 0.01μF & R1 =10KΩ. (a) Find R2. (b) Sketch
the voltage waveform across the capacitor and V0 by marking all the timing and
voltage levels.
Soln.
Given
±VSAT = ±12V
f =10 x 103Hz ; T = 1/f = 0.1 x 10-3 sec
R = 10KΩ, C = 0.01μF, R1 =1KΩ
T = 2RC ln [ (1+ ß) / (1 – ß) ] (1)

ß = R1 / (R1 + R2 )
Simplifying Eqn. (1) we get,

(1+ ß) / (1 – ß) = 1.65
ß = 0.25 = R1 / (R1 + R2 )
With R1 = 1KΩ, R2 = 3KΩ
+ß VSAT = +3V - ß VSAT = -3V
Sketch VC and V0 waveforms.
08-03-2024
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MIT, Manipal 100
08-03-2024 101

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Operational Amplifier and Applications

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

●Enables elimination of noise from an input signal

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

• Less power consumption

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

• Amplifies the difference between the two input signals

Figure: Symbol of an op-amp.

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

• Two DC power supplies (dual) are required

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

AOL = 0.5 x 106 (Typical)

• So, even if input is in micro volts,

If v1 = 0, then vo = –AOLv2 Inverting amplifier

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

Where Ad is the differential gain for the difference signal vd = (v1 – v2 )

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

• Input offset voltage Vio

• Supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR)

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

• Input bias current Iib

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

Sl. No. Characteristics Ideal Practical

2 Unity gain BW ∞ 1MHz

3 Input resistance, Ri ∞ 2MΩ

4 Output resistance. Ro zero 75Ω

9 Input offset current 0 200 nA (max)

Differential mode output

Common mode output

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

AOL = 0.5 x 106 (Typical)

• So, even if input is in micro volts,

If v1 = 0, then vo = –AOLv2 Inverting amplifier

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication

By, V.Sravani ,Department of Electronics and Communication