OLIVA, TRACY JAN S.

BSCE-3D
ENGR. EMMANUEL BASCO

RESEARCH WORK

DEFLECTION OF BEAM BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

In this lesson you will be able to determine the elastic deflections of a beam using the
method of double integration also known as Macaulay's Method. There are many ways or
methods available for determining the deflections of beams. Their common basis is the
differential equation that relates the deflection to the bending moment. The solution of this
equation is complicated because the bending moment is usually a discontinuous function,
so that the equations must be integrated in a piecewise fashion. One of the methods in
solving the deformation of a beam is the double integration method. The primary advantage
of this method is that it produces the equation for the deflection everywhere along the
beams.

Double- Integration Method. The bending deformation of a beam, the displacements and
slopes are very small if the stresses are below the elastic limit. The deformed axis of the
beam is called its elastic curve. The following procedure provides a method for determining
the slope and deflection of a beam (or shaft) using the method of double integration. It
should be realized that this method is suitable only for elastic deflections for which the
beam’s slope is very small. Furthermore, the method considers only deflections due to
bending. Additional deflection due to shear generally represents only a few percent of the
bending deflection, and so it is usually neglected in engineering practice.

FORMULA/S

2
d y M
2
=
dx EI
dy M dy
=∫ ; = slope ( θ )
dx EI dx
M
y =∬ ; y = deflection
EI
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Derive the equations for slope and deflection for the cantilever beam in Figure P9.1. Compute
the slope and deflection at B. Express answer in terms of EI.

∑ M =0 ↷+
M= P(x)-PL
EIy’’=M=P(x)-PL
1 2
EIy’=M= P x -PL ( x ) + C1
2
1 3 1 2
EIy=M= P x - PLx + C1 ( x ) + C2
6 2
When x=0, y' =θ=0, C1 =0

y=δ=0 , C2 =0
Therefore,
1 2 1 2
EIθ = P x -PL ( x ) =- P L
2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3
EIδ = P L - P L =- P L
6 2 3
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK
It provides a general means of obtaining the displacement and slope at a specific point on a
structure, be it a beam, frame, or truss. It is the resulting work done by the forces on the body
during the virtual displacement. This principle is based on work energy conservation.

FOR DISPLACEMENT

where,
M’=1= external virtual unit couple moment acting in the direction of θ

uθ = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL

θ= external rotational displacement or slope in radians caused by the real loads.

dL= internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads

METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK-TRUSS (DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADING)

nNL
1 ⋅ Δ=∑
AE
where,
1= external virtual unit load on the truss joint in the stated direction of Δ
n= internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external
virtual unit load.
Δ = external joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss
N= internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L= length of a member
A= cross sectional area
E= modulus of elasticity
METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK-TRUSS (DUE TO TEMPERATURE)
1 ⋅ Δ=∑ n ∝ ΔTL
Where,
1 = external virtual unit load acting on a truss joint in the stated direction of displacement .
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit load.
 = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change.
 = coefficient of thermal expansion of member.
T = change in temperature of member
L = length of member.

METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK-TRUSS (DUE TO FABRICATION ERRORS AND CHAMBER)

1 ⋅ Δ=∑ nΔL
Where,
1 = external virtual unit load acting on a truss joint in the stated direction of displacement .
 = external joint displacement caused by fabrication error.
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit load.
L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as caused by a fabrication error.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the displacement at a joint B due to the vertical force q applied to a joint A.

A = 300mm 2

Solution

∑ M c =0 ↷ +

6q-3Dy=0 DA
Dy=2 Dy=2q

∑ Fy =0
- Cy+Dy =0
Cy=Dy=2q
∑ Fx =0
Cx =q
@Joint A
AB
q AE

∑ Fx =0

- q+AE
(1√ 2 )=0
 ∑ Fy =0

AB+AE
(1√ 2 ) =0
AB=-1q
@Joint C

Cy=2q

Cx=q

CE

CB
∑ Fx =0

q+CE
(1√2 )=0
CE=- √ 2q
∑ Fy =0

-2q-CB-CE
(1√ 2 )=0
CB=-1q
∑ M A =0 ↷ +

-3 ( 1 ) +Dy ( 3 ) =0
Dy=1
Σ Fy =0
Cy=1
∑ Fx =0
Cx =1
@Joint D

DE
DA

Dy=1
∑ Fy =0
DE=1
∑ Fx =0
DA=0

@Joint E
EC

EB
ED

∑ Fy =0

EC
(1√2 )-1=0
EC= √ 2
∑ Fx =0

-EC
(1√ 2 ) -EB=0
EB=-1

MEMBER LENGTH n(virtual) N(real) Area E nN

(mm) (kN) (kN)
∑ ( mm )
(m m 2) (200GPa) AE
AB 3000mm 0 -q 0
AD 3000mm 0 0 0
AE 4242.64mm 0 √2 q 0
BC 3000mm 0 -q 0
BE 3000mm -1 0 0
DE 3000mm 1 -2q 300 200000MPa -0.0004q
CE 4242.64mm √2 -√ 2 q 300 200000MPa -0.00014q

−4
δ=−2.4 ×10 q mm
δ=−0.00024 q mm
CASTIGLIANO’S 2ND THEOREM

Catigliano’s 2nd Theorem of Method

“The first partial derivative of the total internal energy in a structure with respect to the force
applied at any point is equal to the deflection at the point of application of that force in the
direction of its line of action..”

∂ Ui ∂ Ui
= Δi , =θ i
∂ pi ∂ Mi

Castigliano’s second theorem, called the method of least work, can be used to determine the
deflections in structures that respond elastically. It states that the displacement (rotation) at a
point on a structure is equal to the first partial derivative of the strain energy in the structure with
respect to a force P (couple moment) acting at the point and in the direction of the displacement
(rotation).

Castigliano’s Theorem

For Trusses

2
N L
Strain Energy for any member of the truss I given by U i = , then substitute to the above
2AE
equation, omitting the subscript i. Therefore, the equation for deflection,

1 ⋅Δ=∑N (∂N )
∂p AE
L

Where,

Δ= external joint displacement of the truss.

P= external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of

N= internal force in a member caused by both the force P and the loads on the truss.

L= length of a member.
A= cross-sectional area of a member.

E= modulus of elasticity of a member

For Beams For Frames

L L

Δ= ∫ M
0
( )
∂M ⅆ x
∂P EI
θ=∫ M
0
( )
∂M ⅆ x
'
∂ M EI

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Determine the vertical displacement of point C in the beam. Take E=200GPa, I=150x106mm4.

Solution
External Force P. A vertical force P is applied at point C. Later this force will be set equal to a
fixed value of 20 kN.
Internal Moments M. In this case two x coordinates are needed for the integration since the
load is discontinuous at C. Using the method of sections, we have
For x1:

∑M=0 +

- (24-0.5P ) x 1 +8 x1 ( )
x1
2
+ M1 =0

2
M 1 = ( 24+0.5P ) x 1 -4 x1
∂ M1
=0.5 x1
∂P
For x2:
∑M=0 +
- M2 + ( 8+0.5P ) x 2 =0
M 2 = ( 8+0.5P ) x2
∂ M2
=0.5 x 2
∂P
Castigliano’s Theorem. Setting P= 20kN, it’s actual value.
L
Δ Cν = ∫ M
0
(∂M )
∂p EI
ⅆx

4
( 34 x 1 -4 x21 ) ( 0.5 x 1) ⅆ x1 4
( 18 x 2 )( 0.5 x 2 ) ⅆ x 2
=∫ +∫
0
EI 0
EI
3 3 3
234.7kN ⋅m 192kN⋅ m 426.7kN ⋅ m
= + =
EI EI EI
426.7kN ⋅ m 3
=Δ cν = ¿ 0.0142m=14.2mm
200 ( 106 ) kN ∕ m 2 [ 150 ( 106 ) m m 4 ] ( 10 -12 m 4 / mm4 )
REFERENCES

 Hibbeler, R. C.(2017). Structural analysis 9th ed. Boston, Pearson

 Leet, Kenneth M. (2011). Fundamentals of structural analysis, McGraw-Hill, Boston
 Kassimali, Aslam (2010). Structural analysis, Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT USA
 J Rungamornrat (2011). Fundamental of Structural Analysis, Rungamornrat, Bangkok
Thailand
 https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce474/Docs/The%20Theorem%20of%20Least
%20Work_2012.pdf