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SSRS 1941-1945
Barbarosa 1941. Ferguson estimates that there were 84 warnings in all sent to Moscow and that
Stalin ignored them all. It seems Stalin trusted no one except Hitler, and was afraid that any
defensive action by the Red Army would be interpreted by the Germans as preparation for an
attack.
Kodėl nesisekė kariauti? There was support for the Germans in areas of Ukraine and in the Baltic
States, for instance, as the German soldiers were often seen as liberators.
The reasons for Stalin’s victory
The USSR was already a planned economy in 1941, and it made a seamless transition to ‘total war’
conditions in which the government controls the production and distribution of resources. Stephen
Lee in Stalin and the Soviet Union mentions, however, that further study of the production levels in
the USSR demonstrate that with . loosening of centralized control in 1943 production levels
escalated, indicating that local control of production proved more effective than central planning.
GOKO (arba GKO) with Stalin as its Chairman. He made it clear to generals that retreat or defeat in
battle was not an option. Decreed that ‘those who surrendered to the Germans “should be destroyed
by all means available, from the air or from the ground, and their families deprived of all benefits”,
while deserters should be shot on the spot and their families arrested’.
Stalin used propaganda very effectively during the war, and the Orthodox Church was restored to a
position of prominence in Russia. The conflict was labelled the ‘Great Patriotic War’, fought to
save Mother Russia. Stalin understood that nationalism would appeal to the emotions of the people,
who would fight to save their country when they may not have been inspired to fight for an
ideology (Bet iš kitos pusės - why a vast land mass where the people had endured so much hardship
in the name of ‘socialism’ would be prepared to wage war to save a regime that was so brutal?).
Winter - the climate may not have been the main reason for the defeat of the German Army, but it
halted their advance in 1941 and gave the Red Army a breathing space in which to recover.
The huge expanse of the Soviet Union was also an advantage. The Soviet forces could sacrifice
territory to the advancing Germans and retreat eastwards. Also, many factories could be dismantled
and the infrastructure, along with the workforce, shipped east of the Urals, re-assembled and
brought back into production.
Karo įtaka Stalinui (propaganda)
Stalin emerged from the Great Patriotic War as the undisputed leader of the USSR. It was Stalin
who, according to state propaganda, had saved the Soviet Union from the Nazi invaders. Posters
and postcards were produced to herald his untiring commitment to the war effort; statues were
raised to praise his role as ‘liberator’; articles and books placed Stalin in the pantheon of Great
Russian leaders, such as Peter the Great. Less was known inside the Soviet Union of the ‘smaller
fronts’, as they were called, such as the battles in the Pacific, North Africa or Western Europe
following the Normandy landings in June 1944.
Stalin saw the victory as the ultimate vindication of his entire system of government.
Stalin never ceased to tell those most likely to succeed him that when he was gone, the West would
challenge the Soviet Union and ‘the capitalists will crush you like little kittens.’
When Stalin's death was announced there was widespread and apparently genuine grief; For 25
years the public had been brainwashed into regarding him as a kind of god, whose opinion on every
subject was correct. However, his reputation went into decline when Khrushchev delivered his
‚deStalinization' speech at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956, denouncing Stalin's excesses. In I
961 Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried beneath the Kremlin wall.

SSRS ekonomika 1945-1953

In effect, the entire modernization programme of the Five Year Plans had to be started all over
again in the western parts of the country.
Industrializacija
Industrial workers were protesting about low wages and rising food prices.
Hopes were dashed that the pre-war drive for industrialisation and collectivisation might be eased,
but the harsh labour laws and methods of the 1930s did not reappear.
Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) called for continued concentration on heavy industry and military
technology. The war and victory, said Stalin, had justified his harsh policies of the 1930s, and he
called on Soviet scientists to overtake and surpass Western science.
Tikslai:
 To reconvert wartime factories back to civilian production.
 To reconstruct large scale industrial plants that had been destroyed.
 To ensure that the economy was in a constant state of readiness for war.
 To restore the economy to pre war levels.
Pasekmė - people struggling to buy necessities - bartering and black market widespread.
Eastern Europe nauda 5 metų planui - Large amounts of machinery could be seized from Eastern
European countries and taken back to Russia. - however, few people actually knew how to put the
machinery together.
Signed favourable trade treaties with them.
Not only men working in industry, but also women - more people working - higher production.

Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), which in the official statistics succeeded in restoring industrial
production to its 1940 levels. The outstanding achievement was considered to be the explosion in
Kazakhstan in August 1949, of the first Soviet atomic bomb.
The Five Year Plan 1946. The first year of the plan was not very successful. However, once the
surviving mines and factories had re-opened and war industries switched back to industrial
production, the industrial revival took off. By 1950, Stalin was claiming that the targets set had
already been exceeded and that production levels were equal to or higher than those for 1940. These
were exaggerations, but a surprisingly rapid and extensive industrial recovery was being made.
The official claim was that by 1950 industrial production was 75 per cent higher than in 1940.
Fourth five-year plan (1946–50). Elaborated after the war, the fourth five-year plan was ratified b
y the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in March 1946. Among the main economic and political tasks en
visaged by the plan was the reconstruction of the regions devastated during the war. Moreover, the
plan provided for regaining and substantially surpassing the prewar level of industrial and agricultur
al development and for improving the material well-being of the Soviet people on the basis of these
achievements. The plan targets were fulfilled ahead of time. The country’s production potential was
completely restored and substantially increased. Between 1940 and 1950 the gross industrial output
increased by 73 percent, the fixed production assets by 24 percent, and the national income by 64 pe
rcent. Capital investments in the national economy totaled 48 billion rubles. The machine-building a
nd chemical industries, as well as the raw materials sectors, were further developed, and the materia
l and technical basis for agriculture was strengthened. In the liberated regions the reconstruction of t
he economy was accompanied by improvements in the location of the country’s productive forces.
Of the 6,200 major state industrial enterprises completed under the fourth five-year plan, some were
new construction projects and others were reconstructed from plants destroyed during the war. A nu
mber of plants were put into operation, including the Nizhniaia Tura and Shchekino state regional el
ectric power plants, the Farkhad and Khrami hydroelectric power plants, the Niva Hydroelectric Po
wer Plant III, the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant, and the Ust’-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Co
mbine. Among the enterprises that began to contribute to industrial output were the turbine plant in
Kaluga, the heavy machine-tool building plants in Kolomna and Riazan’, and the Kutaisi Motor Ve
hicle Plant. Several gas pipelines were built and put into operation: the Saratov-Moscow, the Kokhtl
a-Iarve-Leningrad, and the Dashava-Kiev. Construction was begun on major power installations an
d new irrigation ditches and systems. Shelterbelts were planted in the steppe regions.
Under the fourth five-year plan there were major advances in Soviet science and important discover
ies and inventions in various fields of science and technology. Important measures were taken to rai
se the standard of living of the people. In the cities and workers’ settlements, housing was reconstru
cted or newly built (total usable area, more than 100 million sq m), and in the rural localities, 2.7 mi
llion homes were built. The rationing of consumer goods was eliminated (1947), and the general pri
ce level for these commodities fell to almost half the wartime level. The entire country made the tra
nsition to compulsory seven-year education.

The fifth Five-Year Plan, 1951–55. Set lower targets than the previous plan. The Cold War
resulted in increasing amounts of state funds going to the defence industry. Despite this, tremendous
improvements had been made by the time of Stalin’s death in 1953. Rationing had ended in 1947,
and real wages began to rise steadily from 1948;
Tikslas - Aimed to continue increasing industrial growth, but at a slower more realistic rate.
How could the Government's spending helped/ hindered achieving aims of 5th FYP? Cold War -
increased military spending - growth in other areas less impressive.
Large amounts of money spent on grandiose projects e.g. VOLGA DON CANAL which was
decorated with states of Stalin - little economic value.
Failures - Consumer goods neglected.
Fifth five-year plan (1951–55). As defined by the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU (1952), the m
ain task of the fifth five-year plan was further expansion in all sectors of the national economy, on t
he basis of the preferential development of heavy industry, high growth rates in the productivity of s
ocial labor, and improvements in the quality and assortment of products. The plan provided a broad
program for raising the standard of living of the people.
Characteristic of the fifth five-year plan were the strong development of socialist emulation and the
appearance of new forms of emulation, including the movement for comprehensive savings of mate
rials, as well as efforts to reduce the costs for each operation and increase output. As a result of the f
ulfillment of the plan, the national income increased by 71 percent, the fixed production assets in th
e national economy by 62 percent, industrial output by 85 percent, and agricultural output by 21 per
cent. The plan established the foundations for the creation of several new machine-building sectors,
as well as the atomic energy sector. The volume of capital investments increased by 90 percent. In 1
955 the output of the machine-building and metalworking industries was 2.2 times that of 1950. Lab
or productivity per industrial worker increased by 49 percent.
The targets for increasing output of consumer goods were overfulfilled. An important feature of the
fifth five-year plan was the narrowing of the gap between the growth rates for the production of the
means of production and the production of consumer goods. Under the fourth five-year plan the gro
wth rate for the output of group A (producer goods) was 36 percent higher than the growth rate for t
he output of group B (consumer goods). Under the fifth five-year plan the growth rate of group A e
xceeded that of group B by 4 percent.
Important measures were taken to accelerate agricultural development. The sown area increased fro
m 146.3 million ha in 1950 to 186 million ha in 1955. Among the measures that resulted in an incre
ase in agricultural output were the development of the virgin and fallow lands, the strengthening of t
he kolkhozes with new personnel, and the emphasis on the principle of material incentives for kolkh
oz members.
Under the fifth five-year plan, 3,200 major new state industrial enterprises were built, and many po
wer plants were put into operation (the Pridneprovsk, Cherepet’, Southern Kuzbas, Serov, and Sout
hern Urals state regional electric power plants). In 1954 the world’s first atomic power plant was pu
t into service. The Kama, Gorky, Tsimlianskii, Kakhovka, Ust’-Kamenogorsk, Mingechaur, and Gi
umush hydroelectric power plants were put into operation. Among the industrial enterprises built un
der the fifth five-year plan were the Orsk-Khalilovo Metallurgical Combine, the Cherepovets Metall
urgical Works, the Berezniki Potassium Combine, and the Novokuibyshevsk Oil Refinery. Construc
tion of the V. I. Lenin Volga-Don Ship Canal was completed. The Leningrad subway was opened fo
r service.
Under the fifth five-year plan, the real wages of factory and office workers rose by 39 percent, and t
he income of the peasantry (calculated per worker) increased by a factor of 1.5. Economic cooperati
on with the socialist countries, particularly within COMECON, became considerably broader.
The fulfillment of the fourth and fifth five-year plans made it possible for the country to significantl
y surpass its prewar level of economic development. From 1940 to 1955 the value of all fixed produ
ction assets doubled, and the national income increased by a factor of 2.8.

Labour and resources were also diverted to the building of the atomic bomb, tested in 1949.
Žemės ūkis
Peasants were disgusted with the tiny wages paid on the collectives and were beginning to take land
back and farm it for themselves, sold produce on the black market.
1946, Stalin announced that all previously collectivised land would be reclaimed, but the drought
that hit many areas and the genuine lack of labour resulted in a poor harvest.
Agriculture was far slower to recover and by 1950 the grain harvest amounted to only 40 per cent of
that of 1940. The recovery of numbers of farm animals was also slow and was hampered by the
pseudo-science of Lysenkoism (Lysenko experimented by freezing wheat grains in snow in the
belief that he was developing strains of wheat that would grow in winter. He also thought that
breeding cows with high milk yields with those with high beef yields would automatically produce
animals with both characteristics).
However, the great failure of the Plan was in agriculture: the 1946 harvest was less than that of
1945, resulting in famine, starvation and reports of cannibalism. Peasants were leaving the
collectives in droves to try to find jobs in industry. Production of all agricultural commodities was
down. Even in 1952 the grain harvest reached only three-quarters of the 1940 harvest. As Alec
Nove commented: 'How could it be tolerated that a country capable of making an atomic bomb
could not supply its citizens with eggs?'
Significantly, by 1950, almost half of agricultural production was still in the hands of the private
sector, despite the existence of over 250,000 kolkhozes.
Factors that may have contributed to low agricultural production?
 shortage of men.
 Shortage of livestock - many women had to pull the ploughs themselves.
 Archaic methods of farming - not mechanised enough - not efficient enough.
Bendras rezultatas - living standards and real wages in 1953 were lower for most people than when
Stalin took control.

SSRS political developments 1945-1953

Easter Europe
People in the newly acquired areas - the Baltic states and western Ukraine bitterly resented Soviet
rule and resorted to armed resistance.
Stalin continued to push forward his plan for ‘Russification’ into the Baltic States and so weaken
nationalism and impose Russian culture and language.
Nationalists in Ukraine and in the Baltic States siuntė į gulagus. People would not have dared plot
to overthrow or even to criticize Soviet rule, because of the show trials and the purges were
resurrected in Central and Eastern Europe. By 1947 there were more than 20 million prisoners in
the gulags;
Tardymus atliko NKVD
Vidaus politika
Andrei Zhdanov, the Leningrad Party leader, to remove all ‘Western’ influence from music and
literature. There was even criticism of Einstein’s theory of relativity, which was declared to be
‘bourgeois’. Hundreds of writers were expelled from the union; all the leading composers were in
disgrace and their music banned.
Purges:
 Stalin saw enemies everywhere.
 Stalin carried out a purge of the Leningrad Party known as the ‘Leningrad Affair’ (įtarė, kd
Leningrad taps opozicijos baze). This was followed by another purge the ‘Doctor’s Plot’,
when the mostly Jewish doctors in the Kremlin were arrested and accused of killing their
eminent patients (iš tikrųjų įtarė, kad žydai, dominuojantys medical centre planavo nužudyti
Staliną ir kitus partijos lyderius).
 There is evidence that Stalin was working up to another major purge of leading figures in
the party, with Molotov (užsienio reikalų ministras), Beria (NKV, atsakingas už masinių
represijų organizavimą) on the list. Fortunately for them, Stalin died of a brain haemorrhage
on 1953.
 Tardymus atliko NKVD;
 If Soviet citizens were allowed widespread contact with foreigners through economic
cooperation, international institutions, and cultural exchanges, loyalty to the Communist
regime might be weakened. Firm control of his eastern European neighbours helped assure
Stalin of firm control at home. Returning prisoners of war buvo nušauti arba sent to a gulag,
because did not want to risk knowledge of the outside world penetrating the walls of the
Soviet Union (They were now suspect because they had seen that life in the west was
materially better than in the USSR); Soviet soldiers who had been captured by the Germans
were seen as tainted, potential traitors. One of Stalin's motives for sending so many people
to labour camps was to ensure a constant supply of cheap labour.