Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chap 3
Chap 3
Chap 3
$ 3.1 *
zbMly|1`)8f"!-/bMK}?k H7[
6 8 K 7 20 8,LT k u k I 7 4 bMK } `)Æ7? [
6 1({ aF# bM#' M 6 [6C1)℄
81 UM#KEdG Xf6 CaF . :
w℄wkX$ 6 m 8C16 U [6#'#1 I <v( B
6L+v7kvXf7 g[6#'#1I<v(B6!k<
^Y)R6N~o# F#℄[#v786 *|7wW1
l&!kM 6I#)R6
℄ 9 ~l
v = v0 eθ . (1)
1 m2 v02 p2
Ek = mv02 = = (2)
2 2m 2m
lY [ m C#1)R6
,v7 6 P |g9C#<v( B! kg [
=FI#1)R6XJ/C1Xf6 q>)R[6#JYY7C
1aF bM mv7 6 af
mOUbM|v7UT m *|511l&w>.W1 mg L
d &1 T ! k8Mm C iU g6 a < ~l
mv̇x = T sin θ, mv̇y = T cos θ − mg. (3)
1
qtT bM(
!
dvx dvx md 2 md 2 dy
m vx + vx = vx + vy2 = v = −mgvy = −mg . (5)
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt dt
! kk
d 1 2
mv + mgy = 0 (6)
dt 2
_/#6
X 1. 1 2
2
mv + mgy =
(7)
a#
1 2 1
mv (y1 ) − mv 2 (y2 ) = mg(y2 − y1 ). (9)
2 2
\Z6 TW1"[ ( B "h7g [ ( B
8PP { U bM F K(AS M 1C)I 1 %t m [6 S
M1TD#|d[℄B_ 7[ (81 U<^YZ[) 8ku$k[6)
R B#' < (~l
E + E + Z[ = IB 6. K P (10)
$ 3.2
zT1,1Tl&T [| < ( BbM(
!
dEk d 1 2 dv dv
= mv = mv · =v· m = v · f. (11)
dt dt 2 dt dt
2
C, θ #T1 f L ~τ Lv r | k eT bM(
Z Z
s2 1 1 s2
dEk = Ek (s2 ) − Ek (s1 ) = mv 2 (s2 ) − mv 2 (s2 ) = f cos θds. (13)
2 2
bM ^ e
s1 s1
Z s2
A= f cos θds (14)
Y1 f m s h| s h,T m >k7
s1
&1v /d
G 6 Cf ppvqL Z ;k7Y
1 2
Z s2
A= f cos 0 ds = f (s2 − s1 ) = f D. (15)
Z Z
s2 π s2
A= N cos ds = 0 ds = 0. (16)
2
|T1k7,vx {bMo ~ gk7 7C P D T1 f 8 v [
s1 s1
qT- \Z6W1,1T>lL7(,TeL
|qT[SC1bM^gY;)1
3
,1; )1 bM" "[ )℄ Y kbMz"vU 1=
Q F ;"[8' h NY U(Q) = U n7z"vU :T P ; ; )1 f 8
P h N'k
0
Z Z Q P
U(P ) = U(Q) + f · ds = U(Q) − f · ds (19)
a#
∂U ∂U ∂U
= −fx , = −fy , = −fz . (21)
∂x ∂y ∂z
M XX &15Y n #J~ f C 18
∂U ∂U ∂U
i +j +k ≡ ∇U = − (fx i + fy j + fz k) = −f. (22)
∂x ∂y ∂z
4
m C#1 I (,T> E > 6 ! ky 1#1 ; )1 bM
; U(x ) = 0 ; y "[ l
0
Z " #
x k k
U(x) = U(x0 ) − f dx = 0 − − (x − x0 )2 = (x − x0 )2 . (25)
x0 2 2
1 GMm
0 = mv02 − . (31)
2 R
k abM ~| v
u
u 2GM
v0 = u ≈ 11.2km/s. (32)
t
R
6
C9 8_oU <^ Y0Z9
3.3(" 82 ( 1): 8 O> XEGiUd A 'BY1
F & 3dvk596 g9CY v 'x F 7C P
2A bM(
A
P = F · vA = F vA cos φ. (33)
', √
l2 − h2
cos φ = , (34)
bMPx f F j
l
C, a YdG m t9
m ,
d2 l
am = . (36)
dt2
Y7x~ 1N bM-&XEUlY1 gm C i 8Cm C iU
d A t9 a L a #'Y9 C#', 2 AF3 A 8"vU#5
A A
96 D E # bM(
r θ
d2 l
aA
r = − lθ̇2 = 0. (37)
! kbM ~|
dt2
d2 l 2 (lθ̇)2
= lθ̇ = . (38)
dt2 l
+',
h
lθ̇ = vθA = vA sin φ = vA , (39)
! k bM ~|
l
d2 l vA2 h2
= am = . (40)
| t DqTbM~|
dt2 l3
F
mvA2 h2
F = mg + mam = mg + . (41)
l3
7
! k&1 F 7CY
! √
mvA2 h2 l2 − h2
P = F vA cos φ = mg + vA . (42)
l3 l
1 2 GMm 1 GMm
mvA (l) − = mv02 − . (43)
2 l 2 l0
vA (lmax
GMm 1 GMm
− = mv02 − . (44)
lmax 2 l0
' kbM ~
2l0 GM
lmax = . (45)
(2GM − l0 v02 )
', l max #1H1 <Hz
2GM ≥ l0 v02 (46)
#' _ /
Y7x ~B 1 F(t) 8G1E a U l7 bM_ | % P Ai ',T1l
f7 ,Tifd[ ( BbM(
1 GMm 1 GMm
W = (m + M)v02 − − Mv02 − = mv02 . (47)
2 lmax 2 l0
;bM(
xB = 2l sin θ, yA = −2l cos θ. (48)
! k8 t Gi [Y
1 1
EK = m ẋ2B + ẏA2 = m(2l)2 θ̇2 = 2ml2 θ̇2 . (49)
2 2
g"[Y
V = mgyA = −2lmg cos θ. (50)
! kGi fd[Y
E = EK + V = 2ml2 θ̇2 − 2lmg cos θ = X 1. (51)
| k 5 A ,v t x { 1T bM ~|
!
dE 2 d2 θ
= 2l 2θ̇ 2 + 2mgl sin θθ̇ = 0. (52)
dt dt
G+T bM(
d2 θ g
2
+ sin θ = 0. (53)
dt 2l
8dQ_A θ 0 =0 & G1 sin θ ∼ θ !kbM| KwYY
d2 θ g
+ θ = 0. (54)
dt2 2l
| k 8/w}E C`a
d2 ξ
+ ω2ξ = 0 (55)
dt2
> T bM ~| r
2π g
ω≡ = . (56)
T 2l
' kbM ~ s
2l
T = 2π . (57)
g
9
3.6(" 97 ( 10): :Y R 3d32QaE2X A q
jM,O9P℄Yl59C ℄ 8 B h1yw/Q BX gL
yw8 AC B U/QBX gx8 BC A U;/Q (S M yw(
pv9 v yw E BC A : 2T 8Y9 q9 KE A q+E
1 2
7L 2X |q C 9 +kH~Y9
0 2
^ a ~l ′
dv
m = N − 2m~ω × v′ + mω 2 r′ . (58)
a 5 A L ` v T bM(
dt
′
dv′ 1 dv ′2
mv′ · = m = v′ · N − 2mv′ · (~ω × v′ ) + mω 2 v′ · r′
dt 2 dt
dr ′ 1 dr ′2
= mω 2 v′ · r′ = mω 2 vr′ ′ r ′ = mω 2 r ′ = mω 2 . (59)
dt 2 dt
uTbM ~|
d 1 ′2 1
mv − mω 2 r ′2 = 0. (60)
1 1
E = mv ′2 − mω 2 r ′2 . (61)
2 2
gU uYyw [ u;Yyw *"[
zyw8e[S B bM(
1 1
E(B) = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 . (62)
2 2
z |q A gf[6 B Y
E(A) = 0. (63)
m BLUo#SM18 BC A :2>lL7!kbM( 2
1 1
(µmg)πR = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 . (64)
2 2
10
L+ KEeF3 K E abM ~| :T1 a
√
3 1 1 1
(µmg) πR = mv02 − mω 2 (2R)2 − − mω 2 ( 2R)2 . (65)
2 2 2 2
|C51 a 3/xT bM ~|
v0 v02
ω= √ , µ= . (66)
2 2R 4πRg
' h S M 1 r yY
√
SM
v02 v02 m (2 2Rω)2 m 8R2 ω 2 m 2
f = µmg = mg = = = = mω 2 R. (69)
4πRg 4πR 4πR 4πR π
v6 PN
i=1 mi ri (t)
rC (t) ≡ PN (70)
i=1 mi
\Z6 bM(
MVC = P. (72)
11
#6T < lG1Ti tD 8UiM } L T6 M L 6 P
hU | 7T
n8bM" 1 P Ai S 1[,Gi T m q, ′
V̇ #"Y9
q,C P i T m 9 ~l
C
vi′ = vi − VC . (73)
THh6 a
dVC
F=M = Mac . (76)
dt
C a^ YT6 aD E # z NT1 F = 0 TiYAi
König n8 bM'kTiq,% S iLT P i S ′
[ Dq Lv 3i
N
X XN
1 1 2
EK = mi vi2 = mi (vi′ + VC )
i=1 2 i=1 2
N
X XN N
1 1X
= mi vi′2 + mi vi′ · VC + mi VC2
i=1 2 i=1 2 i=1
N
X 1 1
= mi vi′2 + P′ · VC + MVC2 . (77)
i=1 2 2
12
', P = 0 bMjT ~|
′
′ 1
EK = EK + MVC2 . (78)
! k,Tm C i bM(
m1 + m2 M
m2 u m1 u
v1′ = , v2′ = − , (82)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
8T P AiU Ti [~l
′ 1 1 1 m1 m2 2 1 2
EK = m1 v1′2 + m2 v2′2 = u = µu . (83)
2 2 2 m1 + m2 2
8_oU µ = <^Y510d4YT6
m1 m2
q 1 1
EK = MVC2 + µu2. (84)
|P-[67M|a^h,ÆO_A40d T?Ta^Vd8C
1EaUDH(& [6#6 0diÆO0d9L: _ TiU 0dLv q
[ E = µu T [ MV lYa^mT 1 IB 6 FIP /C
1 2 1 2
13
8^dUM50qL s 0dq v < t9 8t9 | P- [
6T7|M" | ha^ k 51$Pq^ 0d8%m C iU
6Y
P = mv + m(−v) = 0. (85)
P e
P
VC = = f .
=V (88)
C
M M
! kGi T [
1
EkC = MVC2 (89)
C,(5V[
kr 2
14
(2)8a^E a U ( L a} L b&[ B Y[I k bM ^ a^#
y a^aU} y a^
^" 7kP ^$i1 e ' D FGa^E a U CV U
v s
u
uEe ue2 |v
e1 − v
e 2|
t kr
e= = = . (90)
Ekr u2 |v1 − v2 |
k a i bM ~|
(m1 − em2 )v1 + (1 + e)m2 v2 (1 + e)m1 v1 + (m2 − em1 )v2
e1 =
v , e2 =
v . (93)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
m v +m v 1 1 2 2
e1 =
v = VC = v
e 2. (94)
m1 + m2
#68U} y a^T 51w “=L” |7h9LT 9 6
3.8: R6dyfB9Cdb7
Y7R6dyf B9C bMv1 Hd Vrn uC1Vr&
4Y Y L d "z d y 3d VrT `ÆjJOk' 8CÆ
vv0ZbMD|W1Ld 1,Gi d 6 I m obMuGi
68CU} y a^E a U#)R ! kbM(
mv0 = (m + M)v. (95)
15
8a^E a U Gi d[# I )R x 8a^LT T 6 U d
[#1)R6 a^4vVr - YW1"[m; 9 z r8nbT-
|- Y h [SÆObM([6)RDq
1
(m + M)v 2 = (m + M)gh. (96)
2
:P bM+(kM>i
h = L(1 − cos θ). (97)
KECk13/ abM ~|
m+Mq
v0 = 2gL(1 − cos θ). (98)
m
a#
v 2 = ve12 + ve22 . (101)
16
kDRa^T5w9 v L v J(1Y9JB?kjM
e1 e2
17
a#
v−u 1
=± . (110)
v+u 2
' kbM ~| 51[ u = v a u = 3v
1
h
a4vP u9CY v = √2gH g6Y 0
! kbM ~|
mvk′ = mvk − µN∆t = mv0 cos φ − µmv0 sin φ, (114)
a#
vk′ = v0 cos φ − µv0 sin φ = v0 (cos φ − µ sin φ). (115)
, φ = 60 , µ = 0.7 bM(
◦
√
◦ 1 ◦ 3
cos 60 − 0.7 sin 60 = − 0.7 × < 0. (116)
2 2
!k v ′
k <0 jP ua?T|QTC#I[!kP uJ8a?
18
z φ = 45 bM(
◦
√
◦ ◦ 2
cos 45 − 0.5 sin 45 = 0.5 × > 0. (117)
2
! k v′
k >0 <P u8a?T7vmX* s g1NY
vk′2 v 2 (cos φ − µ sin φ)2 2gH(cos φ − µ sin φ)2
s = = 0 =
2µg 2µg 2µg
H
= (cos φ − µ sin φ)2 = 0.5 .
µ
N (118)
0), 104 Q 110 3-4 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-12 3-17
3-18 3-20 3-22 3-24 3-26 3-29 3-33 3-34 F
19