Reinforced Concrete Design

Course Teacher

Syed Salman Mobeen

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Introduction of the Teacher ?

 No Need !!.... All of You Know it Very Well !!

 Introduction of the Course ?

 Yes it is Required…..

“REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN”

 Reinforced Concrete Design
 What is Concrete ?

Cement Sand Aggregates

Mixture of
All Three
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 What is Concrete
 A mixture (Chemically
Bonded) of Cement, Sand
and Coarse Aggregates.

How it works?

 Through Bonding Action of

Cement that BINDS ALL
INGREDIENTS and ACTS
as u UNIT COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Introduction
 What is this Course about ?
 See the name of Course:
“ REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN”
Which Means the Course is Mainly about Concrete But it will
also be Reinforced ........... With What ?

Steel Bars
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Introduction
 But Why the Concrete Requires to be Reinforced ?

When Anything Require Reinforcement ?

 Whenever There is any WEAKNESS in Any thing

then It Requires Help in the from of Reinforcements
to Overcome its Weakness.
Similarly Concrete Needs Help from the

Reinforcements to Overcome its Weakness
But What Kind of WEAKNESS Exists in CONCRETE &
How STEEL REINFORCEMENT Helps CONCRETE ?
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Actually CONCRETE is Good in Bearing
Compression.
 But it is Very Weak in Bearing Tension OR
Technically Speaking “Concrete has very Low
Tensile Strength”
Approximately ZERO
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Broken Concrete
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 The Course Also have the Word “DESIGN” in its Title
 Therefore This Course deals with the Design of
Concrete Elements which are Reinforced with Steel
Reinforcements.
What is Meant by the DESIGN ?
 Already Told in Your Second Year that in
Engineering, Design Means “To Provide or Come
up with a Reasonable Size of a Particular Structural
Element Using the Selected Material, such that The
Element Can Resist the Applied Load Safely and
Perform Satisfactorily in during its Service Life.”
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Can we Stand up on a Plain Cement Concrete Beam ??

 May be but Soon a crack will appear in the Tensile

Region of the Beam
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 In a Real Beam ??
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 How Can we Make it Work ??

 Using Steel In The Tensile Region, It Will Take Care of

Tension.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Main Structural Elements in a Structure
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Main Structural Elements in a Structure
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Main Intention of the Course
 Therefore This Course deals with the Design of
Reinforced Concrete Elements, which include:
o Slab
o Beam
o Column
o Footing

 But Design of All the above Elements are Not Included

In RCD-I !!!!
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Main Books
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Compressive Strength (American Standard)
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Compressive Strength (British Standard)
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete
Compressive
Strength
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete Compressive Strength: Cylindrical / Cube

 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Tensile Strength: Split Cylinder Test
American Standard
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete Tensile Strength

 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete Tensile Strength

 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Flexural Tensile Strength
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete Poisson’s Ratio: Lateral Strain / Longitudinal

Strain
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

Concrete Shrinkage
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Shrinkage
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Shrinkage
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Creep
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

 Concrete Modulus
of Elasticity
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC

 Concrete Modulus
of Elasticity
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Summary of Mechanical Properties of Concrete

 Concrete Tensile Strength

 Concrete Modulus of Elasticity

 Concrete Compressive Strength

 Use Cylinder 12” x 6” Dia.
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Find How Many 200 lb Weight Persons Can Stand on a

12” x 12” Plain Concrete Beam 20’ Long with Concrete
f’c = 3000 psi
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Properties of Reinforcing bars
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Properties of Reinforcing bars
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Properties of Reinforcing bars

 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Properties of Reinforcing bars
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Advantages of RCC:
Reinforced Concrete Design (Tall Buildings)
 Reinforced Concrete Design
World Tallest Building Burj Khalifa, Dubai is Constructed
With Reinforced Concrete
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Now We Have Learned About the Material
Properties of Concrete and Steel. The Next Step is To
Move Towards the Start of The Design of Reinforced
Concrete Elements.
 In Order To Design ANY STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT ALL Types of Loads That Are Expected
To Act On The Element To Be Designed, Throughout
The Design Life of That Member Should Be Known.
 More Importantly Not Only All The Expected Loads
Are Required To Be Known But We Also Need to
Know About Possibility of Existence of More Than
One Load At a Time.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 It Means We Require Some Experienced Person to
Guide About The Possibility of Co-Existence of
Different Expected Loads On The Structural Element
To Be Designed.

 This Problem Has Been Solved By The Regulatory

Bodies By Developing The Design Standards.

 These Design Standards Have Been Developed By

Large Groups of Experienced Engineers,
Researchers, Architects and Lawyers.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 These Design Standards Are Present In The Form of
Building Codes and Highway Codes And These Are
Adopted As Legal Binding For Any Designer.
 These Design Standards Provides Complete Design
Guide Lines, Including All Expected Loads,
Coexistence of Different Loads Along with Their
Probabilistic As Well As Their Historic Occurrence
Frequency.
 These Design Standards Also Provides Some
Minimum Design Loads Even It Does Not Present,
Considering The Safety of The Occupants.
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 The Design and Construction of Buildings are

Regulated by Municipal Regulations Called Codes.
 Most Recognized Codes are:
 Uniform Building Code (UBC)
 International Building Code (IBC)

 The Design Specifications of Reinforced Concrete

Buildings in North America is Regulated by
American Concrete Institute (ACI 318), which
actually authorized by the UBC or IBC.
Reinforced Concrete Design
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Building Codes Reference

ACI Code For the Design
Requirements Related to
Concrete Elements
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes

Working / Ultimate Stress/

Allowable Stress Limit State
Design Design
 Loads Remain Actual  Loads are Enhanced
 Material Strength is Little Bit
Reduced by FOS (2 -3)  Material Strength is
Reduced Little Bit
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes

 Working / Allowable Stress Design

 It Uses Actual Value of Load and Then Reduce the
Material Strength By 2 to 3 Times
 Therefore, in a Way a 200 to 300% Margin.
 It is MUCH SAFE but Becomes Uneconomical When
Comes to Mega Structures
 It Treats All Loads Equally
R ≤ Rn / FOS
(Load Effects) ≤ (Respective Capacity) / FOS
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes

 Limit State Design / LRFD

 LimitState Design Actually Thinks About Two Different
Situations (States) That Can Be Occurred During The
Life of a Structure:
 Serviceability Limit State The One Deals With
Normal Situation
 Ultimate Limit State The One Deals With
Abnormal Situation Or
Extreme Situation
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes

 Limit State Design / LRFD

 Limit State Design Actually Works On Two Different

But Logical Situations, So It is More Realistic.
 Limit State Design Treats The Loads Differently in
The Two States Which Are Called The Two Limit
States.
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 The Design Philosophy of ACI Code is also Based

upon Two Different Limit States:
 Serviceability Limit State
 Ultimate Limit State
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 How The Building Codes Distinguish Between An

Ultimate / Extreme Load And A Service Load:
 Service Loads Are The Normal Applied Loads…. Weight
 Extreme Or Ultimate Loads Actually Resemble The
Extreme Environmental Loads As Well As
 The Ultimate Loads Also Resemble The Expected
Increase In Any Service Load During The Design Life of
The Structure.
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Service Limit State Design

 In Service Limit State The Structure Is Assumed To Be
Under Normal Daily Basis Loads, So Under Those
Normal Loads, Structure Should Fulfill the Following
Requirements:
 The Maximum Deflection Caused By Service
Loads ≤ The Allowable Deflection by The CODE
 Maximum Crack Width Caused By Normal Loads
≤ The Allowable Crack Width by The CODE
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Different Loads / Types of Loads Defined By Different

Codes:

 Dead Loads …… Include Self weight of Structure,

Fixed Equipment, etc.
 Live Loads …….. Moving / Movable / Varying
 Environmental Loads ……….. Wind Loads, Seismic
Loads, Wave Loads etc.
 Some Other as well ……. Earth Pressue…
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes

 Ultimate Limit State

 It Increases Loads and The Load Combinations Based

Upon Real Probability of Occurrence With Each Other
 It Also Reduces Material Strength But Not by Half.
 It is More Realistic Although SAFE.
 It Does Not Treats All Loads Equally
Ru ≤ ФRn
(Enhanced Load Effects) ≤ (Respective Reduced Capacity)
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design for Limit States

 Ultimate Limit State Requirements Prevents the

Collapse of the Building.
 If a building is designed for the requirements of the
Ultimate Limit State then it has a very less
probability of Collapse
 Serviceability Limit State Requirements Address
Day-to-Day Or Daily-Basis Requirements, Like
Excessive Deflections, Vibrations, Crack Control
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Ultimate Limit State

 In Ultimate Limit State The Structure Should Obey the
Following Requirement:
 The Design Strength ≥ Respective Load Effects
 For example, In Case of a Beam, the Code Requires
that:
 The Beam Bending Strength ≥ Maximum Bending
Moment Caused by Extreme / Worst Loads
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Ultimate Limit State

 Similarly
 The Shear Strength of Beam ≥ Shear Force Caused
by Maximum Expected Worst Loads

 The Axial Strength of A Column ≥ Axial Load

Caused by Maximum Expected Loads
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design for Limit States

 Therefore, if a Building is Obeying Limit State Design

Philosophy OR is Designed following the
requirements of All Limit States then it will Neither
Deflect Excessively Nor Crack Nor Vibrate
Excessively under Daily Occurring Loads.
 At the same time The Same Building Will Not
Collapse (Or Have a Very Less Probability of
Collapse) Under Extreme Loads Situation (Ultimate
Limit States)
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Possible Combinations of Different Loads, According to

The ACI Code :
 Possible Combinations
of Dead, Live And Wind
Loads.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Load Combinations According to ACI Code

400 lb /ft Wind Load

1000 lb /ft Live Load

300 lb /ft S.Wt +Finishes Load

 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Load Combinations According to ACI Code
 Wu = 1.4 W Dead
 Wu = 1.4 x 300 = 420 lb /ft
 Wu = 1.2 W Dead + 1. 6 W Live
 Wu = 1.2 x 300 + 1.6 x 1000 = 1960 lb/ft
 Wu = 1.2 W Dead + 1.0 W Live + 1.0 W Wind
 Wu = 1.2 x 300 + 1 x 1000 + 1 x 400 = 1760 lb/ft
1960 lb /ft Ultimate Load
 Reinforced Concrete Design

 Other Load Combinations

 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Objective of Structural Design
 Any Designed Structure, throughout its intended life
span :
 Should be Safe Or Strong Enough Such That It Should
Not Collapse Under Extreme Loading Conditions.
 Should Remains Serviceable Under Normal Service
Loads, Which means:
o It Should Not Show Large Deflections
Under Service Loads, Exceeding Some
Allowable Limits.
o It Should Not Vibrate Much, Exceeding
Some Allowable Limits.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
 Structure Should be:

At All Expected Level of Limit States Or Situations

 Reinforced Concrete Design
 The Design Process Involves:
 Mechanics of Solids -I
 Stresses in Beams Due to Bending

Review of MOS-I

Bending Causes Normal Tensile & Compressive

Stresses Simultaneously
 Mechanics of Solids -I
Stresses in Beams Due to Bending

Neutral Axis
Reinforced Concrete Design
Flexural Capacity of Beam: