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5 Secondary Recovery WF in Heterogeneous Reservoir
5 Secondary Recovery WF in Heterogeneous Reservoir
5 Secondary Recovery WF in Heterogeneous Reservoir
WATERFLOODING
by
Prof. Attia Attia
Lecture # 5
VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY
The vertical sweep efficiency, EV, is defined as
the fraction of the vertical section of the pay
zone that is the injection fluid
INJECTION PRODUCTION
EI =
2
To calculate the vertical sweep efficiency, the engineer must
be able to address the following three problems:
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1. How to describe and define the permeability variation in
mathematical terms, (Reservoir Vertical Heterogeneity)
Dykstra and Parsons (1950) introduced the concept of the permeability
variation V, which is designed to describe the degree of heterogeneity
within the reservoir.
The value of this uniformity coefficient ranges between zero for a
completely homogeneous system and one for a completely
heterogeneous system.
Steps for determining the coefficient V that is given by Equation 4-70, as:
1000
100
Permeability, md
10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
Porosi ty (fracti on )
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Vertical heterogeneity
The following are the two most widely used to descriptors of
the vertical heterogeneity of the formation:
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1. Dykstra-Parson Permeability variation V (continue)
In 1950 Dykstra & Parson introduced the concept of the permeability variation
coefficient V which is statistical measure of non uniformity of a set of data. The
required steps for determining the coefficient V are summarized below;
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Example, to calculate V.
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10
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Another example
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Permeability Variation, v
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2. How to determine the minimum number of layers that are
sufficient to model the performance of the fluid ??
Miller and Lents (1966) proposed that the average permeability in a selected layer
(elevation) should be calculated by applying the geometric-average permeability
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Example 14-19, Zonation
• Using the core analysis data given in Table 14-2 for the 10-well
system, assign the proper average permeability for each layer
if the reservoir is divided into:
a. 10 equal-thickness layers, each with a 1-ft thickness
b. 5 equal-thickness layers, each with a 2-ft thickness
Solution
a. Using the positional method approach and applying Equation 4-55,
calculate the permeability for each 1-ft layer:
Then
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Secondary Oil Recovery in
Stratified reservoirs
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Calculation of Vertical Sweep Efficiency
• Basically two methods are traditionally used in calculating the vertical sweep
efficiency EV:
(1) The Stiles’ method and
(2) The Dykstra–Parsons method.
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The common assumptions of both methods are:
No cross-flow between layers
Immiscible displacement
Linear flow
The distance water has traveled through each layer is
proportional to the permeability of the layer
Piston-like displacement
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Stiles’ Method
Stiles (1949) proposed an approach that takes into account the
effect of permeability variations in predicting the performance
of waterfloods.
Stiles assumes that in a layered system, the water breakthrough
occurs in a sequence that starts in the layer with the highest
permeability.
Assuming that the reservoir is divided into n layers that are
arranged in a descending permeability order with breakthrough
occurring in a layer i, all layers from 1 to i have already been
swept by water.
The remaining layers obviously have not reached breakthrough
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• Based on the above concept, Stiles proposed that the
vertical sweep efficiency can be calculated from the
following expression:
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If the values of the porosity vary between layers, Equation 14-
90 can be written:
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Calculate the vertical sweep efficiency and
surface water-oil ratio using Stiles’method:
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Solution
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Step 3. Calculate EV and WORs when water breakthrough
occurs in the second layer, i.e., i = 2:
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• Figure 14-51 shows the resulting relationship between the vertical
sweep efficiency and producing WOR. The curve can be extended to
WOR = 0 to give the vertical sweep efficiency at breakthrough EV.
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The Dykstra–Parsons Method
• Mobility ratio M
• Water–oil ratio WORr as expressed in bbl/bbl
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• The authors presented their correlation in a graphical form for water–oil ratios of
0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 bbl/bbl.
• Figure 14-52 shows Dykstra and Parsons’ graphical correlation for a WOR of 50
bbl/bbl.
• Using a regression analysis model, de Souza and Brigham (1981) grouped the
vertical sweep efficiency curves for 0 ≤ M ≤ 10 and 0.3 ≤ V ≤ 0.8 into one curve as
shown in Figure 14-53. The authors used a combination of WOR, V, and M to
define the correlation parameter Y of Figure 14-53:
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The specific steps involved in determining the vertical
sweep efficiency as a function of water–oil ratios are
summarized below:
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To further simplify the calculations for determining EV, Fassihi
(1986) curve-fitted the graph of Figure 14-53 and proposed the
following nonlinear function, which can be solved iteratively for
the vertical sweep efficiency EV:
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• The Newton–Raphson method is perhaps the
appropriate technique for solving Equation 14-96. To
avoid the iterative process, the following expression
could be used to estimate the vertical sweep efficiency
using the correlating parameter Y:
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Example 14-22
• A layered reservoir is characterized by a permeability
variation V of 0.8. Calculate the vertical sweep efficiency
EV when the producing water–oil ratio reaches 50
bbl/bbl assuming a mobility ratio of 10.0.
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METHODS OF PREDICTING RECOVERY
PERFORMANCE FOR LAYERED RESERVOIRS
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Simplified Dykstra–Parsons Method
• Dykstra and Parsons (1950) proposed a correlation for predicting
waterflood oil recovery that uses the mobility ratio, permeability
variation, and producing water–oil ratio as correlating parameters.
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Dykstra-Parsons method
V = 0.694
Mr = 2.041
R(1-0.72Sw) = 0.158
R = 0.1894
WOR = 5
Dykstra-Parsons method
V = 0.694
R = 0.37
WOR = 100