;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

fVIi.kh
12

;{k&;qf/f"Bj&laokn%

,d ckj ik.Mo ou esa ?kwers gq, I;kl ls O;kdqy oV o`{k dh Nk;k esa cSBs gq, FksA
rHkh ;qf/f"Bj us udqy dks ty ykus ds fy, HkstkA udqy us ,d lqUnj ljksoj ij
igq¡pdj T;ksagh ikuh ihuk pkgk] R;ksagh ,d vkokt vkbZ] rqe igys esjs iz'uksa dk mRrj
nks] i'pkr~ ty xzg.k djks] fdUrq ml opu dh mis{kk dj ikuh ihus ls udqy ogha
ewfPNZr gksdj fxj iM+kA cgqr nsj rd izrh{kk ds ckn Hkh tc udqy ikuh ysdj ugha
vk;k rc
;qf/f"Bj us ,d ,d dj lgnso] vtqZu vkSj Hkhe dks ikuh ykus ds fy, Hkstk fdUrq
dksbZ Hkh okil ugha vk;kA vUr esa ;qf/f"Bj Lo;a x,A ogk¡ tyk'k; ds rV ij ewfPNZr
iM+s vius vuqtksa dks ns[kdj ;qf/f"Bj cgqr nq%[kh gq,A rHkh vkdk'kok.kh gqbZ& ^^eSa ;{k
gw¡] igys esjs iz'ukas dk mÙkj nks] ckn esa ty ihuk] vU;Fkk rqEgkjh Hkh ;gh n'kk gksxhA**
blds ckn ;qf/f"Bj us ;{k ds lHkh iz'uksa dk fo}Ùkkiw.kZ mRrj fn;kA bl ikB esa vki
mUgha iz'uksa esa ls dqN vR;n~Hkqr iz'u vkSj mÙkj i<+saxsA

mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 ;{kL; iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k cks¼aq ysf[krqa p leFkZ% Hkfo";fr_
 ekrk&fi=kks% Js"BRoe~] nkua&ri% &ne%&{keknhuka thouewY;kuka cks/ua ys[kua p drqZa
leFkZ% Hkfo";fr_
 ikBxriz'ukuke~ mRrjS% lg esyua dfj";fr_
 okD;s"kq fØ;kinS% lg dr`Zina ;kstf;";fr_
 iz'uokpd&loZukeinkuka p;ua dfj";fr_
 fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";kfUofra drqZa 'k{;frA
laLÑr 1
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

fØ;kdyki% 12-1
fVIi.kh v=k Hkorka le{ka fp=ke~ vfLrA rL; v/% thoulEc¼kfu
dkfufpr~ okD;kfu iznRrkfu lfUrA rs"kq ckydsu
thous ^dkfu ikyuh;kfu* ^dkfu p u ikyuh;kfu* bfr i`Fkd~ÑR;
LrEHk};s v=k fy[krA

fp=k 12-1 % ekrk&firk dks ueLrs (lEeku) djrs gq, ckfydk

fp=k 12-2 % lw;ksZn; ls igys mBrs gq, ckyd

2 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

fVIi.kh

fp=k 12-3 % fe=kksa ds lkFk [ksyrs gq,

(d) ([k)
(ikyuh;kfu) (u ikyuh;kfu) (1) lnk lw;ksZn;kr~ iwoZe~ mfÙk"Bsr~
(2) jk=kkS foyEcsu lqI;kr~A
1- -------------------------- 1- -------------------------- (3) ekrk&fi=kks% lEekua dq;kZr~A
(4) ijfuUnka dq;kZr~A
2- -------------------------- 2- -------------------------- (5) fu/ZuL; lgk;rka dq;kZr~A
3- -------------------------- 3- -------------------------- (6) vuqfprlk/usu /ue~ vtZ;sr~A
(7) lnk lR;a fiz;a p oDrO;e~A
4- -------------------------- 4- -------------------------- (8) o`{kk.kke~ Nsnua drZO;e~A
(9) lrke~ ,o laxfr% drZO;kA
5- -------------------------- 5- --------------------------
(10) fe=kS% lg loZnk ØhMk drZO;kA

12-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

laLÑr fp=k 12-4 % ;{k&;qf/f"Bj ls laokn djrs gq, 3

 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

izFke% ,dka'k%
;{k% fdafLon~ xq#rja Hkwes% fdafLonqPprja p [kkr~A
fVIi.kh
fdafLoPNh?kzrja ok;ks% fdafLon~ cgqrja r`.kkr~AA1AA

;qf/f"Bj% ekrk xq#rjk Hkwes% [kkr~ firksPprjLrFkkA

eu% 'kh?kzrja okrkfPpUrk cgqrjh r`.kkr~AA2AA

;{k% fdafLor~ izolrks fe=ka fdafLofUe=ka x`gs lr%A

vkrqjL; p fda fe=ka fdfLofUe=ka efj";r%AA3AA
'kCnkFkkZ%
foaQfLon~ ¾ dkSu lh pht] xq#rje~ ¾ ;qf/f"Bj% lkFkZ% izolrks fe=ka Hkk;kZ fe=ka x`gs lr%AA
vf/d Js"B] vf/d cM+h] [kkr~ ¾
vkdk'k ls] mPprje~ ¾ vf/d mQ¡pk] vkrqjL; fHk"kÄ~ fe=ka nkua fe=ka efj";r%AA4AA
'kh?kzrje~ ¾ vf/d rst] xfr'khy] ok;ks%
¾ gok ls] r`.kkr~ ¾ fruds ls] cgqrja ¾
cgqr T;knk] okrkr~ ¾ gok ls]
izolr% ¾ ijns'k esa jgrs gq, dk] lr% f}rh;% ,dka'k%
¾ gksrs gq, dk] vkrqjL; ¾ jksxh dk]
efj";r% ¾ ejus okys dk] lkFkZ% ¾ ;{k% fdUuq fgRok fiz;ks Hkofr] fdUuq fgRok u 'kkspfrA
ny] Vksyh] >qaM (dkfiQyk)] Hkk;kZ ¾
iRuh] fHk"kd~ ¾ oS|] fgRok ¾ NksM+dj] fdUuq fgRok¿FkZoku~ Hkofr] fdUuq fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~AA5AA
vFkZoku~ ¾ /uh] izksDre~ ¾ dgk x;k gS]
ne% ¾ eu dks o'k esa djuk] izdhfrZr%
¾ dgk x;k gS] ijk ¾ Js"B] ßh% ¾ ;qf/f"Bj% ekua fgRok fiz;ks Hkofr] Øks/a fgRok u 'kkspfrA
yTtk] Lo/eZofrZRoa ¾ vius drZO; dk
dkea fgRok¿FkZoku~ Hkofr] yksHka fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~AA6AA
ikyu djuk] }U}lfg".kq R oe~ ¾
lq[knq%[kkfn }U}ksa esa leku Hkko j[kuk]
vdk;ZfuorZue~ ¾ vuqfpr dk;Z ls nwj
jguk] iqalke~ ¾ iq#"kkas dk] vuUrd% ¾
;{k% ri% fday{k.ka izksDra dks ne'p izdhfÙkZr%A
dHkh u lekIr gksus okyk] O;kf/% ¾ {kek p dk ijk izksDrk] dk p ßh% ifjdhfrZrkAA7AA
jksx] chekjh] lkèkq% ¾ lTtu] vlk/q ¾
nqtZu] dhn`'k% ¾ dSlk] fdl izdkj dk
;qf/f"Bj% ri% Lo/eZofrZRoa eulks neua ne%A
{kek }U}lfg".kqRoa ßhjdk;ZfuorZue~AA8AA

;{k% d% 'k=kqnqZt;% iqalka d'p O;kf/juUrd%A

dhn`'k'p Le`r% lk/qjlk/q% dhn`'k% Le`r%AA9AA

;qf/f"Bj% Øks/% lqnqtZ;% 'k=kqyksZHkks O;kf/juUrd%A

loZHkwrfgr% lk/qjlk/qfuZnZ;% Le`r%AA10AA
4 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

cks/iz'uk%
1- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k nh;Urke~ fVIi.kh

(d) Hkwes% xq#rjk dk\

([k) vkrqjL; fda fe=ke~\
(x) fda fgRok vFkZoku~ Hkofr\
(?k) lqnqtZ;% 'k=kq% d% vfLr\
(Ä) funZ;% d% Le`r%\
2- fjDrLFkkukfu iw;ZUrke~
(d) fdafLonqPprja p -------------\
([k) fdafLofUe=ka ------------- lr%\
(x) fdUuq ------------- fiz;ks Hkofr\
(?k) dks ne'p -------------\
(Ä) d'p O;kf/ -------------\
3- v/ksfyf[krinkuke~ vFk± fy[krA
;Fkk (d) [kkr~ ¾ vkdk'k ls
([k) vkrqjL; ¾ -------------
(x) fgRok ¾ -------------
(?k) ßh% ¾ -------------
(Ä) dhn`'k% ¾ - ------------
bnkuha ikBe~ voxPNke%

12-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

12-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 04 i;ZUre~

;{k% fdafLon~ xq#rja Hkwes% fdafLonqPprja p [kkr~A

fdafLoPNh?kzrja ok;ks% fdafLon~ cgqrja r`.kkr~AA1AA

laLÑr 5
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

(1) vUo;%& Hkwes% xq#rje~ fdafLor~] [kkr~ p mPprje~ fdafLor~] ok;ks% 'kh?kzrje~
fdafLor~] fdafLor~ (p) r`.kkr~ cgqrje~ (vfLr)A
fVIi.kh O;k[;k& ouokl dky esa ljksoj esa ikuh ihus x, ;qf/f"Bj ls ;{k us dgk& igys rqe
esjs iz'uksa dk mRrj nks] ckn esa rqe ty ihuk vU;Fkk rqEgkjs vuqtksa dh rjg rqEgkjh Hkh
ogh n'kk gksxhA oLrqr% ;{k ;qf/f"Bj ds Kku vkSj /eZ dh ijh{kk ysuk pkgrk FkkA ;qf/
f"Bj us dgk] iwfN;s] eSa viuh cqf¼ ds vuqlkj vkids iz'uksa dk mRrj nw¡xkA rc ;{k
us iz'u fd;k& gs jktu~! og dkSu lh pht gS tks Hkwfe ls Hkh cM+h gS vkSj og dkSu lh
oLrq gS tks vkdk'k ls mQ¡ph gS\ og dkSu lh pht gS tks gok ls Hkh rst xfr okyh gS
vkSj og dkSu lh oLrq gS tks ?kkl ls Hkh cgqr vf/d rhozrk ls iQSyus okyh gS\
HkkokFkZ%& vfLeu~ lalkjs bZn`'ka fdefLr ;n~ Hkwesjfi xq#rja eU;rs fd×pkfLr ;n~
vkdk'kknfi mPprja fo|rs\ vU;Pp fdefLr ;n ok;ksjfi 'kh?kzrjefLr] vFk p fdefLr
;r~ r`.kknfi cgqrja Hkofr\

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%&
fdafLonqPprje~ ¾ fdafLor~ $ mPprje~
fdafLoPNh?kzrje~ ¾ fdafLor~ $ 'kh?kzrje~

ekrk xq#rjk Hkwes% [kkr~ firksPprjLrFkkA

eu% 'kh?kzrja okrkfPpUrk cgqrjh r`.kkr~AA2AA

2- vUo;%& Hkwes% xq#rjk ekrk] rFkk [kkr~ mPprj% firk] okrkr~ 'kh?kzrje~ eu%] r`.kkr~
cgqrjh fpUrk (Hkofr)A
O;k[;k% ;{k ds mi;qZDr iz'ukas dk mÙkj nsrs gq, ;qf/f"Bj dgrs gSa fd lcdk Hkj.k
iks"k.k djus okyh /jrh egku~ gS ij mlls Hkh egku~ tUe nsus vkSj ikyu&iks"k.k esa
vR;f/d d"V lgus okyh ek¡ gSA firk vius iq=k dks xq.koku~ cukus rFkk mUufr ds
f'k[kj ij ys tkus ds dkj.k vkdk'k ls Hkh mQ¡pk vFkkZr~ xkSjo'kkyh gSA blhfy, gekjs
'kkL=kksa esa ^ekr`nsoks Hko] fir`nsoks Hko* ds :i esa ekrk&firk dks vR;f/d egÙo fn;k
x;k gSA ok;q ls Hkh rhoz xfr okyk ^eu* gS D;ksafd ok;q dh xfr dh lhek gks ldrh
gS fdUrq eu rks vlhe xfr okyk gSA vtqZu us Hkh xhrk esa dgk gS& p×pya fg eu%
Ñ".k! izekfFk cyon~n`<e~A ?kkl cgqr rsth ls iQSyrh gS vr% fruds dh ek=kk cgqr
vf/d ikbZ tkrh gS fdUrq fruds ls Hkh T;knk fpUrk gksrh gS D;ksafd ,d fpUrk nwljh
fpUrk dks fujarj tUe nsrh jgrh gSA vFkkZr~ ^fpUrk* euq"; dh dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh
chekjh gSA

6 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

HkkokFkZ% ekrk HkwesjI;f/dk xkSjoe;h Hkofr] firq'p LFkkue~ vkdk'kknfi mPpS%HkofrA

eu%ok;ks% vI;f/dxfr'khya Hkofr rFkk p fpUrk rq r`.ksH;ks¿fi vf/da o/ZrsA lk ekuoa
uk'k;frA mÙkQefiμ fprk ngfr futhZoa] fpUrk ngfr thfore~A
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
firksPprjLrFkk ¾ firk$mPprj%$rFkk (xq.klfU/] folxZL; lRoe~)
okrkfPpUrk ¾ okrkr~ $ fpUrk

fdafLor~ izolrks fe=ka fdafLofUe=ka x`gs lr%A

vkrqjL; p fda fe=ka fdfLofUe=ka efj";r%AA3AA

3- vUo;%& izolr% fdafLor~ fe=ke~] x`gs lr% fdafLor~ fe=ke~A vkrqjL; p fda fe=ke~]
efj";r% fdafLor~ fe=ke~\
O;k[;k& ;{k ;qf/f"Bj ls iz'u djrk gS fd ijns'k esa jgrs gq, dk fe=k dkSu gksrk gS
vFkkZr~ fe=k tSlk lkFk dkSu nsrk gS\ ?kj esa jgrs gq, O;fDr dk fe=k dkSu gksrk gS\ jksxkrqj
O;fDr dk fe=k dkSu gksrk gS vkSj ijyksd tkus okys dk fe=k dkSu lh pht+ gksrh gS\
fe=k ls rkRi;Z gS ladV ls cpkus okyk] fu'Ny lkFkhA
HkkokFkZ%& thous ;nk izokl% Hkofr rnk ;fn df'pr~ tu% fe=ka Hkofr psn~ oje~A ,oeso
x`gs] jksxs lfr ijyksdxeudkys p fe=kk.kke~ vko';drk Hkofr ;rks fg fe=ka lÄïVs j{kka
djksfrA

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
izolrks fe=ke~ ¾ izolr% $ fe=ke~
fdafLofUe=ke~ ¾ fdafLor~ $ fe=ke~

lkFkZ% izolrks fe=ka Hkk;kZ fe=ka x`gs lr%AA

vkrqjL; fHk"kÄ~ fe=ka nkua fe=ka efj";r%AA4AA

4- vUo;%& izolr% lkFkZ% fe=ke~ (Hkofr)] x`gs lr% fe=ke~ Hkk;kZ (Hkofr)] vkrqjL;
fe=ke~ fHk"kd~ (Hkofr)] efj";r% p fe=ke~ nkue~ (Hkofr)A
O;k[;k& ;{k ds mDr iz'uksa dk mRrj nsrs gq, ;qf/f"Bj dgrs gSa fd ijsn'k esa jgrs gq,
O;fDr dk fe=k ny (Vksyh) gksrk gS D;ksafd Vksyh ls vyx vdssys jgus ij d"V laHko
gSA x`gLFk thou esa iRuh lcls cM+h fe=k gksrh gS] og lq[k ;k nq%[k nksuksa voLFkkvksa
laLÑr 7
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

esa lnk lkFk nsrh gSA jksxh dk fe=k oS| gksrk gS] ogh mlds 'kjhj dks uhjksx djds thou
dks lq[ke; cukrk gSA bl 'kjhj dks NksM+dj tc izk.kh ijyksdxeu djrk gS rks bl izk.kh
ds }kjk fd;s gq, nku vkfn ijksidkjtU; iq.; gh ijyksd esa mldk lkFk nsrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
HkkokFkZ%& vfLeu i|s izfrikfnra orZrs ;r~ izokls xrkuka lÄïVs nyL; lnL;k% j{kka
dqoZfUrA x`gs Hkk;kZ thoua lq[ke;a djksfrA oS|ks¿fi vkrqjk.kka jksxe~ viuh; rs"kka j{kka
djksfrA nkuefi egÙoiw.k± HkofrA

O;kjd.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%& fHk"kÄ~ fe=ke~ ¾ fHk"kd~ $ fe=ke~
inifjp;%& ekrk& ekr` 'kCn%] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do-
fpUrk& fpUrk 'kCn%] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do-
Hkk;kZ& Hkk;kZ 'kCn%] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do-
lkFkZ%& lkFkZ 'kCn%] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do-
nkue~& nku 'kCn%] u-iqa-] izFkek ,do-
fe=ke~& fe=k 'kCn%] u-iqa-] izFkek ,do-
(fe=k 'kCn iqafYyax esa lw;Zokpd gksrk gSA fe=k%& lw;Z%)

ikBxriz'uk% 12-1
1- v/% iznRriz'ukuke~ mRrjS% lg esyua dq#r
^d* ^[k*
iz'uk% mÙkjkf.k
(1) Hkwes% xq#rja fde~\ (d) eu%
(2) vkdk'kkr~ mPprja fde~\ ([k) Hkk;kZ
(3) ok;ks% 'kh?kzrja fde~\ (x) ekrk
(4) fdafLor~ x`gs fe=ke~\ (?k) firk
(5) jksfx.k% fde~ fe=ke~\ (Ä) nkue~
(6) efj";r% fde~ fe=ke~\ (p) oS|%
2- js[kkafdrine~ vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dq#r
;Fkk& lkFkZ% izolr% fe=ke~ ¾ fdafLor~ izolr% fe=ke~\
(1) ekrk xq#rjk Hkwes%A -------------------------------------------------------------------------\

8 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

(2) eu% 'kh?kzrja okrkr~A -------------------------------------------------------------------------\

(3) Hkk;kZ x`gs fe=ke~A -------------------------------------------------------------------------\
(4) efj";r% fe=ke~ nkue~A -------------------------------------------------------------------------\ fVIi.kh

3- vFkZesyua dq#r
(1) vkrqjL; ok;ks%
(2) fHk"kd~ vkdk'kkr~
(3) [kkr~ oS|%
(4) okrkr~ jksfx.k%
4- v/ksfyf[krins"kq fo'ks"k.kinkfu fo'ks";inkfu i`Fkd~ÑR; lac¼LrEHks fy[krA
fo'ks"k.ke~ fo'ks";e~
;Fkk (1) xq#rjk ekrk xq#rjk ekrk
(2) mPprj% firk ------------- -------------
(3) cgqrjh fpUrk ------------- -------------
(4) 'kh?kzrja eu% ------------- -------------

12-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

5 'yksdr% ---------------------- 10 'yksdi;ZUre~
;{k%
fdUuq fgRok fiz;ks Hkofr] fdUuq fgRok u 'kkspfrA
fdUuq fgRok¿FkZoku~ Hkofr] fdUuq fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~AA5AA

5- vUo;%& (uj%) fde~ uq fgRok fiz;% Hkofr] fde~ uq fgRok u 'kkspfr] fde~ uq fgRok
vFkZoku~ Hkofr] fde~ uq fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~AA5AA
O;k[;k& ;{k ;qf/f"Bj ls iqu% O;kogkfjd iz'u iwNrk gSA euq"; viuh dkSu lh pht
dks NksM+dj lcdk fiz; gks tkrk gS\ fdl pht dks R;kx dj og dHkh 'kksd dks izkIr
ugha gksrk\ fdl pht dks NksM+dj og /uh cu ldrk gS vkSj fdl pht dks NksM+dj
og lq[kh gks ldrk gS\
HkkokFkZ%& v=k iz'u% Ñr% ;r~ ekuo% fda fda ifjR;tsr~ ;su l% losZ"kka fiz;%]
'kksdjfgr%] /uoku~ p Hkofr rL; thou×p lq[ke;a HkofrA

laLÑr 9
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%& fdUuq ¾ fde~ $ uq] (ijlo.kZ lfU/)
fVIi.kh fgRok¿FkZoku~ ¾ fgRok $ vFkZoku~ (nh?kZ lfU/)
izÑfr&izR;;cks/% inkfu izÑfr% $ izR;;%
fgRok gk $ DRok
vFkZoku~ vFkZ $ erqi~
lq[kh lq[k $ bu~

ekua fgRok fiz;ks Hkofr] Øks/a fgRok u 'kkspfrA

dkea fgRok¿FkZoku~ Hkofr] yksHka fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~AA6AA

vUo;%& (uj%) ekue~ fgRok fiz;% Hkofr] Øks/e~ fgRok u 'kkspfr] dkee~ fgRok
vFkZoku~ Hkofr] yksHke~ fgRok p lq[kh Hkosr~A
O;k[;k& ;qf/f"Bj ;{k ds }kjk iwNs x;s mi;qZDr iz'uksa dk mRrj nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd
gs ;{k! euq"; vius vfHkeku ;k lEeku dh pkg dks NksM+dj lcdk fiz; gks tkrk gSA
Øks/ foosd dks u"V dj nsrk gS vr% Øks/ dks R;kxus ls og ckn esa 'kksd ugha djrkA
bPNkvksa ij fu;a=k.k djus okyk O;fDr /uh gksrk gS] vU;Fkk bPNk,a vuUr gSa] mudh
iwfrZ lkjs thou esa Hkh laHko ugha gSA vf/d bPNk,a lq[k&lEiUurk esa ck/d gksrh gSaA
yksHk egku~ voxq.k gS] bldks R;kx dj gh euq"; lq[kh thou th ldrk gSA xhrk esa
dke] Øks/ ,oa yksHk bu rhuksa dks ujd dk }kj rFkk euq"; dks u"V dj Mkyus okyk
dgk x;k gSA
f=kfo/a ujdL;sna }kja uk'kuekReu%A
dke% Øks/LrFkk yksHk% rLeknsrR=k;a R;tsr~AA
HkkokFkZ%& vfHkekuea~] dkee~] Øks/a yksHk×p R;ÙkoSo ekuo% ;'kLoh lq[kh p HkofrA
vU;Fkk dkesu Øks/su lEeksgsu p rL; cqf¼uk'kks Hkofr] rsu l u';frA

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%& fiz;ks Hkofr ¾ fiz;% $ Hkofr] ekua fgRok ¾ ekue~ $ fgRok] Øks/a fgRok
¾ Øks/e~ $ fgRok

10 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

in&ifjp;%
ekue~ & ^eku* 'kCn_ iqa- f}rh;k] ,do-
fVIi.kh
Øks/e~& ^Øks/* 'kCn_ iqa- f}rh;k] ,do-
dkee~& ^dke* 'kCn_ iqa- f}rh;k] ,do-
yksHke~& ^yksHk* 'kCn_ iqa- f}rh;k] ,do-

ri% fday{k.ka izksDra dks ne'p izdhfÙkZr%A

{kek p dk ijk izksDrk] dk p ßh% ifjdhfrZrkAA7AA

vUo;%& ri% fday{k.ke~ izksDre~] ne% p d% izdhfrZr%] ijk {kek p dk izksDrk] ßh% p
dk ifjdhfrZrk\
O;k[;k& ;{k ;qf/f"Bj ls cksyk fd ^ri* dk D;k y{k.k crk;k x;k gS\ ne fdls dgrs
gSa\ mÙke {kek fdls dgk x;k gS vkSj yTtk fdls dgk x;k gS\ ;{k ds pkjksa iz'u ekuo
ds vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr ds izrhd gSaA
HkkokFkZ%& v=k ,rs"kka Lo:icks/k; iz'uk% leqiLFkkfirk% lfUrA ,rs"kk iz'ukuka ekè;esu
ekuoL; vkUrfjdL; lkSUn;ZL; vfHkO;fÙkQ% b"Vk orZrsA

O;kdj.k fcUno%
lfU/PNsn%& izksDre~ ¾ iz $ mDre~]
ne'p ¾ ne% $ p]
dks ne'p ¾ d% $ ne% $ p
fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.kkfUofr%&
^fo'ks"k.ke~ fo'ks";e~ p* bfr mHk;ks% in;ks%
fyaxfoHkfÙkQopun`"V~;k lekurk HkofrA
;Fkk& fo'ks"k.kine~ fo'ks";ine~
izdhfrZr% ne% (iqa- izFkek] ,do-)
ifjdhfrZrk ßh% (L=kh-] izFkek] ,do-)
izksDre~ ri% (uiq-] izFkek] ,do-)
izksDrk {kek (L=kh-] izFkek] ,do-)

laLÑr 11
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

ri% Lo/eZofrZRoa eulks neua ne%A

{kek }U}lfg".kqRoa ßhjdk;ZfuorZue~AA8AA
fVIi.kh
vUo;%&Lo/eZofrZRoa ri% (izksDre~)] eul% neue~ ne% (dF;rs)] }U}lfg".kqRoa {kek
(dhfrZrk)] vdk;ZfuorZue~ rq ßh% (dF;rs)A
O;k[;k& ;qf/f"Bj dgrs gSa fd gs ;{k! vius drZO; dk lgh ikyu gh ^ri* gS_ eu
cgqr p×py gS] mldks fu;af=kr j[kuk gh ^ne* gS tks fujUrj vH;kl ls gh laHko gSA
foijhr Hkko okys lq[k&nq%[kkfn }U}ksa esa lgu'khyrk gksuk vFkkZr~ leHkko gksuk ^{kek* gS
vkSj tks dk;Z djus ;ksX; ugha gS vFkkZr~ ftldk djuk yksxksa dh n`f"V ls vuqfpr gks rks
ml vuqfpr dk;Z ls cpuk] nwj jguk ^yTtk* gSA ;s xq.k ekuo dks Js"B ekuo cukrs
gSaA
HkkokFkZ%& ekuo% mfpra deZ vkpjsr~ rnso ri% vfLr] vfrp×pyL; eul% o'khdj.ka
ne% vfLr] lq[knq%[k;ks% mHk;ksjfi leRoa {kek vfLr] fufUnrkr~ deZ.k% fuorZua yTtk
vfLrA ,rS% xq.kS% ekuo% lekts iwftrks HkofrA

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn% & eulks neue~ ¾ eul% $ neue~]
ßhjdk;ZfuorZue~ ¾ ßh% $ vdk;ZfuorZue~]
foxzg% lekl% p Lo/eZofrZRoe~&LoL; /eZ%] r=k ofrZRoe~ ("k"Bh ,oa lIrehrRiq#"k
lekl)] }U}lfg".kqRoe~&}U}kuka lfg".kqRoe~ ("k"BhrRiq#"klekl)] vdk;Zfuorue~μ u
dk;Ze~] rLekr~ fuorZue~ u×k~rRiq#"k] i×pehrRiq#"k lekl (u×k~ 'kCn dk izk;% fu"ks/
vFkZ gksrk gS tSls vczkã.k% fdUrq ;gk¡ ij u×k~ dk vFkZ fuank gSA vdk;Z vFkkZr~ fufUnr
dk;ZA
d% 'k=kqnqZtZ;% iqalka d'p O;kf/juUrd%A
dhn`'k'p Le`r% lk/qjlk/q% dhn`'k% Le`r%AA9AA

vUo;%
iqalke~ nqtZ;% 'k=kq% d% (vfLr)] vuUrd% O;kf/% p d% (vfLr)]
lk/q% dhn`'k% Le`r%] vlk/q% p dhn`'k% Le`r% (vfLr)A
O;k[;k& ;{k ;qf/f"Bj ls iwNrs gSa fd crkvks] euq";ksa dk nqtZ; 'k=kq vFkkZr~ ftls thruk
vR;Ur dfBu gks] dkSu gS\ iq#"kksa dh dHkh lekIr u gksus okyh chekjh dkSu lh gS\
lTtu vkSj vlTtu dks fdl izdkj ds LokHkkookyk dgk x;k gS\

12 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

HkkokFkZ% ;{k% ;qf/f"Bja i`PNfr ;r~ euq";s"kq dsfpn~ nks"kk% nq%[ksu ts;k% HkofUr]
O;kf/% vfi nq%[ksu u';frA rRds nks"kk% vts;k%\ d'p O;kf/% vuUrd% Hkofr\
lk/ks% vlk/ks'p fda y{k.ke~ vfLr\
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn% & 'k=kqnqZt;% ¾ 'k=kq% $ nqtZ;%
d'p ¾ d% $ p
O;kf/juUrd% ¾ O;kf/% $ vuUrd%
dhn`'k'p ¾ dhn`'k% $ p
lk/qjlk/q% ¾ lk/q% $ vlk/q%

Øks/% lqnqtZ;% 'k=kqyksZHkks O;kf/juUrd%A

loZHkwrfgr% lk/qjlk/qfuZnZ;% Le`r%AA10AA

vUo;%& (iqalke~) lqnqtZ;% 'k=kq% Øks/% (vfLr)] vuUrd% O;kf/% yksHk% (vfLr)]
loZHkwrfgr% lk/q% (Le`r%)] funZ;% p vlkèkq% Le`r%A
O;k[;k%& ;qf/f"Bj ;{k ds iz'uksa dk mRrj nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd cgqr gh dfBukbZ ls
thrk tkus okyk iq#"kksa dk 'k=kq ^Øks/* gSA ^yksHk* ,slh chekjh gS tks fdlh u fdlh :i
esa lnk cuh jgrh gS] blls NqVdkjk ikuk lgt ugha gSA gs ;{k! tks ru&eu&/u ls lnk
lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh HkykbZ esa yxk jgrk gS og ^lk/q* vFkkZr~ lTtu dgykrk gS vkSj
ftlds O;ogkj esa nwljksa ds izfr n;k Hkko ugha gksrk gS mls ^vlk/q* dgk x;k gSA
HkkokFkZ%& oLrqr% yksHk% Øks/'p mHkkS vfi ekufldkS fodkjkSA mHk;ks% fu;U=k.ka ;|fi
dfBue~ vfLr rFkkfi rfUu;U=k.ka egkiq#"kL; y{k.ka HkofrA lTtu% egkiq#"k% losZ"kkeso
izkf.kuka fgra dke;rsA vL; foijhra nqtZuLrq n;kyq%u HkofrA

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
lfU/foPNsn% & 'k=kqyksZHk% ¾ 'k=kq% $ yksHk%
vlk/qfunZ;% ¾ vlk/q% $ funZ;%
foxzg% lekl% p&
vuUrd% u vUr% ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
loZHkwrfgr% losZ"kka Hkwrkuka fgre~ ,o fgra ;L; ;% (cgqozhfg%)
vlk/q% u lk/q% (u×k~ rRiq#"k%)
funZ;% fuxZrk n;k ;Lekr~ l% (cgqozhfg%)

laLÑr 13
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

ikBxriz'uk% 12-2
fVIi.kh 1- v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k nh;Urke~
(d) uj% fda fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~\
([k) ri% fda Hkofr\
(x) ne% d% izdhfrZr%\
(?k) lk/q% dhn`'k% Hkofr\
(Ä) iqalke~ lqnqtZ;% 'k=kq% d%\
2- mfpresyue~ fØ;rke~
(d) }U}lfg".kqRoe~ (1) ßh%
([k) vdk;ZfuorZue~ (2) {kek
(x) iqalke~ vuUrd% O;kf/% (3) vlk/q%
(?k) funZ;% (4) yksHk%
3- ) bfr fpg~usu ;r~ vlR;a rr~ (
v=k ;r~ lR;a rr~ ( ) bfr fpg~usu
vafdra dq#rA
(d) eul% la;eua ne%A ( )
([k) }U}lfg".kqRoe~ ri%A ( )
(x) vuqfprdk;kZr~ fojfr% yTtkA ( )
(?k) egku~ O;kf/% yksHk%A ( )
(Ä) Øks/% lqt;% 'k=kq%A ( )

fdef/xre~\
1- egkHkkjra thouewY;kuke~ vewY;% xzUFk% vfLrA
2- ekrk&firjkS loZJs"BkS Lr%A r;ks% loZnk lsok drZO;kA
3- nkue~] ri%] ne%] {kek bR;kn;% thouewY;kfu lfUrA
4- okD;s dr`Zdkjds izFkek] deZdkjds p f}rh;k iz;qT;rsA

14 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

5- iz'uokpdinkuka lgk;r;k iz'ukuka fuekZ.ka HkofrA

6- fo'ks";L; vuqlkja fo'ks"k.kL; fyÄõe~] foHkfDr%] opua p iz;qT;UrsA
fVIi.kh

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) (1) xzUFk&ifjp;%
^egkHkkjre~* egf"kZ O;kl }kjk jfpr ,d lqanj egkdkO; gS] blesa vBkjg ioZ gSaA bl
egkdkO; esa bl le; ,d yk[k 'yksd gSaA bls ^'krlkglzh* Hkh dgrs gSaA ^xhrk*
egkHkkjr dk gh va'k gSA egkHkkjr esa dkSjoksa ,oa ikaMoksa ds ;q¼ dk o.kZu gSA fiQj Hkh
bldk eq[; jl 'kkUr jl gSA ;q¼ dsoy nq;ksZ/u ds }kjk fd, tk jgs v/eZ dk uk'k
djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA tc ;q¼ vifjgk;Z gks tk, rHkh ;q¼ djuk pkfg,A vU;Fkk
;q¼ ls ekuork dk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA dsoy ;q¼ gh ugha egkHkkjr lHkh izdkj ds Kku
ls ifjiw.kZ gSA bl ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS& ^^;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rRDofpr~**A
izLrqr ikB vj.;ioZ ds vè;k; 312 ^;{k ;qf/f"Bj laokn%* ls ladfyr gSA
(2) dfo ifjp;%μ egf"kZ osn O;kl dk uke Ñ".k }Sik;u Hkh gSA ;g egf"kZ ijk'kj
ds iq=k FksA budh ekrk dk uke lR;orh FkkA bUgsa vBkjgksa iqjk.kksa dk jpf;rk Hkh ekuk
tkrk gSA

([k) lekuHkkoijdk% lwDr;%

1- tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lhA (yadkdk.Me~&jkek;.ke~)
2- ;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs laHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% 'kD;k drq± o"kZ'krSjfiAA (euqLe`fr%)
3- ekr`nsoks Hko] fir`nsoks HkoA (rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~)
4- p×pya fg eu% d`".k! izekfFk cyon~ n`<e~A (xhrk)
5- vH;klsu rq dkSUrs; oSjkX;s.k p x`g~;rsAA (xhrk)
6- ijksidkjk; lrka foHkwr;%A (uhfr'krde~)
7- ukfLr yksHkleks O;kf/% ukfLr Øks/leks fjiq%A
ukfLr nkfjnz~;or~ nq%[ka ukfLr Kkukr~ ija lq[ke~AA (lqHkkf"krjRu-)
8- /eksZa j{kfr jf{kr% (euqLe`fr%)

laLÑr 15
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

9- /`fr% {kek neks¿Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A

/hfoZ|klR;eØks/ks n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA (euqLe`fr%)
fVIi.kh
(x) Hkkf"kd;ksX;rk
xq.klfU/%
;g Loj lfU/ dk gh ,d Hksn gSA blesa eq[; rhu fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gS%μ
tSlsμ ^v* ;k ^vk* $ b] bZ ¾ ,
^v* ;k ^vk* $ m] mQ ¾ vks
^v* ;k ^vk* $ ½ ¾ vj~
vFkkZr~ (1) tc iwoZin ds vUr esa ^v* ;k ^vk* gks rFkk mÙkj in ds izkjEHk esa b ;k
bZ gks rks nksuksa ds LFkku esa (v $ bZ ¾ ,) ^,* gks tkrk gSA
tSlsμ nso $ bUnz% ¾ nsosUnz% (nso ¾ ^o* esa v $ b ¾ ,)
egk $ bUnz% ¾ egsUnz% (eg~ $ vk $ b ¾ ,)
egk $ bZ'k% ¾ egs'k% (vk $ bZ ¾ ,)
(2) tc iwoZin ds vUr esa ^v* ;k vk gks rFkk mÙkj in ds izkjaHk esa ^m* ;k ^mQ* gks
rks nksuksa ds LFkku esa (v$m ¾ vks) ^vks* gks tkrk gSA
tSlsμ ij $ midkj% ¾ ijksidkj% (^ij* esa j dk v $ m ¾ vks)
xaxk $ mnde~ ¾ xaxksnde~ (xaxk ¾ vk $ m ¾ vks)
iz $ mDre~ ¾ izksDre~
(3) tc iwoZin ds vUr esa ^v* ;k vk rFkk vkxs mÙkj in ds izkjEHk esa ^½* gks rks
nksuksa ds LFkku esa (v$½ ¾ vj~) ^vj~* gks tkrk gSA
tSlsμ nso $ ½f"k ¾ nsof"kZ (nso esa ^o* dk v $ ½ (f"k%) ¾ vj~)
egk $ ½f"k ¾ egf"kZ (eÞk ¾ vk $ ½ ¾ vj~)
'kCn:ikf.k
^okr* 'kCn% (vdkjkUr% iq¡fYyÄõ)
foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFkek okr% okrkS okrk%
f}rh;k okre~ okrkS okrku~
16 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

^fe=k* 'kCn% (vdkjkUruiqaldfyÄõ)

izFkek fe=ke~ fe=ks fe=kkf.k
fVIi.kh
f}rh;k fe=ke~ fe=ks fe=kkf.k
^Hkwfe* 'kCn (bdkjkUrL=khfyax%)
izFkek Hkwfe% Hkweh Hkwe;%
f}rh;k Hkwfee~ Hkweh Hkweh%
^gfj* 'kCn% (bdkjkUriqafYayx%)
izFkek gfj% gjh gj;%
f}rh;k gfje~ gjh gjhu~
^lk/q* 'kCn% (mdkjkUriqfYayx%)
izFkek lk/q% lk/w lk/o%
f}rh;k lk/qe~ lk/w lk/wu~
eul~ 'kCn% (ldkjkUr uiqaldfyax%)
izFkek eu% eulh eukafl
f}rh;k eu% eulh eukafl
ekr` 'kCn% (½dkjkUrL=khfyax%)
izFkek ekrk ekrjkS ekrj%
f}rh;k ekrje~ ekrjkS ekr`
fir` 'kCn% (½dkjkUriq¡fYayx%)
izFkek firk firjkS firj%
f}rh;k firje~ firjkS fir`%
^{kek* 'kCn% (vkdkjkUrL=khfyax%)
izFkek {kek {kes {kek%
f}rh;k {keke~ {kes {kek%

laLÑr 17
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

ikBkUriz'uk%
fVIi.kh 1- v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrsu fy[krA
(d) Hkwes% xq#rjk dk vfLr\
([k) ok;ks% vf/da xfr'khye~ fdefLr\
(x) x`gs fda fe=ke~ Hkofr\
(?k) tu% fda R;DRok vFkZoku~ Hkofr\
(Ä) ßh% dk dF;rs\
(p) vuUrd% O;kf/% d% vfLr\
2- js[kkafdrine~ vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ke~ fØ;rke~
(d) vkdk'kkr~ firk mPprj%A
([k) nkue~ efj";r% fe=ke~A
(x) }U}lfg".kqRoa {kekA
(?k) iqalke~ nqtZ;% 'k=kq% Øks/%A
(Ä) loZHkwrfgr% lk/q% dF;rsA
3- iz'uS% lg mÙkjesyua fØ;rke~
iz'uk% mÙkjkf.k
(d) fdafLor~ r`.kkr~ cgqrje~\ oS|%
([k) vkrqjL; fda fe=ke~\ fpUrk
(x) ri% fde~\ eul% neue~
(?k) ne% fde~\ yksHk%
(Ä) egku~ O;kf/% d%\ Lo/eZikyue~
4- ;{k&;qf/f"Bj laokne~ vf/ÑR; i×p thouewY;kfu i×plq okD;s"kq fy[krA

18 laLÑr
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

5- fo'ks"k.kina ;kst;rμ
fo'ks"k.ke~
fVIi.kh
(1) ------------- ekrk
(2) ------------- eu%
(3) ------------- fpUrk
(4) ------------- O;kf/%
6- iz'uokpdloZukeinkuka p;ua dq#rA
l%] fdafLor~] ee] fde~] ro] fdUuq] d%] ,rr~] dk] dhn`'k%
7- lfU/foPNsna dq#rA
firksPprj%] izksDre~] izksDrk] fgRok¿FkZoku~A
8- v/ksfyf[krs"kq js[kkafdrins"kq izFkekf}rh;kfoHkfDr;qDrinkuka p;ua fØ;rke~A
(1) ekrk xq#rjkA
(2) eu% ok;ks% rhozrje~A
(3) yksHka fgRok lq[kh Hkosr~A
(4) yksHk% egku~ O;kf/%A
(5) Hkk;kZ x`gs fe=ke~A
(6) loZHkwrfgr% lk/q%A
(7) ekue~ fgRok fiz;ks HkofrA

mRrjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1- (d) ekrk ([k) fHk"kd~ (x) dkee~ (?k) Øks/% (Ä) vlk/q%
2- (d) [kkr~ ([k) x`gs (x) fgRok (?k) izdhfrZr% (Ä) vuUrd%
3- (d) vkdk'k ls ([k) jksxh dk (x) NksM+dj (?k) yTtk (Ä) dSlk

laLÑr 19
 ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lokan%

ikBxriz'uk% 12-1
1- (1) ekrk (2) firk (3) eu% (4) Hkk;kZ (5) oS|% (6) nkue~
fVIi.kh 2- (1) dL;k% (2) fdafLor~ (3) dk (4) dL;
3- (1) jksfx.k% (2) oS|% (3) vkdk'kkr~ (4) ok;ks%
4- (2) mPprj% (fo'ks"k.ke~) (3) fpUrk (fo'ks";e~) (4) eu% (fo'ks";e~)
ikBxriz'uk% 12-2
1- (d) ekua ([k) LodrZO;ikyue~ (Lo/eZofrZRoe~) (x) eul% neue~ (?k)
loZHkwrfgr% (Ä) Øks/%
2- (d) {kek ([k) ßh% (x) yksHk% (?k) vlk/q%
3- (d) () ([k) (X) (x) () (?k) () (Ä) (X)
ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (d) ekrk ([k) eu% (x) Hkk;kZ (?k) dkee~ (Ä) vdk;ZfuorZue~ (p) yksHk%
2- (d) d% ([k) fdafLor~ (x) dk (?k) ds"kke~ (Ä) dhn`'k%
3- (d) fpUrk ([k) oS|% (x) Lo/eZikyue~ (?k) eul% neue~ (Ä) yksHk%
4- (1) ekrk Hkwes% xq#rjk (2) firk vkdk'kkr~ mPprj% (3) tu% ekua fgRok fiz;%
Hkofr (4) yksHka R;DRok lq[kh Hkosr~A (5) lTtu% loZizkf.kuka fgra djksfrA
(vU;kfu vfi ,rkn`'kkfu okD;kfu)
5- (1) xq#rjk (2) 'kh?kzrja (3) cgqrjh (4) vuUrd%
6- fdafLor~] fde~] fdUuq] d%] dk] dhn`'k%
7- firk $ mPprj%] iz $ mDre~] iz$ mDrk] fgRok $ vFkZoku~A
8- (1) izFkek (2) izFkek (3) f}rh;k (4) izFkek (5) izFkek (6) izFkek (7)
f}rh;k

20 laLÑr