xhrke`re~

fVIi.kh
16

xhrke`re~

vkius Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dk uke vo'; lquk gksxkA ;q¼ {ks=k esa tc vtqZu eksgxzLr gks
x,] rc ml eksg dks nwj djus osQ fy, Hkxoku~ Jho`Q".k us vtqZu dks tks mins'k fn;k
Fkk] ogh mins'k xhrk osQ :i esa mifuc¼ gSA ;s mins'k fo'o ds ekuoek=k dk lEiknu
djus okys gSaA izLrqr ikB esa fy, x, 'yksd xhrk osQ l=kgosa vè;k; ls ladfyr gSaA
bl ikB esa vki i<+saxs fd lÙoxq.k] jtksxq.k vkSj reksxq.k osQ vk/kj ij Hkkstu] nku vkSj
ri rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA vxj gekjk Hkkstu lkfÙod gksxk rks gekjs fopkj 'kq¼ gksaxs
vkSj gekjk 'kjhj Hkh LoLFk jgsxkA blh izdkj lkfÙod nku vkSj lkfÙod ri dks Js"B
ekuk x;k gSA izLrqr ikB esa ge buosQ fo"k; esa foLrkj ls i<saxsA

mn~ns';kfu
ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~ @ Hkofr
 'yksdkuka lLojokpua dfj";fr_
 'yksdku~ ifBRok thouewY;kfu ysf[k";fr_
 'yksdkuke~ vUo;a dfj";fr_
 'yksdlans'kku~ LookD;s"kq ysf[k";fr_
 ikBkUrxZr'kCnkuka i;kZ;inkfu foykseinkfu p ysf[k";fr_
 deZokP;s rO;r~izR;;L; iz;ksxs.k okD;jpuka dfj";frA

laLÑr 69
 xhrke`re~

fozQ;kdyki% 16-1
fVIi.kh

lqjs'k% jes'k%
fp=k 16-1

lqjs'k% jes'k% p }s fe=ks Lr%A lqjs'k% nqX/a ficfr iQykfn;qDra p Hkkstua djksfrA jes'k%
ekala [kknfr] e|×pkfi ficfr] i;qZf"kra p Hkkstua djksfrA ,rn~ fopk;Z Hkoku~
v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkja fy[krqA
(i) lqjs'k&jes'k;ks% dL; lkfÙoda Hkkstue~ dL; rkeflda Hkkstue~\
(ii) lqjs'kL; LokLF;e~ mÙkea L;kr~ jes'kL; ok\

(iii) Hkoku~ dhn`'ka Hkkstua dÙkqZe~ bPNfr\

(iv) ¯d efnjkikua lqLokLF;k; mÙkea Hkofr\

vkxPNUrq] ikBfeea ifBRok tkuhe% vkgkjfo"k;s Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ¯d fu£n'kfrA

'kCnkFkkZ % 16-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

izFke % ,dka'k%
lÙoe~&cy] lkeF;Z] izhfr% & izse]
foo/Zuk%& c<+kus okys] vkjksX; & jksx izFke% ,dka'k%
jfgr gksus dk HkkoA â|k% & #fpdj]
fLuX/k% & fpdus] fiz;] vkgkjk% & 1- vk;q%lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk%A
Hkkstu] dVq & dM+ok] rhrk] vEy & jL;k% fLuX/k% fLFkjk g`|k vkgkjk% lkfÙodfiz;k%AA
[kV~Vk] yo.k &uedhu] vR;q".k &
vR;f/d xeZ] rh{.k:{k & rh[ks] :[ks] 2- dV~oEyyo.kkR;q".krh{.k:{kfonkfgu%A
fonkfgu% & tyu mRiUu djus okys]
vke;%& jksx] b"Vk & vfHkyf"kr] fiz;] vkgkjk jktlL;s"Vk nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%AA

70 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

3- ;kr;kea xrjla iwfri;qZf"kra p ;r~

mfPN"Vefi pkesè;a Hkkstua rkelfiz;e~AA
fVIi.kh
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
es/k ;k cqf¼ dk uk'kd] xrjle~ &
4- nkrO;fefr ;n~nkua nh;rs¿uqidkfj.ksA ftldk jl lw[k x;k gks] iwfr & cncwnkj]
ns'ks dkys p ik=ks p rn~nkua lkfÙooaQ Le`re~AA lM+k gqvk] i;qZf"kre~ & cklh] mfPN"Ve~
& twBu] vesè;e~ & vifo=k] es/k ;k
5- ;Ùkq izR;qidkjkFk± iQyeqfn~n'; ok iqu% cqf¼ dk uk'kd] xank] ;kr;kee~ & ,slk
Hkkstu ftls cus gq, ,d izgj vFkkZr~ rhu
nh;rs p ifjfDy"Va rn~nkua jktla Le`re~AA ?kaVs chr pqosQ gksa] cklh

6- vns'kdkys ;n~nkueik=ksH;'p nh;rsA f}rh;% ,dka'k%

nkrO;e~ ¾ nsuk gh gS ,slk lksp dj]
vlRo`QreoKkra rÙkkeleqnkg`re~AA
vuqidkfj.ks ¾ midkj ugha djus okys
dks] nh;rs ¾ fn;k tkrk gS] Le`re~ &
ekuk x;k gS] izR;qidkjkFkZe~ ¾ midkj
dk cnyk pqdkus osQ fy,] iQyeqn~fn';
¾ iQy izkfIr osQ mn~ns'; ls] ifjfDy"Ve~
& i'pkÙkki lfgr] d"Viwod Z ] vlRo`Qre~
& fcuk lRdkj os Q ] voKkre~ &
voKkiwoZd] mnkâre~ & mnkgj.k cr;k
x;k gSA vik=ksH;% & vik=k dks

fp=k 16-2% j.k{ks=k esa vtqZu dks Jhen~Hkxorxhrk dk mins'k

nsrs gq, JhÑ".k
r`rh; % ,dka'k%
7- nsof}txq#izkKiwtua 'kkSpektZoe~A
czÞep;Ze¯glk p 'kkjhja ri mP;rsAA

laLÑr 71

fVIi.kh
r`rh; % ,dka'k %
vuq}sxdje~ ¾ {kksHk ugha iSnk djus okyk
lkSE;Roe~ ¾ dkseyrk] fLuX/rk]
vkRefofuxzg% ¾ vius ij la;e j[kuk]
okÄ~e;e~ ¾ ok.kh :ih] Lokè;k; &
Lo;a vè;;u] euu djuk] Hkkola'kqf¼
¾ Hkko dks lkiQ j[kuk] fopkjksa dks
ifo=k j[kuk] ekule~ ¾ ekufld] f}t %
¾ czkÞe.k] {kf=k;] oS'; ;s rhu o.kZ]
72
xhrke`re~
8- vuq}sxdja okD;a lR;a fiz;fgra p ;r~A
Lokè;k;kH;lua pSo okÄ~e;a ri mP;rsAA
9- eu%izlkn% lkSE;Roa ekSuekRefofuxzg%A
Hkkola'kqf¼fjR;srr~ riks ekuleqP;rsAA
cks/iz'uk%
1- ^d* LrEHkL; 'yksdka'kku~ ^[k* LrEHkL; 'yksdka'kS% lg esy;r&
LrEHk% ^d* LrEHk% ^[k*
(i) czÞep;Ze¯glk p (d) okÄ~e;a ri mP;rsA
(ii) ns'ks dkys p ik=ks p ([k) nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%A
(iii) vkgkjk jktlL;s"Vk (x) rn~nkua lkfÙooaQ Le`re~A
(iv) Lokè;k;kH;lua pSo (?k) 'kkjhja ri mP;rsA
2- iznÙk'yksdka'ks"kq fjDrLFkkuiwfr± oqQ#r&
(i) vk;q% ------------------- cykjksX; ------------------- izhfrfoo/Zuk%A
(ii) nh;rs p ------------------- rn~nkua ------------------- Le`re~A
(iii) nsof}t ------------------- izkKiwtua ------------------- vktZoe~A
(iv) Hkkola'kqf¼fjR;srr~ ------------------- ekule~~ ------------------- A
(v) mfPN"Vefi ------------------- Hkkstua ------------------- A
16-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%
16-2-1 izFke % ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 03 i;ZUre~
izFke ,dka'k esa Hkkstu osQ izdkj fdrus gSa] oSQlh izo`fÙk okys O;fDr dks oSQlk Hkkstu
ilan gS vkSj lqLokLF; osQ fy, oSQlk Hkkstu gksuk pkfg, vkfn dk o.kZu gSA tSlk vkgkj
gksrk gS oSls gh fopkj curs gSaA vr% vkgkj dk lkfÙod gksuk cgqr vko';d gSA
vk;q%lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk%A
jL;k% fLuX/k% fLFkjk g`|k vkgkjk% lkfÙodfiz;k%AA
laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

vUo;%
(1) vk;q%lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk% jL;k% fLuX/k% fLFkjk% g`|k% vkgkjk%
lkfÙodfiz;k% (HkofUr) 17@8)
fVIi.kh
O;k[;kμ lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk% & vk;q rFkk lÙo vFkkZr~ lkeF;Z dks c<+kus
okys] vkjksX; nsus okys] lq[k dks c<+kus okys jle;] fLuX/ fLFkj ,oa #fpdj vkgkj
lkfÙod izo`fÙr okys yksxksa dks #fpdj yxrs gSaA vFkkZr~ euq"; dk Hkkstu mldh izo`fÙk
dks] mldh fpÙko`fÙk dks vkSj mlosQ LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrk gSA vxj euq"; lkfÙod
Hkkstu xzg.k djrk gS rks mldk fopkj mnkÙk gksrk gS] dkeozQks/kfn mlosQ ikl iQVdrs
ugha vkSj og LoLFk thou O;rhr djrk gSA
HkkokFkZ%μ jL;k% fLuX/k%] fLFkjk% #fpdjk% ,o p vkgkjk% vk;q% cye~ vkjksX;a lq[ka
izhfra p o/Z;fUr rsu df'pnfi uj% mÙkekfu dk;kZf.k lEiknf;rqa 'kDuksfrA

dV~oEyyo.kkR;q".krh{.k:{kfonkfgu%A
vkgkjk jktlL;s"Vk nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%AA
vUo;%
2- dV~oEyyo.kkR;q".krh{.k:{kfonkfgu%] nq%[k'kksdke;iznk% vkgkjk% jktlL; b"Vk%
(HkofUr) (17@9)
O;k[;kμ nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%& oqQN Hkkstu thHk dks rks #fpdj yxrs gSa ij os 'kjhj osQ
LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudj gksrs gSaA T;knk dVq] vEy] T;knk yo.k;qDr] vR;f/d xeZ]
rh[ks :[ks vkSj tyu mRiUu djus okys Hkkstu vusdkusd chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrs gSa]
ftlls euq"; nq%[k vkSj 'kksd dk f'kdkj curk gSA
dV~oEyyo.kkR;q".krh{.k:{kfonkfgu% dVq% p vEya p yo.ka p vR;q".k% p rh{.k% p
#{k% p fonkgh p] }U}lekl%]
HkkokFkZ%μ vfrdVq vR;Eye~] vfryo.ke~] vR;q".ke~] vfrrh{.ka :{ka fonkfg p Hkkstua
nq%[ka 'kksda jksxe~ tu;fr vr% ,rkn`'ka Hkkstua R;kT;a HkofrA

;kr;kea xrjla iwfri;qZf"kra p ;r~

mfPN"Vefi pkesè;a Hkkstua rkelfiz;e~AA
vUo;%
3- ;kr;kee~ xrjle~ iwfri;qZf"kre~ mfPN"Ve~ vesè;×p Hkkstue~ rkelfiz;e~ HkofrA
(17@10)
O;k[;kμ ;kr;kea i;qZf"kre~ & ;kr;kea vkSj i;qZf"kre~ nksuksa dk gh vFkZ cklh gksrk gSA
i;qZf"kre~ ls cklh Hkkstu dk cks/ gksrk gS tks fiNys fnu dk cuk gqvk gks ij ;kr;ke
'kCn ls ,d nks izgj (3 ?kaVs dk ,d izgj) igys cus gq, Hkkstu dk cks/ gksrk gSA
;kr;ke Hkkstu dk jl u"V gks tkrk gS & vr% bls jlghu ;k fojl Hkkstu dgk tkrk
gSA ,slk Hkkstu rkefld O;fÙkQ;ksa dks gh fiz; gksrk gSA
laLÑr 73
 xhrke`re~

HkkokFkZ%μ ;r~ Hkkstua ;kekr~ ?kaVk=k;kr~ iwo± fufeZre~] jlghue~] nqxZU/;qÙkQa i;qZf"kre~ (jk=kkS
fufeZr vU;fLeu~ |fo HkqT;rs) vfLr] vFk p ;r~ Hkkstue~ dL;fpr~ mfPN"Ve~ vesè;a
cqf¼fouk'kda pkfLr rn~ Hkkstue~ vo';eso ifjgrZO;e~A
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) izR;;k%
lÙoe~ & lrks Hkko% & lr~ + RoA
jL;k % & jl $ ;r~] iqfYyÄõ izFkekfoHkfÙkQ cgqo-
g`|k% & ân~ + ;r~] iqfYyÄõ izFkekfoHkfÙkQ cgqo-
i;qZf"kre~ & ifj + ol~ + Dr] uiqa- izFkek ,do-
mfPN"Ve~ (&) mr~ + f'k"k~ + Dr] uiqa] izFkek ,do-
b"Vk% & b"k~ + Dr] iqfYyÄõ izFkek cgqo-
(ii) lfU/%
cykjksX; & cy + vkjksX;
jktlL;s"Vk% & jktlL; + b"Vk%
vR;q".k & vfr + m".k
'kksdke; % & 'kksd + vke; %
pkesè;e~ & p + vesè;e~
(iii) foxzgk%
vk;q%lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk% ¾ vk;q'p lÙo×p cy×p vkjksX;×p lq[k×p izhfr'p
bfr vk;q%lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhr;% (}U} lekl%) rk% fo'ks"ks.k o/Z;fUr bfr foo/Zuk%
miinrRiq#"klekl%
lkfÙodfiz;k% ¾ lkfÙoosQH; % fiz;k% prqFkhZrRiq#"k%
;kr;kee~ ¾ ;kr% ;ke% ;L; rr~] cgqozhfg
rkelfiz;e~ ¾ rkelsH;% fiz;e~] prqFkhZ
xrjle~ ¾ xr% jl% ;Lekr~ rr~ & cgqozhfg%
vesè;e~ ¾ u esè;e~ & u×k~lekl%
nq%[k'kksdke;iznk% ¾ nq%[ka p 'kksd% p vke;%p] nq%[k'kksdke;kfuA }U}lekl] ,rkfu
iznnkfr bfr & miinrRiq#"klekl% nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%

74 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

ikBxriz'uk% 16-1
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ,dinsu fy[kr& fVIi.kh

(i) mfPN"Ve~ vesè;×p Hkkstua dhn`'ka dF;rs\

(ii) vkgkj% jktlL;s"Vk nq%[k'kksdke;iznk%&vfLeu~ okD;s ^^jksxa iz;PNfUr** bR;FksZ
d% 'kCn% iz;qDr%\
(iii) vkjksX;izn% vkgkj% dhn`'k% vkgkj% dF;rs\

(iv) nq%[k'kksdke;iznk% vkgkjk% dhn`'kk% vkgkjk% dF;Urs------------------

(v) ;kr;kea i;qZf"kr×p Hkkstua HkksDrO;a u ok\

2- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼a fodYia fpRok fjDrLFkkuiwfr± oqQ#r&

(i) lkfÙooaQ Hkkstua-------------------HkofrA (jliw.kZe~@vR;q".ke~)
(ii) jktlfiz;k% vkgkjk%---------------------------nnfrA (vkjksX;e~@vke;e~)
(iii) rkela Hkkstua--------------------HkofrA (mRÑ"Ve~@fuÑ"Ve~)
(iv) --------------------------Hkkstua cye~ vkjksX;a izhfr×p o/Z;frA (lkfÙooaQ@jktla)

(v) ^mfPN"Vefi pkesè;a Hkkstua rkelfiz;e~* bfr okD;ka'ks ^vifo=ke~ bR;FksZ-----

-------ina iz;qDre~A (mfPN"Ve~@vesè;e~)
3- lfU/a oqQ#r&
(i) p + vesè;e~ (ii) vfr + m".ke~
(iii) dVq + vEy% (iv) 'kksd + vke;%
(v) cy + vkjksX;e~

16-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

04 'yksdr% ------- 06 i;ZUre~
bl ,dka'k esa nku osQ fdrus izdkj gSa bldk o.kZu gSA lkFk gh bl oxhZdj.k dk
vk/kj D;k gS ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gSA

nkrO;fefr ;n~nkua nh;rs¿uqidkfj.ksA

ns'ks dkys p ik=ks p rn~nkua lkfÙooaQ Le`re~AA

laLÑr 75
 xhrke`re~

vUo;%
;n~nkua nkrO;e~ bfr (fofpUR;) ns'ks] dkys ik=ks p vuqidkfj.ks nh;rs] rr~ nkue~
fVIi.kh lkfÙode~ Le`re~ (17-5)

O;k[;k
tks O;fDr midkjh O;fDr dks nku nsrk gS]og nku ugha djrk vfirq mlosQ ½.k dk
'kks/u djrk gS ijUrq tks O;fDr vuqidkjh O;fDr dks ftlus dHkh midkj fd;k ugha
vkSj ;g Hkh vk'kk ugha gS fd og Hkfo"; esa Hkh midkj djsxk] nku nsrk gS rks mldk
mn~ns'; fo'kq¼ nku nsuk gksrk gSA ijUrq nku osQ le; ,d ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,
& tgk¡ okLro esa /ukHkko gS] ogha nku nsuk pkfg,A nku dk dky (le;) Hkh leqfpr
gksuk pkfg,A tc dksbZ O;fDr vkS"kf/ osQ vHkko esa ej.kklUu gS mls nok nsuk] Hkw[k ls
O;koqQy O;fDr dks Hkkstu nsuk] fu/Zu Nk=k dks iqLrd nsuk] mldk 'kqYd nsuk] ftKklq
dks Kku dk nku nsuk vkfn lkfÙod nku dgykrk gSA vFkkZr~ t:jrean O;fDr dks (ik=k
dks) mfpr le; rFkk LFkku esa fn;k x;k nku gh lkfÙod nku dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA
HkkokFkZ%
vuqidkfj.ks] nhuk;] vkrkZ; ,o nkua nkrO;e~A fo|knkua iqLrdknhuka nkue~ vkS"k/L; p
nkua loZnk Js;Ldja Hkofr mÙkea p HkofrA

;Ùkq izR;qidkjkFk± iQyeqfn~n'; ok iqu%

nh;rs p ifjfDy"Va rn~nkua jktla Le`re~AA
vUo;%
;r~ rq izR;qidkjkFk± iqu% iQye~ mn~fn'; ok ifjfDy"Ve~ nkue~ nh;rs] rn~ nkua jktle~
Le`re~A (17-21)
O;k[;k
tks nku izR;qidkj osQ fy,] fd, x, midkj dk cnyk pqdkus osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gS
og nku jktlnku dgykrk gSA mlus esjk oqQN midkj fd;k Fkk eq>s oqQN fn;k& blfy,
eSa Hkh oqQN ns nsrk gw¡ ;g lkspdj tks nku fn;k tkrk gS og lkfÙod nku ugha dgykrk
gSA ;k fiQj ;g lkspdj fd eSa mls migkj nw¡xk rks og Hkh esjk oqQN Hkyk djsxk] esjk
midkj djsxk ;g lkspdj fd;k x;k nku Hkh jktl nku gksrk gSA vfuPNkiwoZd ;k
dfBukbZ ls fn;k x;k nku Hkh jktl nku dgykrk gSA

76 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

HkkokFkZ%
iwo± df'pr~ miÑroku~ rL; izR;qidkjkFk± ;n nkua nh;rs mr Hkfo";fr dkys df'pr~ eka
izR;qidfj";fr bfr cq¼~;k ;n~ nkua nh;rs rn~ nkua jktle~ nkueqP;rsA fVIi.kh

vns'kdkys ;n~nkueik=ksH;'p nh;rsA

vlRo`QreoKkra rÙkkeleqnkg`re~AA
vUo;%
;n~nkue~ vns'ks] vdkys] vik=ksH;% p vlRo`Qre~ voKkra p nh;rs] rr~ rkelnkue~ bfr
mnkâre~A (17-22)

O;k[;k
rkela nkue~ & nkrk tc ns'k dky vkSj ik=k dk fopkj fd, fcuk tgk¡ dgha ftl fdlh
le; xzg.k djus okys dh vko';drk vuko';drk dk fopkj fd, fcuk mis{kkiwoZd
voKkiwoZd nku nsrk gS rks og fuo`Q"V vFkkZr~ rkel nku dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA

HkkokFkZ%
½.ka 'kks/f;rqa ;n~nkua nh;rs rr~ izR;qidkjk; nRra nkua dF;rsA v=k prqFkhZfoHkDrs% LFkkus
vFkZe~ ;kstf;Rok infuekZ.ke~ vHkor~A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
vuqidkfj.ks & midkja djksfr bfr midkjh] u midkjh vuqidkjh] rLeSA
vlRo`Qre~ & u lRo`Qre~ & u×lekl%] lRdkjjfgre~
voKkre~ & voKkiwoZde~ (mis{kk)
izR;qidkjkFkZe~ & izR;qidkjk; & o`QrL; midkjL; o`Qrs

lfU/%
;n~nkue~ & ;r~ + nkue~
nh;rs¿uqidkfj.ks & nh;rs + vuqidkfj.ks
;Ùkq & ;r~ + rq
izR;qidkjkFkZe~ & izfr + midkj + vFkZe~
vik=ksH;'p & vik=ksH;% + p

laLÑr 77
 xhrke`re~

inifjp;%
nkrO;e~ & nk + rO;r~
fVIi.kh mn~fn'; & mr~ + fn'k~ + Y;i~
Le`re~ & Le` + Dr
nkue~ & nk + Y;qV~
mnkgj.ke~ & mn~ + vk + g` + Y;qV~
mnkâre~ & mn~ + vk + g` + Dr
midkj% & mi + o`Q + ?k×k~
voKkre~ & vo + Kk + Dr
HkkokFkZ%
nkua dnkfi /fuus] nqjkpkfj.ks e|ik; ok u ns;e~A fu/Zuk;~ ;nk nh;rs rL; frjLdkj%
voekuuk ok u dÙkZO;kA

ikBxriz'uk% 16-2
1- v/ksfyf[kriz'uku~ LoHkk"k;k mÙkjrA
(i) dhn`'ka nkua lkfÙooaQ nkua dF;rs\---------------------------------
(ii) dhn`'ka nkua jktle~ bfr mP;rs\---------------------------------
(iii) vik=ksH;% nÙka nkua dhn`'ka nkua Hkofr\------------------------
(iv) ^^fiikflrsH;% tynkue~** ^^O;kf/xzLrk; vkS"kf/nkue~** ^^cqHkqf{krsH;%
Hkkstunkue~** dhn`'ka nkua dF;rs\
(v) izR;qidkjk; nÙka nkua ¯d dF;rs\--------------------------------
2- dks"BosQ"kq nÙks"kq fodYis"kq 'kq¼e~ mÙkja fpRok fy[krA
(i) ^^nkrO;fefr ;n~nkua nh;rs¿uqidkfj.ks vfLeu~ okD;ka'ks ;% vidkja djksfr
rLeS** bfr dL; 'kCnL; vFkZ%\ (midkfj.ks] vuqidkfj.ks)
(ii) ^^nh;rs p ifjfDy"Va rn~nkua jktla ere~** v=k ifjfDy"Va bfr inL; d%
vFkZ%\ (d"ViwoZde~@izlUueulk n~Ùke~)
(iii) iQyeqfn'; nÙka nkua ¯d dF;rs\ (lkfÙooaQ@jktle~)

(iv) voKkiwo± nÙka nkua ¯d eU;rs\ (jktla@rkele~)

78 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

3- ^d* LrEHks inkfu nÙkkfu ^[k* LrEHks rs"kk foykseinkfuA r;ks% esyua oqQ#r&
^d* LrEHk% ^[k* LrEHk%
fVIi.kh
(i) midkfj.ks (d) lq[ke~
(ii) x`Þ;rs ([k) fujke;%
(iii) ?k`.kk (x) m".k%
(iv) 'khr% (?k) izhfr%
(v) ljye~ (Ä) tfVye~
(vi) vke;% (p) vidkfj.ks
(vii) nq%[ke~ (N) nh;rs
4- 'kq¼a okD;e~ () bfr fpÞusu v'kq¼a iqu% (X) bfr fpÞusu vfÄïra oqQ#rA
(i) mfprs LFkkus ik=ksH;% nÙka nkua jktla nkua HkofrA ( )
(ii) iQye~ mn~fn'; nÙka nkua jktla nkua HkofrA ( )
(iii) vik=ksH;% nÙka nkua lkfÙoda nkua HkofrA ( )
(iv) vuqidkfj.ks ;n~ nkua nh;rs] rr~ lkfÙooaQ nkua HkofrA ( )

16-2-3 r`rh;% ,dka'k%

07 'yksdr% ------- 09 i;ZUre~
r`rh; ,dka'k esa riL;k osQ izdkj cryk, x, gSa vkSj buesa Hkh ekufld riL;k dks
loZJs"B ekuk x;k gSA
nsof}txq#izkKiwtua 'kkSpektZoe~A
czÞep;Ze¯glk p 'kkjhja ri mP;rsAA

vUo;%
nsof}txq#izkKiwtue~] 'kkSpe~ vktZoe~ czÞep;Ze~ v¯glk p 'kkjhje~ ri% mP;rsA (17@14)
O;k[;k%
nsorkvksa dh iwtk] czkÞe.kksa] xq#vksa] fo}kuksa dk vknj lRdkj djuk] ifo=krk dh Hkkouk
dks Lohdkj djuk] ljyrk vFkkZr~ Ny diV ls nwj jguk] czÞep;Z& fu;eiwoZd la;e
ne vkfn dk vkJ; ysuk vkSj v¯glk ;s 'kkjhfjd ri dgykrs gSaA euq"; nsoiwtk ls rFkk

laLÑr 79
 xhrke`re~

f}tksa xq#vksa ,oa KkulEiUu yksxksa ds vknj ,oa lRdkj ls nqyZHk xq.kksa dks izkIr dj ysrk
gSA 'kq¼ vkpj.k] Ny&diV ls nwj jguk] czãp;Z vFkkZr~ la;e ,oa vfgalk ;s ekuo ds
fy, egku~ xq.k gSaA czãp;Z dh laLÑr okÄ~e; esa cM+h egÙkk xk;h gSμ
fVIi.kh
^czãp;sZ.k nsokLrs e`R;qeqik?ur* vFkkZr~ czãp;Z ls nsoksa us e`R;q dks thr fy;k] vejrk
izkIr dj yhA
HkkokFkZ % ekuo% ;fn nsokuka f}tkuka xq:.kka fo|korka p iwtka lRdkja p djksfr rfgZ lq[ka
yHkrsA ,oeso ifo=kkpj.ksu] diVjkfgR;su] czãp;kZJ;.ksu vfgal;k p rL; thoue~
mUura HkofrA
O;kdj.kfcUno% inifjp;%
nsof}txq#izkKiwtue~ ¾ nsok'p f}tk'p] xq#o'p izkKk'p] (}U} lekl) nso f}txq#
izkKiwtue~ "k"BhrRiq#"k] vktZoe~ ¾ ½tks% Hkko%] ½tq $ v.k~ ¾ vktZo] uiqa- izFkek
,do- 'kkjhje~ ¾ 'kjhjL; bne~] 'kjhj $ v.k~ 'kkjhj] uiqa- izFkek ,do- mP;rs ¾ op~
/krq $ ;d~ (deZokP;) yV~ydkj iz-iq- ,do-

vuq}sxdja okD;a lR;a fiz;fgra p ;r~A

Lokè;k;kH;lua pSo okÄ~e;a ri mP;rsAA

vUo;%
vuq}sxdje~ lR;e~ fiz;e~ fgre~ okD;e~ Lokè;k;% okÄ~e;e~ ri% mP;rsA (17@15)

O;kdj.kfcUno% inifjp;%
m}sxdje~ & mn~osxa djksfr bfr m}sxdje~_ miinrRiq#"k
okÄ~e;e~ ¾ okpk lEc¼e~ okp $ e;V~ ¾ okÄ~e;] uiqa- izFkek-] ,do-
vuq}sxdje~ &u m}sxdje~ bfr vuq}sxdje~
O;k[;k%
ftl izdkj ds opuksa ls fdlh dks m}sx&{kksHk ;k mÙkstuk u gks oSls opu cksyuk] lR;
cksyuk] nwljksa dks fiz; yxus okyh ckrsa cksyuk] fgrdkjh ckrsa cksyuk] Lokè;k; djuk
vkSj i<+s+ x, fo"k;ksa dk vH;kl djuk] ;s lkjh ckrsa ok.kh dh riL;k dgykrh gSaA
vuq}sxdjok.kh dks cksyus ls dbZ dke vius vki cu tkrs gSaA
HkkokFkZ%
;fn ekuo%] lR;e~] fiz;e~] fgrdja fdUrq vuq}sxdjokD;eso onfr rfgZ lekts vkn`rks
Hkofr@vU;Fkk nq%[ka yHkrs@Lokè;k;% vFkkZr~ osnkuke~ vè;;ue~ vU;L; ok dL;fpr~
xzUFkL; vè;;ue~ rL; dY;k.kk; HkofrA
80 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

eu%izlkn% lkSE;Roa ekSuekRefofuxzg%A

Hkkola'kqf¼fjR;srr~ riks ekuleqP;rsAA
vUo;% fVIi.kh

eu%izlkn%] lkSE;Roe~] ekSue~] vkRefofuxzg% Hkkola'kqf¼% bfr ,rr~ ekule~ ri% mP;rsA
(17@16)
O;k[;k%
eu%izlkn% & eul% izlkn%] "k"BhrRiq#"k
vkRefofuxzg% & vkReu% fo'ks"ks.k fuxzg%] "k"BhrRiq#"k]
lkSE;Roe~ ¾ lkSE;L; Hkko% lkSE; $ Ro ¾ lkSE;Roa] uiqa- izFkek] ,do- izFkek] ,do-
ekule~ ¾ eul% bne~ ekule~
Hkkola'kqf¼ %& Hkkokuka lE;d~ 'kqf¼% & "k"BhrRiq#"k
eu dh izlUurk] lkSE;rk vFkkZr~ dkseyrk] euu'khyrk] bfUnz;ksa dk neu vkSj Hkkoksa dk
'kq¼hdj.k ;s lc ekufld riL;k dgykrh gSaA buls eu ifo=k gksrk gS vkSj eu dh
ifo=krk ls thou esa lHkh izdkj dh liQyrk izkIr gksrh gSA euq"; eu ls gh ladYi vkSj
fodYi djrk gSμ ^lÄïYifodYikReda eu%*A eu ds dkj.k gh euq"; cU/u esa iM+rk
gSA blhfy, xhrk esa eu dks vH;kl ,oa oSjkX; ds }kjk fo"k;ksa ls fux`ghr dj
bZ'ojkjk/u esa rFkk yksd&dY;k.k esa yxkus dh f'k{kk nh x;h gSA
HkkokFkZ% vUrfjfUnz;s"kq eul% fueZyhdj.ke~ vR;ko';de~ vfLr@eul% fo"k;s';% fuo`fÙk%]
vU;s"kka bfUnz;k.kka fuxzg%] Hkkokuka 'kqf¼'p ekuoL; dY;k.kk; HkofUrA

O;kdj.kfcUno%

foxzg%
v¯glk & u ¯glk & u×k~lekl%
vkRefofuxzg% & vkReu% fofuxzg% & "k"BhrRiq#"k%
Hkkola'kqf¼% & Hkkokuka la'kqf¼% & "k"BhrRiq#"k%

laLÑr 81
 xhrke`re~

ikBxriz'uk% 16-3
fVIi.kh 1- v/ksfyf[krku~ iz'uku~ mRrjrA
(i) ^^vuq}sxdja okD;a lR;a fiz;fgra p ;r~** bfr okD;ka'ks okD;e~ bR;L;
fo'ks"k.kkfu fy[krA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) ;% fo|kFkhZ Lokè;k;a djksfr lR;a fiz;a p onfr l% dhn`'ka ri% djksfr\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) ekulril% mnkgj.k};a fy[krA

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) v¯glk dhn`'ka ri% vfLr\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) xqjks% lsok dhn`'ka ri% vfLr\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- ^d* LrEHks rikafl o£.krkfu ^[k* LrEHks rq mnkgj.kkfuA rs"kka esyua oqQ#rA
LrEHk% ^d* LrEHk% ^[k*
(i) 'kkjhja ri% (d) vH;lue~
(ii) okM~-e;a ri% ([k) Hkkola'kqf¼%
(iii) ekula ri% (x) czÞep;Ze~
3- ikBkr~ fpRok v/ksfyf[krkuka i;kZ;inkfu fy[krA
(i) czkÞe.k{kf=k;oS';k%--------------------------------
(v) fo}ku~-----------------------------------------

(v) ifo=krk--------------------------------------

(v) ljyrk-------------------------------------

(v) vkRela;e%-----------------------------

82 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

fdef/xre~
 vkgkj% f=kfo/% Hkofr & lkfÙod%] jktl%] rkel% pA fVIi.kh
 ,oeso nkuL;kfi =k;% Hksnk% lfUr & lkfÙode~ jktla] rkel×pA
 'kkjhja] ekula okM~-e;×p bfr =khf.k rikafl HkofUrA
 vkgkj'kq¼kS lÙola'kqf¼% bfr eU;rsA
 nkusu vk;q% o/ZrsA nf{k.kkoUr% izfrjUr vk;q%A (½ 1-125-6)
 vkRela;esu e`R;ks% mifj] vkifn p fot;a yC/qa 'kD;rsA
 vLekoaQ thous lkfÙodrk;k% egÙoa orZrsA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

dfoifjp;%
egkdfo O;kl dk uke fdlus ugha lquk gksxk\ ykSfdd laLo`Qr osQ dfo;ksa esa okYehfd
osQ ckn O;kl dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk] ;g Hkkjrh; ekU;rk gSA vBkjgksa iqjk.kksa osQ jpf;rk
egkdfo O;kl gh gSa ;g bl 'yksd ls izekf.kr gksrk gS&

v"Vkn'kiqjk.ks"kq O;klL; opu};e~A

ijksidkj% iq.;k; ikik; ijihMue~AA

xzUFkifjp;%
egkHkkjr & egkHkkjr Kku foKku dk Hk.Mkj gSA /eZ] vFkZ]dke] eks{k] ;q¼ uhfr]
/eZuhfr vkfn dh tSlh fo'kn ppkZ egkHkkjr esa gS oSlh vU;=k ughaA blosQ fo"k; esa
vki ;{k&;qf/f"Bj&lEokn esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk & Jhe•xon~xhrk egkHkkjr osQ Hkh"eioZ dk ,d vM~-x gSA
oqQ#{ks=k esa dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa osQ chp ;q¼ dh rS;kjh iwjh gks pqdh Fkh] nksuksa rjiQ ls
;q¼ osQ fy, lSfud lUu¼ FksA rc vtqZu dks eksg us ?ksj fy;k&eSa fduls ;q¼ djus tk
jgk gw¡\ firkeg Hkh"e ls] xq# nzks.k ls] o`Qikpk;Z ls] vius Hkkb;ksa ls] vius ekrqy ls\
u] eq>s ,slk jktikV ugha pkfg,A dgdj mlus 'kL=k j[k fn;k rc Jho`Q".k us mls
mn~cksf/r fd;k] vdeZ.;rk osQ ?ksjs ls fudkyk] vkRek dh vejrk dk mins'k fn;k] gj

laLÑr 83
 xhrke`re~

ifjfLFkfr esa dÙkZO;ikyu dh f'k{kk nhA Jho`Q".k }kjk fn;s x, ;s mins'k gh xhrk osQ :i
esa fuc¼ gSaA xhrk osQ vf/dka'k 'yksd gj dky esa] gj O;fDr osQ fy, mi;ksxh gSaA mu
'yksdksa dks lkoZdkfyd dgk tk ldrk gSA muesa ls oqQN 'yksdksa dks ;gk¡ mn~/`r fd;k
fVIi.kh
tk jgk gS&
1- deZ.;sokf/dkjLrs ek iQys"kq dnkpuA
ek deZiQygsrqHkwZ% ek rs laxks¿LRodeZf.kAA
2- oklkafl th.kkZfu ;Fkk fogk; uokfu x`Þ.kkfr ujks¿ijkf.kA
rFkk 'kjhjkf.k fogk; th.kkZU;U;kfu la;kfr uokfu nsghAA
3- nq%[ks"ouqf}Xueuk% lq[ks"kq foxrLi`g%A
ohrjkxHk;ozQks/% fLFkr/heqZfu#P;rsAA
4- J¼koku~ yHkrs Kkua rRij% la;rsfUnz;%A
Kkua yCèok ijka 'kkfUrefpjs.kkf/xPNfrAA
5- bZ'oj % loZHkwrkuka ân~ns'ks¿tqZu fr"BfrA
Hkzke;UloZHkwrkfu ;U=kk:<kfu ek;;kAA
6- Roe{kja ijea osfnrO;a RoeL; fo'oL; ija fu/kue~A
RoeO;;% 'kk'or/eZxksIrk lukruLRoa iq#"kks erks esA

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
(i) ^nk* /krks% ;ksxs prqFkhZ Hkofr & ^nk* /krq osQ ;ksx esa ftls dksbZ oLrq nh tkrh
gS og lEiznku gksrk gS vkSj mlesa prqFkhZ foHkfDr gksrh gSA
vge~ eksguk; /ua nnkfeA l% ik=ksH;% /ua nnkfrA
(ii) ^rO;r~* izR;; esa /krq osQ lkFk tqM+us ij ^rO;* 'ks"k cprk gS vkSj mldk vFkZ
^;ksX;@pkfg,* gksrk gSA
tSls & nk + rO;r~ & nkrO;e~ & nsuk pkfg,A (nsus ;ksX;)
o`Q + rO;r~ & dÙkZO;e~ & djuk pkfg,A (djus ;ksX;)
Le` + rO;r~ & LerZO;e~ & Lej.k djuk pkfg,
xe~ + rO;r~ & xUrO;e~ & tkuk pkfg,
è;k + rO;r~ & è;krO;e~ & è;ku djuk pkfg,
gu~ + rO;r~ & gUrO;e~ & ekjuk pkfg,A

84 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

loZ ¾ lc] lEiw.kZ (iqafYyÄõ)

foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFkek loZ% lokSZ losZ fVIi.kh
f}rh;k loZe~ lokSZ lokZu~
r`rh;k losZ.k lokZH;ke~ loSZ%
prqFkhZ loZLeS lokZH;ke~ losZH;%
i×peh loZLekr~ lokZH;ke~ losZH;%
"k"Bh loZL; loZ;ks% losZ"kke~
lIreh loZfLeu~ loZ;ks% losZ"kq
lEcks/u gs loZ gs lokSZ gs losZ
(iii) fdlh 'kCn ds lkFk vFkZ 'kCn ds tqM+us ij prqFkhZ lekl gksrk gSA dgha vFkZe~
tksM+dj Hkh leLr in cuk;k tkrk gS tSls /ekZFkZe~] lsokFkZe~] dY;k.kkFkZe~]
Lej.kkFkZe~] izR;qidkjkFkZe~A /ekZ; bna ¾ /ekZFkZe~ (/eZ ds fy,)
(iv) ^ril~* 'kCnL; :ie~ & (uiqaldfyÄõe~)
foHkfÙkQ% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFkek ri% rilh rikafl
f}rh;k ri% rilh rikafl
r`rh;k rilk riksH;ke~ riksfHk%
prqFkhZ rils riksH;ke~ riksH;%
i×peh ril% riksH;ke~ riksH;%
i"Bh ril% rilks% rilke~
lIreh rifl rilks% riLlq
lEcks/u izFkek tSls ghA
(iv) dF;rs] mP;rs μ nksuksa deZokP; ds vkReusinh :i gSa vkSj nksuksa dk gh vFkZ
gksrk gS&dgk tkrk gSA deZokP; esa ;d~ izR;; yxk dj buosQ :i ^lso~* dh
rjg pyk;s tkrs gSa&
iq#"kk% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFke% dF;rs dF;srs dF;Urs

laLÑr 85
 xhrke`re~

eè;e% dF;ls dF;sFks dF;èos

mÙke% dF;s dF;kogs dF;kegs
fVIi.kh blh izdkj mP;rs mP;srs] mP;Urs vkfnA

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k i×pokD;s"kq fy[kr&
'kkjhjekulokM~-e;rilke~ ,oSQde~ mnkgj.ka fy[krA
2- ¯d ri% loksZÙkee~\
3- lkfÙoosQH;% iq#"ksH;% dhn`'k% vkgkj% jksprs\ vLekfHk% dhn`'ka Hkkstua
dÙkZO;e~\

mÙkjekyk
cks/iz'uk%
1- (i) + (?k)] (ii) + (x)] (iii) + [k] (iv) + d

2- (i) lÙo] lq[k] (ii) ifjfDy"Ve~] jktle~] (iii) xq#] 'kkSpe~] (iv) riks] mP;rs]
(iv) pkesè;e~] rkelfiz;e~A

ikBxriz'uk% 16-1
1- (i) rkele~ Hkkstue~] (ii) vke;iznk%] (iii) lkfÙod% vkgkj%] (iv) jktlk%
vkgkjk%] (v) u HkksDrO;e~A
2- (i) jliw.kZe~] (ii) vke;e~] (iii) fuo`Q"Ve~] (iv) lkfÙode~] (v) vesè;e~

3- (i) pkesè;e~] (ii) vR;q".ke~] (iii) dV~oEy%] (iv) 'kksdke;%] (v) cykjksX;e~

ikBxriz'uk% 16-2
1- (i) ;n~nkua nkrO;e~ bfr fofpUR; vuqidkfj.ks] ns'ks] dkys ik=ks p nh;rs] rn~
lkfÙooaQ nkua dF;rsA (ii) ;n~nkua izR;qidkjk;] iQye~ mfn~n'; ok dkfBU;su
nh;rs] rn~ jktla nkua bR;qP;rsA (iii) rkela nkue~A (iv) lkfRodnkue~] (v)
jktla nkue~A
1- (i) vuqidkfj.ks] (ii) d"ViwoZde~] (iii) jktle~] (iv) rkele~

86 laLÑr
 xhrke`re~

3- (i) + (p)] (ii) + (N)] (iii) + (?k)] (iv) + (x) (v) + (Ä)] (vi) +
([k)] (vii) + (d)
4- (i) X (ii)  (iii) X (iv)  fVIi.kh

ikBxriz'uk% 16-3
1- (i) vuq}sxdja] lR;a] fiz;a] fgr×pA (ii) okM~-e;a ri% (iii) ekSue~ vkRefofuxzg%
p] (iv) 'kkjhja ri%] (v) 'kkjhja ri%
2- (i) + (x)] (ii) + (d)] (iii) + ([k)

3- (i) f}t% (ii) izkK% (iii) 'kkSpe~] (iv) vktZoe~] (v) vkRefofuxzg%

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (i) nsokuka] f}tkuka] xq:.kke~] fonq"kke~ iwtue~

'kkSpe~ ljyrk czÞep;± v¯glk p 'kkjhja ri bR;qP;rsA

vuq}sxdja] lR;a] fiz;a fgr×p opua] Lokè;k;% vH;lu×p okM~-e;a ri% mP;rsA
eul% izlUurk] lkSE;Roe~ ekSue~] vkRefu;a=k.ke~ Hkkokuka la'kqf¼% p ekula ri%
mP;rsA
'kjhjL;] okÄ~e;L; ekulL; p ril% vkpj.ka dY;k.kk; HkofrA
,rs"kq riLlq ekula ri% loksZÙkea eU;rsA
2- ekula ri%
3- lkfÙoos Q H;% iq # "ks H ;% cyo/Z d e~ vk;q o Z / Z d e~ vkjks X ;iz n a ] lq [ ko/Z d a
izhfro/Zd×p Hkkstua jksprsA rs jl;qDrku~ fLuX/ku~] g`|ku~ p vkgkjku~ x`g~.kfUrA
rs Hkkstule;s osQoya jlkr~ r`fIre~ ,o u oqQoZfUr vfirq lqLokLF;k; mÙkeHkkstua
oqQoZfUrA
vLekfHk% vfi lkfÙode~ ,o Hkkstua HkksDrO;e~ ;r% lkfÙodHkkstua lqLokLF;a
nnkfr] lqLokLF;a fopkjs ifo=krke~ vfi vku;frA

laLÑr 87