Math Key-Part-2 CH # 7

Chapter
VECTORS
7
Vectors:
A vector quantity is that possesses both magnitude and direction i.e. displacement,
velocity, weight, force etc.
Scalar:
A scalar quantity is that possesses only magnitude. It can be specified by a
number i.e. mass, time, density, length, volume etc.
Magnitude/Length/Norm/Modulus of a Vector:
The positive real number, which is measure of the length of the vector, is called
modulus, length, magnitude or norm of a vector.
^ v
Formula v = |v|
Zero Vector:
 
If terminal point B of a vector AB concides with its initial point A, then |AB | = 0
called zero vector or Null vector.
Position vector:
The vector, whose initial point O is origin & whose terminal point is P, is called
position vector of OP.
EXERCISE 7.1

Q.1 Write the vector PQ in the form xi + yj.
(i) P (2, 3), Q (6, -2)
Solution:
P(2, 3) , Q (6, -2)
  
PQ = OQ – OP – position vector of P
= (6 – 2) i + ( 2 – 3) _j = 4i –5_j
(ii) P (0, 5), Q ( -1, -6)
Solution:
  
PQ = OQ – OP
Mathematics (Part-II) 689 (Ch. 07) Vectors
= (–1 – 0) i + (– 6 – 5) _j = – i – 11_j
Q.2: Find the magnitude of the vector u.
Formula Magnitude or length or Norm of v = xi + yj_ + zk is |V| = x2 + y2 + z2
(i) u = 2i – 7j_
Solution:
u = 2i – 7_j
|u| = (2)2 + (-7)2 = 4 + 49 = 53
(ii) u = i + _j
Solution:
u = i +_j
|u| = (1)2 + (1)2 = 2
(ii) u = [3, 4] (Lahore Board 2005)
Solution:
u = 3i – 4_j
|u| = (3)2 + (– 4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
Q.3 If u = 2i – 7j_ , v = i – 6j_ & w = – i + _j , find the following vectors.
(i) u+v –w
Solution:
u + v – w = (2i – 7_j ) + (i – 6_j ) – (i + _j )
= 2i – 7_j + i – 6_j + i – _j = 4i  14_j Ans.
(ii) 2u  3v + 4w
Solution:
2u  3v + 4w
= 2(2i – 7_j ) 3(i – 6_j ) + 4(i + _j )
= 4i  14_j  3i + 18_j 4i + 4_j = 3i + 8_j
1 1 1
(iii) u  v + w
2 2 2
Solution:
1
= 2 [u + v + w]
1
2 [2i – 7_j + i – 6_j – i + _j ]
=
1
2 [ 2i – 12_j ]
=
2
2 [ i – 6_j ] = i – 6j
=
 
Q.4 Find the sum of the vectors AB & CD , given the four points A(1, –1),
B (2, 0), C(-1, 3) & D (-2, 2)
Solution:
  
AB = OB – OA
= (2 – 1) i + (0 + 1) _j = i + _j
  
CD = OD – OC
= (2 + 1) i + (2 – 3) _j =  i  _j
 
Sum = AB + CD = i + _j  i  _j = 0i + 0_j = Null vector

Q.5 Find the vector from the point A to the origin, where AB = 4i – 2j_ and B is
the point (–2, 5).
Solution:

AB = 4i  2_j
  
AB = OB  OA
  
AB  OB = OA
    
AB  OB = AO  AO  – OA

AO = (4i – 2_j ) – (2i + 5_j )

AO = 6i  7_j
Q.6 Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector given below
(i) v = 2i  _j (Lahore Board 2009, 2010)
Solution:
v = 2i  _j
|v| = (2)2 + (1)2

|v| = 4+1 = 5
^ v 2i  _j 2 1
Required unit vector is v = |v| = = i– j
5 5 5
1 3
(ii) v = i+ j
2 2 _
Solution:
1 3
v = 2 i + 2 _j
2 2
1  3 1 3 4
|v| = 2 + 2 = 4+4 = = 1
    4
1 3
i+ _j
^ v 2 2 1 3
Required unit vector is v = |v| = = 2 i + 2 _j Ans.
1
 3 1
(iii) v = i  _j
2 2
Solution:
 3 1
2 i  2 _j
v =
2 2
 3
 +   =
-1 3 1
|v| = 
 2  2 4+4 = 1
 3 1
i – 2 _j
^ v 2  3 1
Required unit vector v = |v| = = 2 i  2 _j Ans.
1
Q.7 If A, B and C are respectively the points (2, – 4), (4, 0) (1, 6). Use vectors to
find coordinates of point D if
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Let D (x, y) be the required vertex.
Since ABCD is a parallelogram
C(1, 6) B(4, 0)
 
So AB = DC
(4–2) i + (0 + 4) _j = (1 – x) i + (6 – y) _j
2i + 4_j = (1 – x) i + (6 – y) _j
By comparing
2 = 1 – x, 4=6–y A(2,  4) D(x, y)
x=1–2 , y=6–4
x = –1 , y=2
Required coordinates of D are (–1, 2)
(ii) ADBC is a parallelogram.

Solution:
Since ADBC is a parallelogram
  C(1, 6) B(4, 0)
So AD = CB
(x–2) i + (y + 4) _j = (4 – 1) i + (0 – 6) _j
(x  2) i + (y + 4) i = 3i  6_j
By comparing
x  2 = 3 , y + 4 = 6
x=5 , y = – 10 A(2, -4) D(x, y)
Required coordinates of D are (5, 10)
Q.8 If B, C and D are respectively (4, 1), (–2, 3) & (–8, 0). Use vector method to
find the coordinates of the point
(i) A if ABCD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Let the coordinates of point A be (x, y)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram B(8, 0) C(2, 3)
 
Thus, AB = DC
(4–x) i + (1 – y) _j = (–2 + 8) i + (3 – 0) _j
(4 – x) i + (1 – y) _j = 6 i + 3 _j
By comparing
4 – x = 6, 1–y=3 A(x, y) B(4, 1)
4 – 6 = x, 1–3=y
 2 = x, 2 = y
Therefore, required point A is (2, 2)
(ii) E, if AEBD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Let the coordinates of E be = (x, y)
B (4, 1), A (–2, –2), D (– 8, 0), E (x, y)
Since AEBD is a parallelogram
  D(8, 0) B(4, 1)
So AE = DB
(x+2) i + (y + 2) _j = (4 + 8) i + (1 – 0) _j
(x + 2) i + (y + 2) _j = 12 i + _j
By comparing
x + 2 = 12, y+2=1
x = 12  2, y=12 A(2, 2) E(x, y)
x = 10, y = 1
Coordinates of E are (10, –1)

 
Q.9 If D is origin and OP =AB , find the point, where A and B are (– 3,7) & (1, 0)
respectively.
Solution:
Let the coordinates of point P be (x, y)
Therefore
O (0, 0), P (x, y), A (–3, 7), B (1, 0)
Since
 
OP = AB
(x – 0) i + (y – 0) _j = (1 + 3) i + (0 – 7) _j
x i + y _j = 4 i  7_j
(x, y) = (4, – 7) required point.
Q.10 Use vector to show that ABCD is a parallelogram when the points A,B,C & D
are respectively (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c) & (b – a, c).
(Lahore Board 2009 (supply))
Solution:
Let ABCD be a parallelogram
We have to prove that D (b a, c) C(b, c)
   
AB = DC & AD = BC
Now
  
AB = OB – OA
= (a – 0) i + (0 – 0) _j = a i + 0_j ...... (i)
A(0, 0) B(a, 0)
  
DC = OC – OD
= (b – b + a) i + (c – c) _j = a i + 0_j ...... (ii)
  
AD = OD – OA
= (b – a – 0) i + (c – 0) _j

AD = (b – a) i + c_j ...... (iii)
  
BC = OC – OB = (b – a) i + (c – 0) _j

BC = (b – a) i + c_j ...... (iv)
from (i) (ii) (iii) & (iv)
   
AB = DC and AD = BC Shows ABCD is a parallelogram.
 
Q.11 If AB = CD . Find coordinates of the point A when B, C, D are (1, 2), (-2, 5),
D (4, 11) respectively.
Solution:
Let Coordinates of A be (x, y)
A (x, y) , B (1, 2), C (– 2, 5), D (4, 11)
 
i.e. ; AB = CD
   
OB – OA = OD – OC
(1 – x) i + (2 – y) _j = (4 + 2) i + (11 – 5) _j
By comparing
1 – x = 6, 2–y=6
1 – 6 = x, –y=6–2
 x=5 y=–4
Hence required point is (– 5, – 4)
Q.12 Find the position vector of the point of division of the line segments joining
the following pair of points.
qa + Pb
Formula r =
p+q
(i) Point C with position vector 2i –3j_ and point D with position vector 3i + 2j_
in ratio 4 : 3. (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:1
Let the position vector of the required point P be r which divides the points C and
D in ratio 4:3 By ratio formula
Pb + qa 4 3
r = C
(
2
,-
3) P
(
x,
y) D
(
3
,2
)
P+q
3 (2i – 3 j ) + 4 (3i + 2 j ) 6i  9 j + 12i + 8 j 18i – _j
    18 1
= = = = i –
4+3 7 7 7 7 _j
(ii) Point E with position vector 5i and point F with position vector 4i + _j in
ratio 2 : 5.
Solution:
Let the position vector of point P be r which divides the points E & F in ratio 2:5.
By ratio formula
Pb 2 5
 + q a
r = E
(
5
,0
) P
(
x,
y) F
(
4,
1)
P+q
5(5i ) + 2 (4i + j ) 25i + 8i + 2 j 33i + 2 j

   33 2
r = = = = 7 i + 7 j Ans.
2+5 7 7 
Q.14 Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and half as long. (Lahore Board 2011)
Solution:
C(c)
Let ABC be any triangle and Let E & F be the mid
points of the two sides AC & BC respectively. Let a, b,
and c be position vector of A, B and C. Therefore position
a + c b + c E
a+c b+c
vectors of E & F are  2  and  2  respectively. 2 F
    2
 
We have to show that (i) AB is parallel to EF
1  
(ii) 2 AB = EF
A (a) B (b)
  
AB = OB – OA

AB = b – a ............ (i)
  
EF = OF – OE
b+c a+c b+cac b-a
=  2 = =
2 2 2
 1 1 
2 (b – a)
EF = = 2 AB using (i)
  1
EF =  AB where  = 2 .
 
Hence AB and EF are parallel & half as long. Hence proved.
Q.15 Prove that the line segments joining the mid points of the sides of a
quadrilateral taken in order form a parallelogram.
(Gujranwala Board 2007, Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let ABCD be any c+d
D (d) G
quadrilateral. Let E, F, G, H be mid 2 C(c)
points of the sides, a, b, c & d are the
position vectors of A, B, C and D
respectively. The position vectors of E,
a+d
a+b b+c c+d H F
b+c
F, G, & H are 2 , 2 , 2 & 2 2
a+d
respectively.
2
We have to prove that EFGH is
A (a) a+b B(b)
a parallelogram. E
2
  
EF = OF – OE
b+c a+b
2 – 2
=
 b+c–a–b c–a
EF = = ......... (i)
2 2
  
HG = OG – OH
c+d a+d
= 
2 2
c+dad cd
= = ......... (ii)
2 2
  
FG = OG – OF
c+d b+c
= 
2 2
 c+dbc db
FG = 2 = 2 ......... (iii)
  
EH = OH – OE
a+d a+b a+dab db
=  = = ........ (iv)
2 2 2 2
from (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv)
   
EF = HG and EH = FG
Shows EFGH is a parallogram.
EXERCISE 7.2

Q.1 Let A = (2, 5), B (– 1, 1), C (2, – 6) Find (i) AB
Solution:
  
AB = OB – OA
= (1 2) i + (1 – 5) _j = 3i  4_j
 
(ii) 2AB  CB
Solution:
 
2AB  CB
  
AB = OB – OA
= 3i  4_j
  
CB = OB – OC
= (i  (1 + 6)_j
= 3i  7_j
 
2AB  CB = 2(– 3i  4_j )  (3i  7_j )
= 6i  8_j + 3i  7_j = 3i  15_j
 
(iii) 2CB  2CA
Solution:
  
CB = OB – OC
= (1 2) i + (1 + 6) _j = 3i  7_j
  
CA = OA – OC
= (2 – 2) i + (5+6) _j = 0i  11_j
   
2CB  2CA = 2(CB CA)
= 2(3i  7_j  0i  11_j ) = 2 (3i  4_j ) = 6i  8_j
Q.2 _ = _i  2j_  k
Let u _ , v_ = 3_i  2j_ + 2k
_
_ = 5_i j + 3k
w _ . Find the indicated vector or number
(i) u
_ + 2v_ + w_
Solution:
u_ + 2v_ + w_
= (i + 2_j  k_) + 2 (3_i  2_j + 2k_) + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= i + 2_j  k_ + 6_i  4_j + 4k_ + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 12i  3_j + 6k_
(ii) v_  3w
_
Solution:
v_ – 3w_
= 3i  2_j  2k_  3(5_i  _j + 3k_)
= 3i  2_j  2k_  15i_  3_j  9k_ = 2i  _j  7k_
(iii) |3v_ + w_|
Solution:
|3v_ + w
_|
3v_ + w
_ = 3(3i  2_j  2k_) + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 9i  6_j  6k_ + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 14i  7_j + 9k_
|3v_ + w
_| = (14)2 + (7)2 + (9)2
= 196 + 49 + 81
|3v_ + w
_| = 326 Ans.
Q.3 Find the magnitude of the vector v_ and write the direction cosines of v_ .
(i) v_ = 2_i + 3j_ + 4k
_
Solution:
v_ = 2_i + 3_j + 4k_
|v_| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29

direction cosines are
 2 3 4 
    Ans.
 29 29 29
(ii) v_ = _i  _j  k
_
Solution:
v_ = _i  _j  k_
|v_| = (1) + (1)2 + (1)2
2
= 1+1+1 = 3
Direction cosines are
 1 1 1 
    Ans.
 3 3 3
(iii) v_ = 4_i  5j_
Solution:
v_ = 4_i  5j_
|v_| = (4)2 + (5)2 = 16 + 25 = 41
 4 5 
   0 Ans.
 41 41 
Q.4 Find , so that |_i + ( + 1) _j + 2k
_|=3 (Gujranwala Board 2007)
Solution:
|_i + ( + 1) _j + 2k_ | = 3
2 + ( + 1)2 + (2)2 = 3
Taking square on both sides
2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 9
22 + 2 + 5 – 9 = 0
22 + 2 – 4 = 0
2 +  – 2 = 0 (Dividing throughout by 2)
2 + 2 –  – 2 = 0
 (+ 2) – 1( + 2) = 0
( + 2) ( – 1) = 0
+2=0 –1=0
 =2 , =1 Ans
Q.5 Find a unit vector in the direction of v_ = _i + 2j_  k
_
Solution:
v_ = _i  2_j  k_
|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (–1)2 = 1+4+1 = 6
Required unit vector is
^ v i + 2_j  k_
v = |v| =
6
1 2 1
= i +
_ j –
_ k Ans.
6 6 6_
Q.6 _ , b_ = 2i_ – 4j_ – 3k_ & _c = _i + 2j_ – k_ . Find a unit vector
If a_ = 3_i – _j – 4k
parallel to 3a_ – 2b_ + 4c_ (Gujranwala Board 2004)
Solution:
3a_ = 3(3_i  _j  4k_) = 9_i  3j_  12k_
2b_ = 2(2_i  4_j  3k_) = 4_i  8_j  6k_
4c_ = 4(_i  2_j  k_) = 4_i  8_j  4k_
Let v_ = 3a_  2b_ + 4c_ = 9_i  3_j  12k_  (4_i  8_j  6k_) + 4_i  8_j  4k_
= 9_i  3_j  12k_  4_i  8_j  6k_ + 4_i  8_j  4k_
v_ = 17_i  13_j  10k_
Now |v_| = (17)2 + (13)2 + (10)2 = 289 + 169 + 100 = 558
^ v 17i + 13_j  10k_ 17 13 10
v = j 
|v| = = i +
_ _ k Ans.
558 558 558 558 _
Q.7 Find a vector whose
(i) magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2_i – 3j_ + 6k
_
Solution:
Let v_ = 2_i  3_j  6k_
|v_| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (6)2 = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
Let u_ be a vector parallel to v_ , then
v 2i  3_j  6k_
u_ = |v| = (It is a vector whose magnitude is 1 and parallel to v_ )
7
Required vector
2i  3j_  6k_  8 12 24
4u_ = 4   = 7 _i  7 _j + 7 k_ Ans.
 7 
(ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to _i + _j + k

_ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
Let v_ = _i  _j  k_
|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 3
Let u_ is vector parallel to v_
v i  _j  k_
u_ = =
|v| 3
Required vector
2(i  _j  k_ ) 2 2 2
2u_ = = _i  j +
_ k Ans.
3 3 3 3_
Q.8 If u _ = 2_i + 3j_ + 4k _ , v_ = _i + 3j_  k
_,w_ = _i + 6j_ +Zk
_ represents the sides of
a triangle. Find the value of Z.
Solution:
It u_ , v_  w
_ represents the sides of a triangle, then by
vector addition u_ + v_ = w_
2_i + 3_j + 4k_ + (_i + 3_j  k_) = _i + 6_j +Zk_ w v
2_i + 3_j + 4k_ _i + 3_j  k_ = _i + 6_j +Zk_
_i + 6_j + 3k_ = _i + 6_j  Zk_

By comparing
u
Z=3 Ans.
Q.9 The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are 2_i  _j + k
_ ,_i + _j ,
 
2i + 4j – 2k and _i  2j_ + k
_ respectively. Show that AB is parallel to CD.
Solution:
  
AB = OB – OA
= (3 – 2)_i + (1 + 1)_j + (0 – 1) _k

AB = _i + 2_j  k_

CD = Position vector of D – Position vector of C
= (12)_i + (24)_j + (1 + 2)k_
=  3_i  6_j + 3k_

CD =  3(_i  2_j  k_)
 
CD =  3AB
 
Hence AB is parallel to CD.
Q.10 Two vectors u _ &w _ in space are parallel, if there is a scalar c such that
v_ = cw_ . The vectors point in the same direction if c > 0 and the vector point
in the opposite direction if c < 0
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to vector v_ = 2_i  4j_ + 4k
_
Solution:
v_ = 2_i – 4_j + 4k_
|v_| = (2)2 + (4)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
^ v 2i  4_j  4k_ 2(_i  2_j +2k_ ) _i  2_j +2k_
 v = |v| = = =
6 6 3
^ ^ ^
 The two vectors whose length is 2 and parallel to v are 2v & 2v
^ 2 2 4 4
i.e; 2v = 3 (_i  2_j + 2k_ ) = 3 _i – 3 _j + 3 k_ Ans.
^ 2 2 4 4
 2v = 3 (_i  2_j + 2k _ ) = 3 _i  3 _j  3 k_ Ans.
(b) Find the constant a so that the vectors _v = _i  3j_ + 4k _ and w _ = a_i +9j_ –12k
_
are parallel. (Gujranwala Board 2004)
Solution:
Since v_ & w _ are parallel so
w
_ = cv_
a_i + 9_j  12k_ = c (_i  3_j + 4k_ )
a_i + 9_j  12k_ = c_i  3c_j + 4ck_
By comparing
a = c, 9 = 3c, 12 = 4c
9
 =c  c = –3
3
a = 3 Ans.
(c) Find a vector of length 5 in the direction opposite that of v_ = _i – 2j_ + 3k
_.
(Lahore Board 2004)
Solution:
v_ = _i  2_j + 3k_
|v_| = (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
^ v i  2_j  3k_
v = |v| =
14
 The vector of length 5 in opposite direction of v_ is
^ 5
5v = ( i  2_j + 3k_ )
14 _
5 10 15
i +
_ j 
_ k Ans.
14 14 14 _
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors 3_i  _j + 4k
_ and a_i +bj_ – 2k
_ are parallel.
Solution:
Since v_ & w _ are parallel so
w
_ = cv_
a_i + b_j  2k_ = c (3_i  _j + 4k_ )
a_i + b_j  2k_ = 3c_i  c_j + 4ck_
By comparing
a = 3c, b = c, 2 = 4c
2
4 =c
1
b = c 2 =c
1 1 3
 b= 2 a = 3c a = 32  a= 2
 
Q.11 Find the direction cosines for the given vectors.
(i) v_ = 3_i  _j + 2k
_ (Lahore Board 2007)
Solution:
v_ = 3_i  _j  2k_
|v_| = (3)2 + ()2 + (2)2 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14
 3 1 2 
=    
 14 14 14
(ii) v_ = 6_i  2j_ + k _ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
v_ = 6_i  2_j  k_
|v_| = (6)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 36 + 4 + 1 = 41
 6 2 1 
Direction cosines are =     Ans.
 41 41 41

(iii) PQ , where P (2, 1, 5) & Q = (1, 3, 1)
Solution:
  
PQ = OQ – OP
= (1 – 2)_i _j k_ = _i _j k_

|PQ| = (1)2 + ()2 + (4)2 = 1 + 4 + 16 = 21
 1 2 4 
Direction cosines are =     Ans.
 21 21 21
Q.12 Which of the following triples can be the direction angles of a single vector.
(i) 45º, 45º, 60º
Solution:
If , ,  are direction angles of a vector, then it must satisfy cos2  cos2 +
cos2  =1
L.H.S.
cos2  cos2 + cos2 = (cos 45º)2 + (cos 45º)2 + (cos 60º)2
2 2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
=   +   + 2 = 2 + 2 + 4
 2  2  
2+2+1 5
4  1
= =
4
So given triples are not direction angles.
(ii) 30º, 45º, 60º
Solution:
º,  = 45º,  = 60º
cos2  cos2 + cos2 
= (cos 30º)2 + (cos 45º)2 + (cos 60º)2
 32  1 2 12 3 1 1 3+2+1 6
  +  +  =
4 1
= + + = =
2  2 2 4 2 4 4
Hence given triples can not be direction angles.
(iii) 45º, 60º, 60º
Solution:
º,  = 60º,  = 60º
cos2  cos2 + cos2  = (cos 45º)2 + (cos 60º)2 + (cos 60º)2
2 2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
=   + 2 + 2 = 2 + 4 +4
 2    
2+1+1 4
= = 4 = 1
4
As cos2  cos2 + cos2  = 1

Therefore, given triples can be direction angles of a vector.
The Scalar Product of Two vectors

Definition:
Let two non zero vectors u_ & v_ in the plane or in space, have same initial point.
The dot product of u_ and v_ , written as u_ . v_ , is defined by
u_ . v_ = |u_| |v_| cos where  is angle between u_ & v_ and 0    .
Orthogonal / Perpendicular vectors:
The two vectors u_ & v_ are orthogonal / perpendicular if and only if u_ . v_ = o
Remember:
(i) Dot product, inner product, scalar product are same.
(ii) _i ._i = _j . _j = k_ . k_ = 1
(iii) _i . _j = _j . k_ = k_ . _i = 0
(iv) Scalar product is commutative i.e., u_ . v_ = v_ . u_
EXERCISE 7.3
Q.1 Find the Cosine of the angle  between u
_ and v_ .
(i) _ = 3_i + _j  k
u _ v_ = 2_i  _j  k
_
Formula
u
_ .v_
cos  =
|u
_| |v_|
Solution:
u_ = 3_i + _j  k_ , v_ = 2_i  _j  k_
u_ . v_ = (3_i + _j  k_ ) . ( 2_i  _j  k_ )
u_ . v_ = 6–1–1=4
|u_| = (3)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 9+1+1 = 11
|v_| = (2)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 4+1+1 = 6
u_ .v_ 4 4
cos = |u| |v| = =
_ _ 11 6 66
4
cos = Ans.
66
(ii) _ = _i  3j_  4k
u _ , v_ = 4_i  _j  3k
_
Solution:
u_ . v_ = (_i  3_j  4k_ ) . ( 4_i  _j  3k_ )
= 4 +3 +12
u_ . v_ = 19
|u_| = (1)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 1 + 9 + 16 = 26
2 2 2
|v_| = (4) + (1) + (3) = 16 + 1 + 9 = 26
u_ .v_ 19
cos = =
|u_| |v_| 26 26
19
cos = Ans.
26
(iii) u
_ = [3, 5], v_ = [6, 2]
Solution:
u_ = 3_i  5j , v_ = 6_i  2_j
u_ . v_ = (3_i  5_j ) . ( 6_i  2_j )
= 18  10
u_ . v_ = 28
|u_| = (3)2 + (5)2 = 9 + 25 = 34
|v_| = (6)2 + (2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40
u_ .v_
cos = |u| |v|
_ _
28 28 28 14
cos = = = =
34 40 34 10 2 × 17 2 × 5 2 85
7
cos = Ans.
85
(iv) u
_ = [2, 3, 1], v_ = [2, 4, 1]
Solution:
u_ = 2_i  3_j + k_ , v_ = 2_i  4_j + k_
u_ . v_ = (2_i  3_j + k_ ) . (2_i  4_j + k_ )
= 4 12  1
u_ . v_ = 7
|u_| = ()2 + (3)2 (1)2 = 4+9+1 = 14
2 2 2
|v_| = (2) + (4) + (1) = 4 + 16 + 1 = 21
u_ .v_
cos = |u| |v|
_ _
7 7 7 1
cos = = = =
14 21 2×7×3×7 7 6 6
1
cos = Ans.
6
Q.2 Calculate the projection of a_ along b
_ and projection of b
_ along a_ when
(i) a_ = _i  k _, b
_ = _j + k
_
Solution:
_a .b_
Formula Projection of _a along b_ = |b|
_
a.b
Project of b_ along _a =
|a_|
_a = _i 0_j  _k , _b = 0_i  _j + k_
_a . b_ = (_i 0_j  k_ ) . (0_i  _j + k_ )
= 0 + 0 1
_a . b_ = 1
|a_| = (1)2 + 0 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2
2 2
|b_| = (1) + (1) = 1+1 = 2
a.b 1
Projection of _a along b_ = = Ans.
|b_| 2
a.b 1
And Projection of b_ along _a = |a | = Ans.
_ 2
(ii) a_ = 3_i + _j  k _ , b _ = 2_i  _j + k
_ (Gujranwala Board 2004, 2007)
Solution:
_a . b_ = (3_i _j  k_ ) . (2_i  _j + k_ )
_a . b_ = 6 1 1 = 8
|a_| = (3)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 9+1+1 = 11
2 2 2
|b_| = (2) + (1) + (1) = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
a.b 8
Projection of _a along b_ = |b| = Ans.
_ 6
a.b 8
Projection of b_ along _a = |a | = Ans.
_ 11
Q.3 Find a real number  so that the vectors u

_ & v_ are perpendicular.
(i) _ = 2_i + _j  k
u _ v_ = _i + j_ + 4k
_ (Lahore Board 2010,11)
Solution:
Since u_ & v_ are perpendicular so
u_ . v_ = 0
(2_i _j  k_ ) . (_i  j_ + 4k_ ) = 0
2 4 = 0
3 4 = 0
4
 = 3 Ans.
(i) u
_ = _i + 2j_  k _ v_ = _i + j_ + 3k_ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
u_ = _i + 2_j  k_ , v_ = _i + j_ + 3k_
Since u_ & v_ are perpendicular so
_u . _v = 0
(i_ _j  k_ ) . (_i  j_ + 3k_ ) = 0
 3 = 0
2   3 = 0
2+ 3 – 2 – 3 = 0
 (2 + 3) –1 (2 + 3) = 0
( – 1) (2 + 3) = 0
 – 1 = 0 , 2 + 3 = 0
3
=1 , = 2 Ans.
Q.4 Find the number Z so that the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 0), B (2,2,1)
and C(0, 2, Z) is a right triangle with right angle at C.
Solution:
Given A (1, 1, 0) , B (2, 2, 1) , C (0, 2, Z)
  
AC = OC – OA
= (0  1) _i + (2 + 1) _j + (Z – 0) k_

AC = _i + 3_j  Zk_
  
BC = OC – OB
= (0 + 2)_i + (2 – 2)_j  (Z – 1)k_

BC = 2_i + 0_j  (Z – 1)k_
 
Since AC & BC are perpendicular
So,
 
AC . BC = 0
B
(_i + 3_j  Zk_ ) . (2_i + 0_j  (Z – 1)k_ ) = 0
2 + 0 + Z (Z – 1) = 0
2 + Z2 – Z = 0
Z2 – Z – 2 = 0
Z2 – 2Z + Z – 2 = 0
Z (Z – 2) + 1 (Z – 2) = 0
A C
(Z – 2) (Z + 1) = 0
 Z–2=0 Z+1=0
Z = 2, Z = 1
Q.5 If V is a vector for which
v_ . _i = 0 v_ . _j = 0 , v_ . k
_ = 0, find v_ (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let v_ = x_i + y_j z k_ ........ (1)
Now
v_ . _i = 0
(x_i + y_j + z k_ ) . (_i ) = 0
x = 0
Next
v_ . _j = 0
(x_i + y_j + z k_ ) . (0_i + _j + 0k_ ) = 0
0+y+0=0  y = 0
v_ . k_ = 0
(x_i + y_j + z k_ ) . (0_i + _j + 0k_ ) = 0
0+0+z=0
 z=0
Substitute all values in (1)
v_ = 0_i + 0_j + 0k_
 v_ = 0 (Null vector) Ans.
Q.6(i) Show that the vectors 3_i  2j_ + k

_ , _i  3j_ + 5k
_ & 2_i + _j  4k
_ form a right
angle triangle.
Solution:
Let u_ = 3_i  2_j k_ , v_ = _i  3_j k_ , w _ = 2_i  _j k_
v_ + w _ = _i  3_j k_ + 2_i  _j k_
= 3_i  2_j k_
v_ + w _ = u_
Hence u_ , v_ , w _ from a triangle
_u . w _ = (3_i  2_j k_ ) . (2_i  _j k_ )
= 6–2–4 = 0
 u_ and w_ are perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, given triangle is right angled triangle.
(ii) Show that the set of points P(1, 3, 2), Q (4, 1, 4). R (6, 5, 5) from a
right triangle.
Solution:
  
PQ = OQ – OP
= (4 – 1) _i + (1– 3)j + (4 – 2) k = 3_i  2_j k_

QR = (6 – 4) _i + (5 – 1)j + (5 – 4) k = 2_i  4_j k_

PR = (6 – 1) _i + (5– 3)j + (5 – 2) k = 5_i  2_j k_
 
QR = PR
 
Now PQ + QR = 3_i  2_j k_ + 2_i  4_j k_
= 5_i  2_j k_
  
PQ + QR = PR
Thus,
P, Q, R from a triangle
 
PQ . QR = (3_i  2_j k_ ) . (2_i  4_j k_ )
= 6–8+2 =0
 
Therefore PQ & QR are perpendicular to each other
Thus, given triangle is right-angled triangle.
Q.7 Show that mid point of hypotenuse a right triangle is equidistant from its
vertices.
Solution:
y-axis
Let AOB be any triangle with vertex O
is at origin. (0, b)
B
Therefore, coordinates of O,A, and B will be O
(0, 0), A (a, o) B (o, b). a b
M( , (
2 2
Coordinates of mid point M are =
a + 0 0 + b a b
 2  2  = 2  2
   
We have to prove that mid point of x' O(0,0) A (a,0) x-axis
hypotenous is equidistant from its vertical i.e.
y'
  
|OM| = |AM| = |BM|
 a  b  a b
OM = 2  0 _i + 2  0 _j = 2 _i + 2 _j
   
 2
a  b
2
a2 b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2
|OM| = 2 + 2 = 4+ 4 = = ——— (i)
    4 2
 a  b  a b
AM = 2  a _i + 2  0 _j = 2 _i + 2 _j
   
 a b
2 2
a2 b2
|AM| =   +  =
 2  2 4+ 4
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
= = ———— (ii)
4 2
 a  b  a b
BM = 2  0 _i + 2  b _j = 2 _i  2 _j
   
 a b
2 2
a2 b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2
|BM| = 2 +  2  = 4+ 4 = = ——— (iii)
    4 2
From (i) (ii) & (iii) M is equidistant from its vertices.
Q.8 Prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution:
  C(c)
Let OD & OE be the perpendicular
 
bisectors of the sides AB and BC .
Let F be mid point of AC. Join F with O.
F a+c
Let O is taken as origin. b+c
2
E 2
  0
Since OD is perpendicular to AB
 
OD . AB = 0
a + b
 2  . (b – a) = 0
  A (a) Da+b B (b)
2
(b + a). (b – a) = 0 × 2
 b2 – a2 = 0 ............. (i)
 
Again OE is perpendicular to BC
 
OE . BC = 0
b + c
 2  . (c – b) = 0 × 2
 
(c + b) . (c – b) = 0 × 2
 c2 – b2 = 0 ............. (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii) we have
b2 – a2 + c2 – b/2 = 0
c2 – a2 = 0
(c + a) . (c – a) = 0
c + a
 2  . (c – a) = 0
 
 
OF . AC = 0
 
Which shows that OF is perpendicular to AC . Hence perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Q.9 Prove that the attitudes of a triangle are concurrent. (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let AD, BE be the attitudes drawn from vertices C (c)
A, B, respectively. Join C to O & produce it meet AB at F.
   
Since AD  BC  AO  BC also
 
AO . BC = 0
a . (c – b) = 0 D
E
a . c + a . b = 0
a.b=a.c ............. (i) 0
 
Since BE  AC
A ( a) F B (b)
   
 BO  AC  BO . AC = 0
 b . (c – a) = 0
 b . c + b . a = 0
a.b=b.c ........... (ii)
from (i) & (ii) we have
a.c =b.c
a.c b.c=0
c . (b – a) = 0
 
OF . AB = 0
 
Thus OF  AB
 
 CF  AB
Shows altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Q.10 Proved that the angle is a semi circle is a right angle.
(Gujranwala Board 2006, Lahore Board, 2007)
Solution:
Let AQB be a semi circle of y-axis
radius a with center at origin. Take x-axis

Q
along AB. Let P(x,y) be any point on P(x, y)
semicircle. Join A and B with P join O
and P.
Now
X/ A(-a,0) O(0, 0) B (a,0) X-axis

OA = – a _i

OB = a _i

OP = a (radius given)
2
|OP| = a2 .................... (i)

OP = x _i + y_j
 
|OP| = x2 + y2  |OP| = x2 + y2
= x2 + y2 = a2 ............ (ii) using (i)
  
AP = OP – OA

AP = (x + a)_i (y – 0)_j = (x + a)_i + y_j
  
BP = OP – OB
= (x – a)_i + (y – 0)_j = (x – a)_i + y_j
 
AP .BP = ((x + a)_i + y_j ) . ((x – a)_i + y_j )
= x2 – a2 + y2
= x2 + y2 – a2
= a2 – a2 = 0 (Using ii)
 
Hence AP is perpendicular to BP .
  APB = 90º
Q.11 Prove that cos( + ) = coscos – sin sin (Lahore Board 2007,2011)
Solution:
^ ^ Y
Let a and b be two unit vectors making angles
 and  with x-axis
Therefore, we can write a
^ 
a = cosi_ + sin_j 
^ X
b = cos_i – sin_j O 
^ ^
a . b = (cos_i + sinj_) . (cos_i – sin_j ) b
^ ^
|a| |b| cos() = coscos – sinsin
^ ^
cos() = coscos – sinsin (|b| = 1, |a| = 1)
Hence proved
Q.12 Prove that in any triangle ABC

(i) b = ccosA + a cos C
Solution:
b = cos A + a cos C
C
For any triangle a + b + c = 0 C
-
b = a – c
b =  (a + c) ........ (i)
Taking dot product with b, we have b a
b . b = b . (a + c)
= b . a – b . c
b 2
= |b| |a| cos(– C)  |b| |c|cos (–A)
= ba (cos(+c) – bc (cos(+A))
-
b2
B
= ba cosC + bc cosA
b = a cos C + c cosA c B
-A
(Dividing throughout by b) Hence proved
(ii) c = a cos B + b cos A
Solution:
For triangle ABC, we have
a+b+c= 0
c = a  b
c = a  b) ........ (i)
Taking dot product with c
c . c = c . (a + b)
c2 = c . a – c . b
= |c| |a| cos(– B) - |c| |b|cos (–A)
c2
= ac (cosB) –cb(cosA) ( cos ( – ) =  cos)
2
c = ac cos B + bc cos A
c = acosB + b cosA (dividing by c) Hence proved.
(iii) b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cosB
Solution:
For triangle ABC, by vector addition
a + b +c = 0
b = a  c
b =  (a + c) ......... (i)
Taking dot product with b
b . b =  (a + c) . b
b2 = a + c) . – (a + c)
= a . a + a . c + c . a + c .c
2
b = a2 + 2a . c + c2 (a . c = c . a)
b2 = a2 + 2 |a| |c| cos ( – B) + c2

b2 = a2 + 2ac (cosB) + c2
2
b = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB
Hence proved
(iv) c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abcosC
Solution:
For triangle ABC
a+b+c= 0
c = a  b
c =  (a + b) ........ (i)
Taking dot product by c
c . c =  (a + b) . c
c2 = a + b) . – (a + b)
= a . a + a . b + b . a + b .b
2
c = a2 + 2a . b + b2 ( a . b = b . a)
c2 = a2 + 2 |a| |b| cos (  C) + b2
c2 = a2 + 2ab (cos C) + b2
2
c = a2 + b2 – 2abcos C
Hence proved
____________
The Cross Product or Vector

Product of Two Vectors
Let u_ & v_ be two vectors. The cross or vector product of u_ and v_ is defined as
^
u_ × v_ = | u_ | | v_ | sin n
^
When n is unit vector perpendicular to the plane of u_ and v_ .
^
u_ × v_ = |u_ | | v_ | Sin  n
Where
^ u_ × v_
n = |u × v|
_ _
_u ×v_
Sin = ^
|u_| |v_| n
|u_ × v_|
Sin = |u| |v|
_ _
Important Points;
(i) _i × _i = _j × _j =k_ × k_ = 0
(ii) _i × _j =k_ , _j × k_ = _i , k_ × _i = _j
(iii) _i × _j   _j × _i i.e., Cross product is not commutative
(vi) Area of parallelogram = |u_ × v_|
1
(v) Area of triangle = 2 |u_ × v _|
Parallel vectors:
If u_ & v_ area parallel vectors then u_ × v_ = 0
EXERCISE 7.4
Q.1 Compute the cross product a × b and b × a, check your answer by showing
that each a and b is perpendicular to a × b and b × a.
(i) a = 2_i  _j k
_ , b = _i  _j k
_
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b =
2 1 1

 
1 1 1 
 1 1  2 1 
   j   2 1 
= _i   _  1 1  _  1 1 
 k
 1 1 
= _i (1 – 1)  _j (2 + 1) + _k (2 –1)
a × b = 0_i  3_j  3k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to a × b, for this we have a . (a × b)
= (2_i + _j  _k ) . (0_i  3_j  3k_ )
= 0–3+3=0
 a and a × b are perpendicular.
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b. For this we have b . (a × b)
(_i  _j  _k) . (0_i  3_j  3k_)
= 0+3–3=0
Hence b is perpendicular to a × b.
 _i _j _k
b×a =
1 1 1

 
2 1 1 
 1 1   1 1   1 1 
 
= _i   _j  2 1  + k_  2 1 
 1 1 
= _i (1 – 1)  _j (1 – 2) + _k ( + 2)
b × a = 0_i  3_j  3k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to b × a.
a . (b × a) = (2_i + _j  _k ) . (0_i + 3_j  3k_ )
= 0+3–3
= 0
Hence a and b × a are perpendicular to each other
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
b . (b × a) = (_i  _j  _k ) . (0_i + 3_j  3k_ )
= 0–3+3=0
Hence b and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) a = _i + _j  0k_ , b = _i  _j  0k_ (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b=
1 1 

 
1 1 0 
 1 0   1    1 1 
= _i   _j   + k_  
 1 0   1 0   1 1 
= 0_i – 0_j + _k (1 –1)
= 2k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to a × b.
For this a . (a × b) = (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b
For this b . (a × b)
= (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b
For this
b . (a × b)
= (_i – _j + 0k_ ) . (0_i + 0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Hence proved
 _i _j _k 
b×a=
 1 1 0

 
 1 1 0 
 1 0   1    1 1 
= _i    _j   + k_  
 1 0   1 0   1 1 
= 0_i  0_j  _k (1 + 1)
b × a = 0_i  0_j  2k_
For this
a . (b × a) = (_i _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0
= 0
Hence a and b × a are perpendicular to each other. Next, we will show that b is
perpendicular to b × a
For this
b . (b × a) = (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0
= 0
Hence b and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
(iii) a = 3_i  2j_  k_ , b = _i  _j  0k_
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b=
3 2 

 
1 1 0 
 2 1   3    3 2 
= _i    _j   + k_  
 1 0   1 0   1 1 
= _i (0 – 1) –_j (0 – 1) + _k ( + 2)
a×b = _i + _j + 5k_

For this a . (a × b)
= (3_i  2_j  _k ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 3 –2 + 5 = 0
 a and a × b are perpendicular to each other.
Next b . (a × b)
= (_i + _j + 0k_ ) . (_i + _j + 5k_ )
= 1 + 1 + 0 = 0
Hence b and a × b are perpendicular to each other.
 _i _j _k 
b×a=
 1  

 
 3 2 1 
 1 0   1    1  
= _i    _j   + k_  

 –2 1   3 1   3 2 
= _i (1 – 0) –_j (1 – 0) + _k (  3)
b×a = _i  _j  5k_
We will show that a and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
For this a . (b × a)
= (3_i  2_j  _k ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 3+25=0
 a and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
For this
b . (b × a)
= (_i _j  0k_ ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 1–1+0=0
Hence b is perpendicular to b × a
(iv) a = 4i_  _j 2k_ , b = 2_i  _j  k_
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b

= 4 1 

 
 2 1 1 
 1 2   4    4  
= _i    _j   + k_  
 1 1   2 1   2 1 
= _i (1 + 2) –_j (4 + 4) + _k (  2)
a×b = 3_i + 0_j  6k_
For this a . (a × b)
= (4_i  _j  2k_ ) . (_i  0j_  6k_ )
= 12 + 0 + 12 = 0
Hence a is perpendicular to a × b.
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to a × b.
For this
b . (a × b)
b . (a × b) = (2_i  _j  _k ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 6+0–6=0
Hence b is perpendicular to a × b.
Now
 _i _j _k 
b×a=
 2 1 1

 
 4 1 2 
= _i (2  1) –_j (4 + 4) + _k (  4)
= 3_i + 0_j  6k_
For this a . (b × a)
= (4_i  _j  2k_ ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 12 + 0 – 12 = 0
Hence a is perpendicular to b × a
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
b .( b × a ) = (2_i  _j  _k ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 6 + 6 = 0
Hence b & b × a are perpendicular to each other.
Q.2 Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a & b. Also find
Sine of angle between them.
(i) a = 2_i  6j_  3k_ b = 4_i  3j_  k_ (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b=
2 6 3

 
4 3 1 
= _i (6 + 9) –_j (2 + 12) + _k (  24)
a×b = 15_i  10_j  30k_
|a × b| = (15)2 + (10)2 + (30)2 = 225 + 100 + 900 = 1225
|a × b| = 35
a×b 15_i  10_j  30k_
Required unit vector = |a × b| = 35
15 10 30
35 _i – 35 j + 35 k
=
3 2 2 6
= i – j – k +
7 _ 7 7 7 k
|a| = (2)2 + (6)2 + (3)2 = 4 + 36 + 9 = 49 = 7
|b| = (4)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26
|a × b| 35
Sin = |a| |b| = 7 26
5
Sin = Ans.
26
(ii) a = _i  _j  k_ , b = 2_i  3j_  4k_
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b =
 1 1 1

 
 2 3 4 
= _i (4  3) –_j (4 + 2) + _k (  2)
a×b = 7_i  2_j  5k_
|a × b| = (7)2 + (2)2 + (5)2 = 49 + 4 + 25 = 78
required unit vector
^ a×b
n = |a × b|
^ 7_i  2_j  5k_

n =
78
7  
= i+ i+ k
78 78 78
|a| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2
= 1+1+1 = 3
|b| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
|a × b| 78
Sin = =
|a| |b| 3 29
3  78 26
= = Ans
3  29 29
(iii) a = 2_i  2j_  4k_ , b = _i  _j  2k_
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b =
 2 2 4

 
 1 1 2 
 2 4   2  
  j 
2 4 
= i_   _  1 2  _  + k  

 1 2   1 1 
= _i (4  4) –_j (4 + 4) + _k (2  2)
= 0_i + 0_j  0k_
|a| = (2)2 + (2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
|b| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (-2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6
|a × b| = 0 = 0
It is not possible to find out the required unit vector.
|a_ × b_|
Sin = |a_| |b_|
0
=
24 6
Sin = 0 Ans.
(iv) a = _i  _j , b = _i  _j
Solution:
 _i _j _k 
a×b =
1 1 0

 
1 1 0 
= _i (0  0) –_j (0  0) + _k (1  1)
a×b = 0_i  0_j  2k_
|a × b| = (0)2 + (0)2 + (2)2 = 4 = 2
Required unit vector
^ |a_ × b_| 2k_
n = |a| |b| = 2 = k_
_ _
|a| = (– 1)2 + (1)2 = 2
|b| = 1+1 = 2
|a_ × b_| 2 2
Sin = |a_| |b_| = 2 2 = 2
Sin = 1 Ans.
Q.3 Find the area of triangle, determined by the point P,Q and R.
(i) P (0, 0, 0); Q (2, 3, 2) ; R (–1, 1, 4)
Solution:
P (0, 0, 0) ; Q (2, 3, 2); R (– 1, 1, 4)
1  
Area of triangle having P, Q, R as its vertices = 2 |PQ × PR|
  
PQ = OQ – OP
= (2 – 0)_i + (3 – 0)_j + (2 – 0)k_

PQ = 2_i + 3_j + 2k_
  
PR = OR – OP
= (1 – 0)_i + (1– 0)_j + (4 – 0)k_

PR = _i  _j + 4k_
 _i _j _k 
 
PQ × PR =
 2 3 2

 
 1 1 4 
= _i (12 – 2) _j (8 + 2) + _k ( + 3)
= 10_i  10_j + 5k_
 
|PQ × PR| = (10)2 + (10)2 + (5)2 = 100 + 100 + 25 = 225 = 15
1  
Area of triangle = 2 |PQ × PR|
1
= 2 (15)
15
= 2 sq. units Ans.
(ii) P (1, 1, 1); Q (2, 0, 1) ; R (0, 2, 1)
Solution:
  
PQ = OQ – OP
= (2 – 1)_i + (0 + 1)_j + (1 + 1)k_

PQ = _i + _j + 0k_
  
PR = OR – OP
= (0 – 1)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (1 + 1)k_
= _i + 3_j + 2k_
 _i _j _k 
 
PQ × PR =
 1 1 0

 
 1 3 2 
= _i (2  0) _j (2  0) + _k (3 + 1)
= 2i – 2j + 4k
 
|PQ × PR| = (2)2 + (2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
1   1 1
Area of triangle = 2 |PQ × PR| = 2 24 = 2 ( 2 6 ) = 6 sq. units Ans.
Q.4 Find the area of parallelogram, whose vertices are

(i) A (0, 0, 0), B (1, 2, 3); C (2, 1,1); D (3, 1, 4)
Solution:
A (0, 0, 0), B (1, 2, 3); C (2, 1,1); D (3, 1, 4)
 
Area of parallelogram |AB × AC|
  
AB = OB – OA
= _i + 2_j + 3k_
  
AC = OC – OA
= 2_i – _j + _k
 _i _j _k 
 
AB × AC =
 1 2 3

 
 2 1 1 
= _i (2 + 3) _j (1  6) + _k (1  4)
= 5_i  5_j  5k_
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC |
= (5)2 + ()2 + (5)2 = 25 + 25 + 25 = 75 sq. units
= 5 3 sq. units Ans.
(ii) A (1, 2,1); B (4, 2, 3) ; C (6, 5, 2) ; D (9, 5, 0)
Solution:
  
AB = OB – OA
= (4 – 1)_i + (2  2)_j + (3 + 1)k_
= 3_i + 0_j  2k_
  
AC = OC – OA
= (6 – 1)_i + (5 – 2)_j + (2 + 1)k_

AC = _i  7_j + 3k_
 _i _j _k 
 
AB × AC =
 3 0 2

 
 5 7 3 
= _i (0  14) _j (9  10) + _k (21 + 0)
= – 14 i – 19j – 21k
 
|AB × AC| = (14)2 + (19)2 + (21)2 = 196 + 361 + 441 = 998
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC| = 998 sq. units Ans.
(iii) A (1, 1, 1); B (1, 2, 2) ; C (3, 4, 5) ; D (3, 5, 4)

Solution:
A (1, 1, 1); B (1, 2, 2) ; C (3, 4, 5) ; D (3, 5, 4)
  
AB = OB – OA
= (1 + 1)_i + (2  1)_j + (2  1)k_

AB = 0_i + _j  _k
  
AC = OC – OA
= (3 + 1)_i + (4 – 1)_j + (5  1)k_
= 2_i  3_j  6k_
 _i _j _k 
 
AB × AC =
 0 1 1

 
 2 3 6 
= _i (6  3) _j (0  2) + _k (0 + 2)
= 9_i 2_j + 2k_
 
|AB × AC| = (9)2 + (2)2 + (2)2 = 81 + 4 + 4 = 89 sq. units
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC| = 89 sq. units Ans.
Q.5 Which vectors if any, are perpendicular or parallel.
(i) _ = 5_i  _j k
u _ , v_ = 0_i  _j k
_; w
_ = 15i_  3j_ k
_
Solution:
u_ .v_ = (5_i  _j k_ ) . (0_i  _j k_ )
= 0 – 1 – 5 = 6  0
So u_ & v_ are not perpendicular to each other.

_i _j _k 
u_ × v_ =
 5 1 1

 
0 1 5 
= _i (5 – 1) _j (– 25 – 0) + k_ (5 – 0)
= 4_i  25_j k_
 0
So _u and _v are not parallel
w_ = – 15_i  3_j k_
w_ = 3(5_i  _j k_ )
w_ = 3u_  w _ = u , R Hence u & w are parallel
v_ .w
_ = (0_i  _j – k_ ) . (15_i  3_j k_ )
=  + 3 + 15 =   0
Hence v
_ _& w are not perpendicular.
_ cannot be written _v = w
v_ & w _ , R so they are not parallel.
 
(ii) u
_ = _i  2j_ k
_ ; v_ = _i  _j k _; w _ = 2 _i  j_ 2 k
_
Solution:
u_ .v_ = (_i  2_j k_ ) . (_i j_ k_ )
= –1+21= 0
Therefore u_ and v_ are perpendicular to each other.
 
w
_ = 2 _i  _j 2 k_
_i  2j_ k_
= 2
1
2 [_i  2_j k_ ]
=

2 [_i  2_j k_]
=

w_ = 2 u_  _ = u_ , R
w
Hence u
_&w_ are parallel
 
v_ .w
_ = (_i _j k_ ) . ( 2 _i _j 2 k_ )
 
= 2  + 2
= –=0
 v_ & w_ are perpendicular
Q.6 Prove that a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b) = 0 (Lahore Board 2005)
Solution:
L.H.S a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b)
= a×b+a×c+b×c+b×a+c×a+c×b
= a×b+a×c+b×c–a×b–a×c–b×c
= 0 = R.H.S Hence proved.
Hence proved
Q.7 If a + b + c = 0, then prove that

a×b=b×c=c×a (Gujranwala Board 2005)
Solution:
a+b+c=0
a=b–c
a =  (b + c) Taking cross product with b
a × b =  (b + c) × b
a×b = b×b–c×b
a×b = 0–c×b
a×b = b×c ........ (i)
Again
a+b+c=0
b = a – c
Taking cross product with c
b × c =  (a + c) × c
= –a×c–c×c
b×c = c×a ........ (ii)
from (i) & (ii) we have
a×b = b×c = c×a
Hence proved
Q.8 Proved that sin ( – ) = sincos – cossin
(Gujranwala Board 2003, Lahore Board, 2009)
Solution:
^ ^
Let a , b be two unit vectors making angles ,  with x-axis respectively.
^ y-axis
a = cos i_  sin j_  0k_ ^
a
^
b = cos _i  sin _j  0k_
-
 _i _j _k 
^
b × a =
^  cos sin 0  
^
b
  
 cos sin 0 
= _i (0–0)_j (0–0)k_ (sincos – cossin) x’ x-axis
^ ^
b × a = k_ (sincos – cossin) y’
^ ^ ^
|b| |a| sin (  ) n = k_ (sincos – cossin)
sin( – ) k_ = k_ (sincos – cossin)
^ ^
( |b| = 1, |a|  1)
Sin ( – ) = Sin Cos – CosSin Hence proved
Q.9 If a × b = 0 and a . b = 0. What conclusion can be drawn about a or b?
(Gujranwala Board 2004, 2007, Lahore Board 2009 (Supply)
Solution:
If a × b = 0  (i) a and b are parallel (ii) Either a = 0 or b = 0
If a . b = 0  (iii) a and b are perpendicular (iv) Either a = 0 or b = 0
This is not possible that a and b are parallel and perpendicular at the same time
So either a = 0 or b = 0
 a and b are null vectors.
EXERCISE 7.5
Q.1 Find the volume of parallelepiped for which the given vectors are three
edges.
(i) _ = 3_i  0j_  2k_ ; v_ = _i  2j_  k_ ; w
u _ = 0_i  _j  4k_
Solution:
Formula
Volume of parallelepiped = u_ . (v_ × w
_)
3 0 2
 
u_ . (v_ × w
1 2 1 
_) =
 
0 1 4 
 2 1   1 1   1  
= 3   0  + 2 

 1 4   0    0 1 
= 3 (8 + 1) – 0 + 2 (1) = 27 – 2 = 25 cubic units Ans.
(ii) u
_ = _i  4j_  k_ ; v_ = _i  _j  2k_ ; w_ = 2_i  3j_  k_
Solution:
_)
1 4 1
 
=
1 1 2 
 
2 3 1 
 1 2   1 2   1  
     
= 1   4   1 
 3 1   2    2 3 
= 1 (1  6) + 4 (1 + 4) –1 (3 + 2) = 7 + 20 + 1 = 14 cubic units Ans.
(iii) u
_ = _i  2j_  3k_ ; v_ = 2_i  _j  k_ ; w_ = _j  k_
Solution:
_)
1 2 3
 
u_ . (v_ × w
2 1 1 
_) =
 
0 1 1 
 1 1   2 1   2  
= 1    2
 
  3
 


  1   0    0  
= 1 (–1 + 1) + 2 (2 – 0) + 3 (2 – 0)
= 4 + 6 = 10 cubic units Ans.
Q.2 Verify that a . b × c = b . c × a = c . a × b
If a = 3_i  _j  5k_ , b = 4_i  3j_  2k_ , c = 2_i  5j_ + k_
(Gujranwala Board, 2003, Lahore Board 2007)
Solution:
1
3 5

4 3 2 
_a . (b_ × _c ) =
 
2 5 1 
= 3 (3 + 10)  1(4 + 4)  5(20 – 6)
= 39 + 8 + 70 = 117 ........ (i)
4 3 2
 
b_ . (c_ × _a ) =
2 5 1 
 
31 5 
= 4 (25 + 1)  3(10  3)  2(2 – 15)
= 104  21 + 34 = 117 ........ (ii)

2 5 1

3 1 5 
_c . (a_ × b_ ) =
 
4 3 2 
= 2 (2 15)  5(6  20)  1(9 + 4)
= 26  130 + 13 = 117 ........ (iii)

From (i), (ii) & (iii) it is verified that
a.b×c = b.c×a = c.a×b
Q.3 Prove that the vectors _i  2j_  3k_ , 2_i  3j_  4k_ and _i  3j_  5k_ are
coplaner. (Gujranwala Board 2007)
Solution:
Let u_ = _i  2_j  3k_ , v_ = 2_i  3_j  4k_ , w
_ = _i  3_j  5k_
1 2 3
 
u_ . v_ × w =
 2 3 4 
_
 
 1 3 5 
= 1 (15  12)  2(10 + 4)  3(6 – 3) = 3  12 + 9 = 12  12 = 0
u_ . v_ × w_ = 0
Hence u_ ,v_ , w _ are coplanar.
Q.4 Find the constant  such that the vectors are coplanar.
(i) _i  _j  k_ , _i  2j_  3k_ & 3_i  j_  5k_ (Lahore Board 2007, 2009)
Solution:
Let _a = _i  _j  _k
b_ = _i 2_j  3k_
_c = 3_i  j_  5k_
Since given vectors are coplanar so
a.b×c=0
1 1 1
 
1 2 3  = 0
 
3  5 
1 (–10 –3) + 1 (5 + 9) + 1 ( + 6) = 0
10 – 3 + 14 – + 6 = 0
4 + 10 = 0
4 = 10
10 5
 = 4 = 2 Ans.
(ii) a = _i  2j_  k_ , b = _i  _j  2k_ , c = _i  2j_  k_
Solution:
Since a, b, c are coplanar so a . b × c = 0
2 1
1 
1 1 2 = 0
 
  1 
1 (1 ) + 2(1– 2) 1 (+ ) = 0
3 + 2 – 42 + 2 –  
42 +  + 5 = 0
42    5 = 0
42  5 + 4 – 5 = 0
 (4 – 5) + 1 (4 – 5) = 0
(4 – 5) ( + 1) = 0
4 – 5 = 0 , +1=0
4 = 5  = 1
5
=4 ,  = 1 Ans.
Q.5 Find the value of
(i) _
2_i ×2j_ . k
Solution:
2_i ×2_j . _k = 4 (_i ×_j ) . _k = 4 (k_ . _k ) = 4
(ii) 3j_ . k_ × _i
Solution:
3_i . _k × _i = 3_j . _j = 3(1) = 3 Ans.
(iii) [k_ _i _j ]
Solution:
= _k . _i × _j = _k . _k = 1 Ans.
(iv) [_i _i k_]
Solution:
= _i . _i × _k = _i . (_j ) =  (_i . _j ) = 0 = 0 Ans.
Q.5(b) Prove that u _ . (v ×
_ _ w ) + v .
_ _ _(w × u ) + w .
_ _ _(u × v ) = 3u . (v
_ _ _ × w )
(Lahore Board, 2011)
Solution:
L.H.S. u_ . (v_ × w _ ) + v_ . (w_ × u_ ) + w
_ . (u_ × v_ )
We know that
u_ . (v_ × w_ ) = v_ . (u_ × w_ )=w _ . (v_ × u_ )
Putting values in L.H.S.
= u_ . (v_ × w_ ) + u_ . (v_ × w_ ) + u_ . (v_ × w _)
= 3u_ . (v_ × w
_)
R.H.S Hence proved
Q.6 Find volume of tetrahedron with the vertices
(i) (0, 1, 2) , (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1) & (5, 5, 6)
Solution:
Formula
1   
Volume of tetrahedron when A,B,C, D whose vertices are given = 6 (AB .AC × AD )
Let A (0, 1, 2), B (3, 2, 1) . C (1, 2, 1) D (5, 5, 6)

AB = Position vector of B-Position vector of A
= (3 – 0)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (1 – 2)k_
= 3_i + _j – _k

AC = Position vector of C-Position vector of A
= (1 – 0)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (1 – 2)k_

AC = _i + _j – _k

AD = Position vector of D-Position vector of A
= (5 – 0)_i + (5 – 1)_j + (6 – 2)k_

AD = 5_i + 4_j + 4k_
Now
1 1
3 
  
AB . AC × AD =
1 1 1 
 
5 4 4 
= 3 (4 + 4) – 1 (4 + 5) –1 (4 – 5) = 24 – 9 + 1 = 16
1 8
Volume of tetrahedron = 6 (16) = 3 cubic units Ans.
(ii) (2, 1, 8) , (3, 2, 9), (2, 1, 4) & (3, 3, 10) (Lahore Board 2011)
Solution:
Let A (2, 1, 8), B (3, 2, 9), C (2, 1, 4), D (3, 3, 10)
  
AB = OB – OA
= (3 – 2)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (9 – 8)k_

AB = _i + _j + _k
  
AC = OC – OA
= (2 – 2)_i + (1 – 1)_j + (4 – 8)k_

AC = 0_i + 0_j – 4k_
  
AD = OD – OA
= (3 – 2)_i + (3 – 1)_j + (10 – 8)k_

AD = _i + 2_j + 2k_
1 1 1

  
AB . AC × AD =
0 0 4 
 
1 2 2 
= 1 (0 + 8) 1 (0 + 4) 1(0 – 0) = 8 – 4 = 4
1    1 2
Volume of tetrahedron = 6 (AB . AC × AD) = 6 (4) = 3 cubic units Ans.

Q.7 Find the work done, if the point at which the constant force F =4_i  3j_ + 5k_
is applied to an object, moves from P1 (3, 1, –2) to P2 (2, 4, 6)
(Gujranwala Board, 2004)
Solution:

Given F = 4_i  3_j + 5k_
   
d = P1P2 = OP2 – OP1
= (2 – 3)_i + (4  1)_j + (6 + 2)k_

d = _i  3_j  8k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (4_i  3_j  5k_) . (_i  3_j  8k_)
=  4 + 9 + 40
= 45 Ans.
Q.8 A particle, acted by constant forces 4 _i  _j  3k_ and 3_i  _j  k_ is
displacement from A(1, 2,3) to B (5, 4, 1). Find the work done.
Solution:
 
F1 = 4_i  _j  3k_ , F2 = 3_i  _j  _k
  
F = F1 + F2 = 7_i  0_j  4k_ ,
   
d = AB = OB – OA
= (5 – 1)_i + (4  2)_j + (1 - 3)k_

d = _i  2_j  2k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (7_i  0_j  4k_) . (4_i  2_j  2k_)
= 28 + 0 + 8
= 36 Ans.
Q.9 A particle is displaced from the point A(5,–5,–7) to the point B(6, 2, –2) under
the action of constant forces defined by 10 _i  _j  11k_ , 4_i  5j_  9k_ and 2i_ 
_j  9k
_ . Show that the total work done by the forces is 102 unit.
Solution:
   
d = AB = OB – OA
= (6 – 5)_i + (2  5)_j + (2 + 7)k_

d = _i  7_j  5k_
  
F1 = 10_i  _j  11k_ , F2 = 4_i  5_j  9k_ , F3 = 2_i  _j 9k_
   
Total forces F = F1 + F2 + F3
= 10_i  _j  11k_ + 4_i  5_j  9k_  2_i  _j  9k_

F = 12_i  5_j  11k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (12_i  5_j  11k_ ) . (_i  7_j  5k_ )
= 12 + 35 + 55
= 102 units Hence proved Ans.
Q.10 A force of magnitude 6 units acting parallel to 2_i  2j_  k_ displaces, the
point of application from (1, 2, 3) to (5, 3, 7). Find the work done.
Solution:
Let u_ = 2_i  2_j  k_
|u_| = (2)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 4+4+1 = 9 =3
^ u 2i  2_j  k_
n = |u| =
3
Hence, the force of magnitude 6 units is
 ^
F = 6n
2_i  2_j + _k 
= 6 
 3 

F = 4_i  4_j  2k_
Let
A (1, 2, 3) , B (5, 3, 7)
   
d = AB = OB – OA
= (5 – 1)_i + (3–2)_j + (7 – 3)k_

d = 4_i  _j  4k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (4_i – 4j  2k_ ) . (4_i  _j  4k_ )
= 16 – 4 + 8 = 20 Ans.

Q.11 A force F = 3_i  2j_  4k_ is applied at the point (1, –1, 2). Find the moment
of the force about the point (2, 1, 3)
Solution:

F = 3_i  2_j  4k_
Let A (1, –1, 2) and B(2, 1,3)
   
r = BA = OA – OB
= (1 – 2)_i  (1 + 1)_j k_

r = – _i  0_j  _k
  
 _i _j _k

Required moment M = r × F = 1 0 1

 
 3 2 4 
 0 –1   –1 –1   –1 0 
= _i   _j   k_  
 2 4   3 4   3 2 
= _i (0 + 2)  _j (4 + 3) + _k (2 – 0)
= 2_i  7_j  2k_ Ans.


Q.12 A force F = 4_i  3k_ passes through the point A(2, 2, 5). Find the moment

of F about point B (1, – 3, 1) (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:

F = 4_i  0_j  3k_
   
r = BA = OA – OB
= (2 – 1)_i  (2 + 3)_j + (5 – 1)k_

r = _i  _j  4k_
Required moment
 _i _j _k

 
r × F =
1 1 4   1 4 
= _i 
 1 4 
 _j 
 1 1 
 k_  
   0 3   4 3   4 0 
 4 0 3 
= _i (–3 – 0)  _j (–3 – 16)  _k (0 – 4)
 
r × F = 3_i + 19_j  4k_ Ans.

Q.13 Give a force F = 2_i + _j  3k_ acting at a point A (1,2,1). Find the moment

of F about the point B (2, 0,2)
Solution:

F = 2_i  _j  3k_
   
r = BA = OA – OB
= (1 – 2)_i  (2  0)_j + (1 + 2)k_

r = _i  2_j  3k_
Required moment
 _i _j _k

 
r × F =
 1 2 3 
 
 2 1 3 
 2 3   1 3  1 2 
= _i     j   k  
 _   _
 1 3   2 3   2 1 
= _i (6 – 3)  _j (3 – 6)  _k (1 + 4)
= 3_i + 3_j  3k_ Ans.
Q.14 Find the moment about A(1, 1, 1) of each of the concurrent forces _i  2j_, 3_i
 2j_  k_ , 5j_  2k_ , where P (2, 0, 1) is their point of concurrency.
(Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
   
r = AP = OP – OA
= (2 – 1)_i  (0  1)_j + (1  1)k_

r = _i  _j  0k_
  
F1 = _i  2_j , F2 = 3_i  2_j  k_ , F3 = 0_i  5_j + 2k_
   
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= _i  2_j  3_i  2/ _j  _k + 0_i  5_j  2k_

F = 4_i  5_j  _k
Moment of force
 _i _j _k

 
r × F =
1  0

 
4 51 
 1 0   1 0   1 1 
= _i   _j   k_  
 5 1   4 1   4 5 
= _i (1 – 0)  _j (1 – 0)  _k (5 + 4)
 
r × F = _i  _j  9k_ Ans.

Q.15 A force F = 7_i  4j_  3k_ is applied at P (1, –2, 3). Find its moment about
the point Q (2, 1, 1).
Solution:

F = 7_i  4_j  3k_
   
r = QP = OD – OQ
= (1 – 2)_i  (2  1)_j + (3  1)k_


r = _i  3_j  2k_
Moment of force
 _i _j _k

 
r × F =
 1  2 
 
7 4 3 
–
 3 2   –1 2   –1 –3 
= _i   _j   k_  
 4 3   7 3   7 4 
= _i (9 – 8)  _j (3 – 14)  _k (4 + 21)
 
r × F = _i  11_j  17k_ Ans.

Math Key-Part-2 CH # 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Math Key-Part-2 CH # 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Key-Part-2 CH # 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter

|v| = (2)2 + (1)2

(ii) ADBC is a parallelogram.

Coordinates of E are (10, –1)

5(5i ) + 2 (4i + j ) 25i + 8i + 2 j 33i + 2 j

|v_| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29

(ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to _i + _j + k

_i + 6_j + 3k_ = _i + 6_j  Zk_

As cos2  cos2 + cos2  = 1

The Scalar Product of Two vectors

Q.3 Find a real number  so that the vectors u

Q.6(i) Show that the vectors 3_i  2j_ + k

radius a with center at origin. Take x-axis

Q.12 Prove that in any triangle ABC

b2 = a2 + 2 |a| |c| cos ( – B) + c2

The Cross Product or Vector

a×b = _i + _j + 5k_

^ 7_i  2_j  5k_

|a| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2

|b| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29

Q.4 Find the area of parallelogram, whose vertices are

(iii) A (1, 1, 1); B (1, 2, 2) ; C (3, 4, 5) ; D (3, 5, 4)

Q.7 If a + b + c = 0, then prove that

= 26  130 + 13 = 117 ........ (iii)

= 2_i  7_j  2k_ Ans.

= (1 – 2)_i  (2  1)_j + (3  1)k_

You might also like