USTH ElectricityAndElectromagnetismI AME HoangThiHongCam Chapter1 2

Electricity and Electromagnetism
(Part I)
Dr. Hoang Thi Hong Cam

Dept. of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology
hoang-thi-hong.cam@usth.edu.vn 1
Chapter Hours Ref./Res
Contents Assignment(s)
Lect.
ources
Prc.
Exr.
1 Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s law 6 [1]
2 Basic electric circuits 2 2 [1] Exercises
3 Meters and Wire sizes 1 [1]
4 Small sources of electricity 2 [1]
5 Basics of alternating current 1 [1]
Alternating current (AC) circuits
6 2 [1]
containing inductance
Attendance/
7 AC circuits containing capacitors 2 [1] 10%
Attitude
AC circuits containing Resistance-
8 2 1 [1] Exercises Assessment/ Exercise(s) _%
Inductance-Capacitance
Evaluation Practicals 20%
Mid-term test 1
Mid-term
9 Electric charge and electric field 2 0.5 [2] Exercises 20 %
test
10 Gauss’s law 2 1 [2] Exercises
11 Electric potential 1 0.5 [2] Exercises
Final exam 50 %
12 Capacitance and Dielectrics 3 0.5 [2] Exercises
Current, Resistance and Electromotive Reference Literature:
13 2 [2]
force [1] Stephen L. Herman – Delmar’s Standard
14 Direct-current circuits 2 0.5 [2] Exercises Textbook of Electricity 5th Edition (2010)
[2] Young and Freedman – University Physics
30 6
with Modern Physics 13th Edition (2012)
2
Chapter 1. Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure
1.1.1 Early history of Electricity
1.1.2 Atoms
1.1.3 Electron orbits
1.1.4 Insulators and Semiconductors
1.1.5 Molecules
1.1.6 Methods of Producing Electricity
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law
1.2.1 Electrical quantities: the Coulomb, the Ampere, the Electron Flow theory…
1.2.2 Ohm’s law
1.3 Static electricity
1.3.1 Static electricity
1.3.2 Charging an object
1.3.3 The electroscope
1.3.4 Static electricity in nature
1.3.5 Nuisance static charges and useful static charges
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.1 The earth is a magnet
1.4.2 Permanent magnets
1.4.3 The electron theory of magnetism
1.4.4 Magnetic materials
1.4.5 Magnetic lines of force
1.4.6 Electromagnetics
1.4.7 Magnetic measurement
1.4.8 Magnetic polarity
1.4.9 Demagnetizing
1.4.10 Magnetic devices
1.5 Resistors
1.5.1 Uses resistors 3
1.5.2 Fixed and variable resistors
1.1.1 Early history of Electricity
?Who was the first to discover Electricity?
Amber = “Elektron”
Electric: “to be like amber”, to have ability to

attract other objects ?Force
The Greek William Gibert
2500 years ago. Early 1600s 300 years ago Now

Positive Negative
Amber was not the
Amber
only material that Benjamin Franklin
could be charged
1733: Charles DuFay found that a piece of charged glass would repel
to attract other
some charged objects and attract others. 4
objects
All matter is made from a combination
1.1.2 Atoms of atoms.
e p Solid Liquid Gas
Diameter 0.22 0.07 An element is a substance that
(trillionth of inch)
cannot be chemically divided
Relative mass 1/1840 1
into two or more simpler
Charge 1- 1+ Fig.1.1 Water can exist in three states,
substances.
depending on temperature and pressure.
An atom: the
smallest part of an
element.
Fig.1.5 The lines of force come
Electron (-) inward.
Proton(+)
Nucleus neutron
Fig.1.4 The nucleus may or may not Fig.1.3 The lines of force extend
contain the same number of outward. Fig.1.2 Helium contains two protons,
5
protons and neutrons. two neutrons, and two electrons.
1.1.2 Atoms Why protons do not

repel each other?
A subtomic
The force of particle acts as
gravity held a mediator to
the nucleus Fig.1.6 Unlike charges attract each other.
hold the
together nucleus
together:
gluon, a quark
Felectromagnetism >> Fgravity Fgluon = 102 Felectromagnetism

(1930s) Hideki Yukawa
(1947)
6
Fig.1.7 Like charges repel each other.
1.1.2 Atoms
All matter was
Electron:
composed of
+ negative charge
atoms
+ very little mass
compared to the atom
1808, John Dalton
1897, J.J. Thomson
Fig.1.8 Bohr’s model of the atom

Atom: proposed that electrons orbit the
+ positively charged massive body charge nucleus in much the same way that
1913, Neils Bohr planets orbit the Sun.
with negatively charged electrons scattered
through it: balanced => 0 net charge Atom:
+ electrons existed in random manner + Electrons exist in specific/ “allowed” orbits
within the atom + e return to lower allowed orbit => “photon”
7
1.1.3 Electron Orbits
ü Electron orbit of an atom contains a set number of electrons.

ü The number of electrons, that can be contained in any one
orbit, or shell, is found by the formula (2N2).
N-the number of the orbit/shell.
Fig.1.9 Electron orbits
in a spherical fashion.
First orbit: 2 x (1)2 = 2
Second orbit: 2 x (2)2 = 8
Third orbit: 2 x (3)2 = 18
Fourth – fifth: 2 x (4)2 = 32
Fig.1.10 Electrons orbit8 the

In any orbit, the maximum number of electrons is no more than 32! nucleus in a circular fashion.
1.1.3 Electron orbits
Valence shell: the outer shell of an atom.

Valence electron (v.e.): electrons located in the outer shell of an
atom.
Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons are unstable Fig.1.11 The electrons located in the oute
and can be made to give up these electrons. (Conductors) orbit of an atom are v.e.
? Does the number of valence electrons decide the ability of

conducting?
Silver, Copper, gold, platinum: 1 v.e.

Aluminum: 3 valence electrons > platinum
9
Fig.1.12 A copper atom contains 29 e and has 1 v.e.
1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

Bump theory: current flow is produced when an e from one atom
knocks electrons of another atom out of orbit.
The additional energy from the striking e causes the struck e to

move out of orbit and become a free e. Fig.1.13 An electron of an atom knocks
Þ Enters the valence orbit of a different atom. an e of another atom out of orbit.
Some or all of the gained energy is released in the form of heat.

=> Conductors become warm when current flows through them.
If a moving e strikes an atom containing 2 v.e.

Þ The energy of the striking e is divided between 2 v.e.
Þ If the v.e. are knocked out of orbit, they contain only half of the
energy of the striking e. Fig.1.14 The energy of striking e is
10 divided.
1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

All electric power sources produce a positive terminal and
a negative terminal.
(-) terminal: by causing an excess of e to form at that terminal
(+) terminal: by removing a large number of e from that terminal Fig.1.15 All electrical power sources
produce a (+) and a (-) terminal.
A circuit is completed between two terminals:
e are repelled away from the (-) terminal and attracted to the (+).
Fig.1.16 Completing a11circuit

between the (+), (-) terminals
1.1.4 Insulators …and 1.1.4 Semiconductors

Materials:
contain 7-8 v.e. contain 4 v.e., their resistance increases when heated
resist the flow of electricity. are neither good conductors nor good insulators
Important in electrical industry, since 1947 - transistors
• The valence shell of Silicon Germanium
an atom is full or
almost full
=> The e are held tightly
• The energy of the

moving e is divided
many times
Fig.1.17 The energy of the striking e is => Little effect on the atom 12
divided among the eight e. Fig.1.18 Semiconductors contain four v.e.
1.1.5 Molecules
The smallest part of a compound.
Fig.1.19 A water molecule.
13
1.1.6 Methods of producing electricity
Magnetism
Chemical
Light
action
Friction Pressure
Heat 14
1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Coulomb
Charles Augustin de Coulomb, French scientist, 1700s
“The force of electrostatic attraction or repulsion is directly proportional to the product of
the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
• System Internationale (SI) unit of electric charge “C”.
• Definition: the charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in one second.
• 1C = 6.25 × 1018 e, or 1e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
The Ampere
Fig.1.20 One ampere equals
André Ampère, French scientist, late 1700s – 1800s one coulomb per second.
• Systèm Internationale (SI) unit of intensity of current “A”.
• Definition: One ampere of current flows through a wire when 15
1 coulomb flows past a point in one second.
The Electron flow theory

Because e are (-) particles, current flows from the most (-) point
in the circuit to the most (+).
The conventional current flow theory
Current flows from the most (+) point to the most (-).
Fig.1.21 Conventional current flow

theory and electron flow theory.
Fig.1.22 On-delay timer. 16

A Complete path – closed circuit:

The power source, conductors, and load form a closed loop.
Short circuit: very little or no resistance, when the

conductors leading from and back to the power source
become connected.
=> Excessive amount of current can flow
Þ cause a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker to open.
Þ If there is no fuse or circuit breaker
Þ Damage equipment
Þ Melt wires
Þ Fires Fig.1.23 Current flows only through a closed
circuit and a short circuit bypasses17the load
and permits too much current to flow.

Grounded circuits: occur when a path other than the
one intended is established to ground.
Þ Cause an excessive amount of current flow.
Fig.1.24 120-V appliance circuit.
• The ungrounded, or hot conductor is connected
to the fuse or circuit breaker.
• The hot conductor supplies power to the load.
• The grounded conductor, or neutral conductor
provides the return path and completes the
circuit back to the power source.
• The grounding conductor is generally connected
Fig.1.25 The grounding conductor provides a low-resistance
to the case of the appliance to provide a low-
path to ground.
resistance path to ground.
The grounding conductor is used to help prevent a shock • The current will flow through the grounding
hazard in the event that the ungrounded, or hot conductor
conductor only when a circuit fault develops.
18
comes in contact with the case or frame of the appliance.
The Volt
Voltage (electromotive force EMF) is defined as the potential difference between two
points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere when the power
dissipated between these points is 1 Watt.
A Volt is the amount of potential necessary to cause

1 Coulomb to produce 1 Joule of work.
E (EMF) or U.
Voltage pulses current through a wire, but not flow

through a wire.
Fig.1.26 Voltage in an electric circuit
19
can be
compared to pressure in a water system.
The Ohm
Ohm: + named after the German scientist Georg. S. Ohm.

+ unit of resistance R(!) .
An Ohm is the amount of resistance that allows 1 ampere Fig.1.27 A resistor in an electric circuit can
of current to flow when the applied voltage is 1 volt. be compared to a reducer in a water
$ system.
"=
%
Without resistance => short circuit.
Resistance => heat produces.
20
The Watt
Watt: + named after the English scientist James Watt.
+ unit of Power P(W), ~ U, I. Fig.1.28 Amperes times volts equals watts.
Exp: A resistor connected to a circuit with a voltage of
120 volts and a current flow of 1 ampere.
=> The heating element produces a heat of …W
Other measures of power
- foot-pound (ft-lb): the amount of force required to raise a 1
pound weight 1 foot.
- British thermal unit (Btu): the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
- Calorie (cal): the amount of heat needed to raise the 21
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius.
1.2.2 Ohm’s law
Statements
“It takes 1 volt to push 1 ampere through 1 ohm”.
“In a DC circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional
to the resistance”
E (U) = I × R E: EMF, U – voltage (V)
I: intensity of current (A)
E (U) R: resistance (Ω)
I=
R
E (U)
R=
I
22
Standard prefixes of engineering notation.
SI base of supplementary unit. Derived SI units. 23

24
1.3.1 Static electricity
Exp: Electronic air – precipitators use static charges

to attract small particles of smoke, dust, and pollen.
Principle:
• Set of wires: positive charge Fig.1.29 Static electric charges can cause a painful shock.
• Set of plates: negative charge
• A blower circulates air through the unit
Þ small particles receive a (+) charge as they
move across the wires.
Þ Then attracted to the (-) plates, these (-) plates
hold the particles until the unit is turned off.
Def.: electrons that are sitting still and not moving.
Þ Static electricity is a charge and not a current.
Þ Electrostatic charges are built up on insulator materials. 25
Fig.1.30 Electronic air cleaner
1.3.2 Charging an object
The charge that accumulates on an object depends

on the materials used to produce the charge.
Fig.1.31 Producing a static charge.
26
An electric instrument that can be used to

determine the polarity of the electrostatic
charge of an object.
An electroscope is a metal ball attached to the

end of a metal rod.
The other end of the rod is attached to two thin
Fig.1.32 An electroscope.
metal leaves, in a transparent container.
27

How to determine the
sign of a charged
object?
Fig.1.33 The electroscope is charged Fig.1.34 The leaves deflected farther Fig.1.35 The leaves moved closer
with a known static charge. apart => that the object (-) together => that the object (+)
28
1.3.4 Static electricity in nature

Lightning bolts – lightning discharges, occur
+ within the cloud;
+ between different clouds
+ between a cloud – the ground 15,000,000V
+ between the cloud – the cloud B Lightning rod
enjamin F
ranklin
Fig.1.36 The typical thundercloud

contains both negatively and
positively charged particles.
Fig.1.38 A lightning rod provides

Fig.1.37 Lightning travels from (-) to (+). an easy path to ground. 29
1.3.5 Nuisance static charges
ü The static charge that accumulates on automobiles as

they move through dry air.
ü The static charge that accumulates on a person’s body
as he walks across a carpet.
ü The static charge that accumulates on clothes in a

dryer.
30
1.3 Static electricity Fig.1.40 Fig.1.41
The drum The
1.3.6 Useful static charges of a copy drum
is coated receives
with a
selenium. positive
charge.
Fig.1.39 Static electric charges are

often used in spray painting.
Fig.1.44 Negatively charged powder is Fig.1.43 Negatively charged powder is Fig.1.42 The image is transferred
31
attracted to the positively charged paper. applied to the positively charged drum. to the selenium drum.
Dry copy machine:
1.3.6 Useful static charges
Fig.1.40 • uses an aluminum drum coated with selenium.
The drum • Selenium is a semiconductor material that changes
of a copy its conductivity with a change of light intensity:
is coated + light => high conductivity;
with
+ darkness => low conductivity.
selenium.
Fig.1.41 • A high-voltage wire located near the drum causes

The
the selenium to have a (+) charge as it rotates.
drum
receives • The drum is in darkness when it is charged.
a positive
charge.
32
• An image of the material to be copied is reflected on the drum
Fig.1.42 The
image is by a system of lenses and mirrors.
transferred to the • The light portions of the paper reflect more light than the dark
selenium drum. portions. When the reflected light strikes the drum, the
conductivity of the selenium increases greatly, and electrons
from the aluminum drum neutralize the selenium charge at
that point. The dark area of the paper causes the drum to
retain a positive charge.
Fig.1.43 • A dark powder that has a negative charge is applied to the drum.
Negatively => The powder is attracted to the positively charged areas on the
charged powder drum. The powder on the neutral areas of the drum falls away.
is applied to the
positively Fig.1.44 Negatively charged
charged drum. powder is attracted to the
positively charged paper.
• A piece of positively charged paper passes the drum and attracts the powder
from the drum.
=> The paper then passes under a heating element, which melts the powder into 33
the paper and causes the paper to become a permanent copy of the original.
1.4 Magnetism
• 2000 years ago
• The Greeks:
a certain type of stone was attracted to iron, was first found
in Magnesia in Asia Minor.
=> “magnetite”
• The first compass:

A piece of magnetite, a type of stone, is attracted to iron, placed
on a piece of wood floating in a water, always aligned itself
north and south.
=> “natural magnets” : “leading stones” or “lodestones”
Fig. 1.46 The first compass.
34
1.4 Magnetism
• Angle of declination: the angular difference between

the magnetic north – south pole and the true
(geographic) North – South Pole of the earth.
+ Magnetic north pole is located near the southern polar axis.
+ Magnetic south pole is located near the northern polar axis.
Fig. 1.47 The earth is a magnet.
WHY are the geographic poles (axes) called

north and south ???
The north pole of a compass needle points in the direction of the north geographic pole
(as it is attracted to the south magnetic pole of the earth).
35
1.4 Magnetism
• Definition: Magnets do not require any power or force to maintain their field.
• Law: “Energy is required to create a magnetic field, but no energy is required to maintain a magnetic field”
• Not in the same direction
3 substances form natural magnets: • Electrons spin in opposite directions tend to form a pairs.
Cobalt (Co) Electron spin patterns
Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni)
ü Electrons spin on their axes as they
WHY? orbit around the nucleus of the atom.
Þ This spinning motion causes each e to
become a tiny permanent magnet.
ü Most materials: atoms combine to form
ü 26Fe: molecules: total of 8v.e.
+ 22 e are paired, spin in opposite directions The e form a spin pattern that cancels the
Þ Canceling each other’s magnetic effect. magnetic field of the material.
+ next to the outermost shell, 4 e spin in the ü Fe, Ni, Co: the magnetic field is not canceled
same direction Fig. 1.49 Two horseshoe
=> Magnetic properties of iron. Fig. 1.48 Electron pairs generally Magnetic domains/
spin in opposite directions. magnets attract 36
each other.
magnetic molecules
1.4 Magnetism
• A piece of nonmagnetized metal: the atoms are disarrayed.
Fig. 1.50 The atoms are disarrayed in a
• A piece of magnetized metal: the atoms are arrayed. piece of nonmagnetized metal.
Metal is magnetized:
ü its molecules align themselves in an orderly pattern.
ü Each molecule of a magnetic material is itself a small
magnet. Fig. 1.51 The atoms are disarrayed in an orderly
ü If a permanent magnet is cut into pieces, each piece fashion in a piece of magnetized metal.
is a separate magnet.
Fig. 1.52 When a magnet is cut apart, each37piece

becomes a separate magnet.
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.3 Magnetic materials
Ferromagnetic materials Paramagnetic materials Diamagnetic materials
ü Metals that are easily magnetized. ü Metals can be magnetized, not easily as ü Metal or non metal materials
ü Iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese ferromagnetic materials. that can not be magnetized.
ü Platinium, titanium, chromium. ü Copper, brass, antimony.
For permanent magnets: alloys – Alnico 5 (aluminium – nickel – cobalt – copper – iron)
barium ferrite and strontium ferrite.
1.4.4 Magnetic lines of Force
ü Magnetic lines of force are
called flux (!). Fig. 1.55 Opposite magnetic
ü Properties: repel each other poles attract each other.
and never cross. “Unlike poles attract and like poles repel.”
ard
d bo ings
r l
Ca n fi
Iro
Fig. 1.53 Magnetic lines of Fig. 1.54 Magnetic lines of force Fig. 1.56 Like magnetic poles Fig. 1.57 Opposite poles of38
a magnet
force are called lines of flux. surround the entire magnet. repel each other. attract, and like poles repel.
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.5 Electromagnetics
“Whenever an electric current flow • Electromagnets depend on electric
through a conductor, a magnetic field is current flow to produce a magnetic field.
formed around the conductor.” • If the conductor is wound into a coil
è the magnetic lines of flux add to
produce a stronger magnetic field.
Fig. 1.58 Current flowing through a conductor Fig. 1.59 Winding the wire into a coil Fig. 1.60 An iron core increases the
produces a magnetic field around the conductor. increases the strength of the magnetic field. number of flux likes per square inch.
Core material Permeability: a measure of a material’s ability to become magnetized.
Core material: The base materials Reluctance: resistance to magnetism.
that coils can be wound around to Saturation: a point where the strength of the electromagnet
form an electromagnet. increases slightly with an increase of current.
Air-core magnet: Iron-core magnet: Residual magnetism: the amount of magnetism left in Coercive force: a measure of a
39
wood, plastic... iron, soft steel... a material after the magnetizing force has stopped. material’s ability to retain magnetism.
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.6 Magnetic measurement
B = !/A B: flux density (T, Tesla)
!: flux line (Wb, Weber)
A: area (m2)
1.4.7 Magnetic polarity
Left-hand rule: when the fingers of the left hand are placed around the windings in
the direction of electron current flow, the thumb points to the north magnetic pole.
1.4.8 Demagnetizing Fig. 1.61 The left-hand rule can be used to
ü When an object is to be demagnetized, determine the polarity of an electromagnet.
its molecules must be disarranged as
they are in a nonmagnetized material.
ü Place the object in the field of a strong
electromagnet connected to an AC line.
Þ The polarity of the magnetic field reverses
each time the current changes direction.
Þ The molecules of the object to be
demagnetized are therefore aligned first in
Fig. 1.62 Demagnetizing an object. one direction and then in the other.
Fig. 1.63 Other methods
40 for
demagnetizing objects.
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.9 Magnetic devices
The speaker
ü Produces sound by moving a cone, the movement causes a displacement of air.
ü The tone is determined by how fast the cone vibrates:
+ Low or bass sounds are produced by vibrations in the range of 20 cycles/second.
+ High sounds are produced when the speaker vibrates in the range of
20,000cycles/second. Fig. 1.64 A speaker uses both an
electromagnet and a permanent magnet.
ü Uses two separate magnets:
+ permanent magnet is held stationary
+ electromagnet is attached to the speaker cone
When current flows through the coil of the electromagnet, a magnet field is produced:
+ when the electromagnet has a north polarity, it is repelled away from the permanent magnet
=> the speaker cone move outward and displace air.
+ when the current flow reverses through the coil
=> the electromagnet has a south polarity and is attracted to the permanent magnet.
The speaker cone then moves inward and again displaces air.
• The number of times/second that the current through the coil reverses determines the tone of the speaker.
41
1.5 Resistor
1.5.1 Uses of resistors
Ø To limit the flow of current through the circuit.
Ø To produce a voltage divider. Fig. 1.65 Resistor used to
limit the flow of current.
1.5.2 Fixed resistors
Fig. 1.67 Composition carbon resistor. Fig. 1.66 Resistors used as a voltage divider.
ü Only one ohmic value, can’t be changed or adjusted.
Composition carbon resistor inexpensive, readily available

Tolerance: 20,10,5%
+ made from a compound of carbon graphite and a resin bonding
material change with age of if overheated Fig. 1.68 Power rating is indicated by size.
+ value: the proportions of carbon and resin material; 1! -22M! Power ratings of 1/8,1/4, ½, 1,2 W
ü Applying a film of metal to a Carbon film resistors Wire-wound resistors
Metal film resistors ceramic rod in vacuum.
ü Coating a ceramic rod with a film of C.
ü Value: the type of metal and its ü Winding a piece a resistive wire aroun
-8 -5 ü Less expensive than metal one, higher
thickness (10 -10 inch) a ceramic core
tolerance than C one
ü Leads are then attached to the ü Value: material, diameter-length of the
film coating, the entire assembly Metal glaze resistors wire
is covered with a coating ü Combining metal with glass then
ü Stable with age, better tolerance applied to a ceramic base as a thin film.
than carbon resistors (2%-0.1%), ü Value: amount of metal 42
Fig. 1.69 Metal film resistor. expensive ü 2%, 1% tolerance
1.5 Resistor
1.5.3 Color code
Many resistors have

bands of color that are
used to determine the
resistance value,
tolerance, and reliability.
Fig. 1.70 Colors and numeric values.

Fig. 1.71 Resistor color code chart.
Fig. 1.69 Airflow helps

43
cool the resistor.
1.5 Resistor
1.5.3 Color code
Fig. 1.72 Resistor color code

chart (continued).
44
1.5 Resistor
1.5.3 Color code
Fig. 1.73 Determining resistor values using Fig. 1.73 Determining the value of a ±1%
the color code. resistor.
R = 1500 ± 150! R = 1000 ± 10!
45
1.5 Resistor
1.5.4 Power ratings

P: Power (W, Watt)
P= I2R = UI = U2/R I: Intensity of current (A, Ampere)
R: Resistance (Ω, Ohm)
U: Voltage (V, Volt)
Fig. 1.74 Exceeding the power rating causes damage to the resistor.
Example:
Resistor has a value of 100 Ω and a power rating of 1/2W.
The resistor is connected to a 10V power supply, will it be damaged?
46
1.5 Resistor
1.5.5 Variable resistors

Resistor whose values can be changed or varied over a range.
Fig. 1.78 Multiturn variable resistor.
Fig. 1.77 Wire-wound

variable resistor.
Fig. 1.75 Variable resistor.
ü Pot (potentiometer): a variable resistor
Fig. 1.76 Variable resistors with 3 terminals. has 3 terminals.
Variable resistor terminology ü Can be used as a rheostats by only using 2
of their 3 terminals.
ü Rheostat: a variable resistor has 2 terminals.
ü Used to adjust the current in a circuit to a certain value.
1.5.6 Schematic symbols Fig. 1.79 Variable resistor used as a

potentiometer.
47
Fig. 1.80 Schematic symbols used to represent resistors.
48
Chapt Hours Ref./Res
Contents Assignment(s)
er
Lect
Prc.
ources
Exr.
.
1 Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s law 6
2 Basic electric circuits 2 2 Exercises
3 Meters and Wire sizes 1
4 Small sources of electricity 2
5 Basics of alternating current 1
Alternating current (AC) circuits
6 2
containing inductance
7 AC circuits containing capacitors 2
AC circuits containing Resistance-
8 2 1 Exercises
Inductance-Capacitance
Mid-term test 1
Electric charge and electric field,
9 2 1 Exercises
Gauss’s law and electric potential
10 Capacitance and Dielectric 2 0.5 Exercises
Current, Resistance and Electromotive
11 2
force
12 Magnetic field and magnetic forces 1 1 Exercises
Sources of magnetic field, Induction
13 2 0.5 Exercises
and Inductance
14 Alternating current 1.5
49
30 6
Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1 Series circuits

2.2 Parallel circuits
2.3 Combination circuits
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition theorems
50
2.1 Series circuits
2.1.1 Series circuits
ü A circuit has only one path for current flow
ü The current is the same at any point of the circuit.
Fig. 2.1 A series circuit has
Fig. 2.2 All the current must
2.1.2 Voltage drops in a series circuit only one path for current flow
flow through the fuse.
Voltage drop: the amount of voltage necessary to push the current through a resistor
Ø In a series circuit, the sum of all the voltage drops across all the resistors
must equal the voltage applied to the circuit.
Fig. 2.3 The voltage drops in a series Fig. 2.4 The voltage drop across each Fig. 2.5 Series circuit with four resistors
circuit must equal the applied voltage. resistor is proportional to its resitance. having different voltage drops.
2.1.3 Resistance in a series circuit
51
Rtotal = R1+ R2 +… +Rn
2.1.4 Calculating series circuit values
Current
ü The current is the same at any point in the circuit
It = I1 = I2 = …= Ii =…= In
Total resistance
Fig. 2.6 Series circuit values.
ü The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistors
n
Rt = R1 + R2 + …Rn Rt = å Ri
i=1
Voltage drop
ü The applied voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage
drops across all the resistors
n
Ut = U1 + U2 + …Un Ut = å Ui
i=1
Fig. 2.7 The voltmeter indicates
52
a voltage drop of 40 V.
2.1.5 Solving circuits
Example 1: Finding the missing values in this circuit below The amount of power dissipated by each resistor is
U t (E t ) = 40V (The amount of power dissipation for each resistor is)
R1 = 100W U12
P1 = U1I1 = = I12 R1 = 0.052 ´100 = 0.25(W )
R 2 = 250W R1
R 3 = 150W U 22
P2 = U 2 I 2 = = I 22 R 2 = 0.052 ´ 250 = 0.625(W )
R 4 = 300W R2
R1, R2, R3, R4 are connected in series U 32
P3 = U 3I3 = = I32 R 3 = 0.052 ´150 = 0.375(W )
The total resistance is The voltage drop across each resistor is R3
R t = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 U1 = I1R1 = 0.05 ´100 = 5(V ) U 24
P4 = U 4 I 4 = = I 42 R 4 = 0.052 ´ 300 = 0.75(W )
U 2 = I 2 R 2 = 0.05 ´ 250 = 12.5(V ) R4
= 100 + 250 + 150 + 300
The total power used in the circuit is
= 800(W) U U 3 = I3R 3 = 0.05 ´150 = 7.5(V )
Using Ohm's law: I= U t2
R U 4 = I 4 R 4 = 0.05 ´ 300 = 15(V ) Pt = U t It = = It2 R t = 0.052 ´ 800 = 2(W )
Rt
The intensity of current (the current flow through the circuit) is
U
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 0.25 + 0.625 + 0.375 + 0.75
40
I1 = I 2 = I3 = I 4 = It = t = = 0.05( A) = 2(W ) 53
R t 800
2.1.5 Solving circuits Example 2: Finding the missing values in this circuit below
U
Using Ohm's law: I=
U t (E t ) = 120V R
R t = 6000W The intensity of current (the current flow through the circuit) is
R1 = 1000W U t 120
I1 = I 2 = I3 = I 4 = It = = = 0.02( A)
R 3 = 2000W R t 6000
The voltage drop across each resistor is
R 4 = 1200W
U1 = I1R1 = 0.02 ´1000 = 20(V )
R1, R2, R3, R4 are connected in series
The amount of power dissipated by each resistor is U 2 = I 2 R 2 = 0.02 ´1800 = 36(V )
(The amount of power dissipation for each resistor is) U 3 = I3R 3 = 0.02 ´ 2000 = 40(V )
The total resistance is U12 U 4 = I 4 R 4 = 0.02 ´1200 = 24(V )
P1 = U1I1 = = I12 R1 = 0.022 ´1000 = 0.4(W )
R t = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 R1
Þ R 2 = R t - R1 - R 3 - R 4 U 22 The total power used in the circuit is

P2 = U 2 I 2 = = I 22 R 2 = 0.022 ´1800 = 0.72(W )
R2 U 2
= 6000 - 1000 - 1200 - 2000 2 P = U I = t
= I 2
R = 0.02 2
´ 6000 = 2.4(W )
U3 t t t
Rt
t t
P3 = U 3I3 = = I3 R 3 = 0.02 ´ 2000 = 0.8(W )
2 2
= 1800(W) R3
2
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 0.4 + 0.72 + 0.8 + 0.48
U4
P4 = U 4 I 4 = = I 42 R 4 = 0.022 ´1200 = 0.48(W ) = 2.4(W )
54
R
2.1.6 Voltage dividers
Voltage dividers are used to provide

different voltages between certain points.
2.1.7 The general voltage divider formula

Ux (V): the voltage drop across the resistor X
æ Rx ö Ut (V): the source voltage
Ux = ç ÷ U t Rx (Ω): the resistance of resistor X Fig. 2.8 Series circuit used
è Rt ø Rt (Ω): the total resistance of the circuit as a voltage divider.
2.1.8 Voltage polarity

Terminal B is positive with respect to terminal A
Terminal C is positive with respect to terminal B
Terminal D is positive with respect to terminal C
Terminal E is positive with respect to terminal D
2.1.9 Using ground as a reference

55
Fig. 2.9 Ground symbol.
2.2 Parallel circuits (direction of electron movement)
2.2.1 Parallel circuit values
It I1 I2 I3
Total current
ü The total current flow in the circuit is equal to the sum of the
currents through all the branches.
n
It = I1 + I 2 + ... + Ii + ... + I n = å Ii
i=1 Fig. 2.10 Parallel circuits provide more
than one path for current flow.
Voltage drop
ü The voltage drop across any branch of parallel circuit is the
same as the applied voltage.
U t = U1 = U 2 = ... = U i = ... = U n
Total resistance Fig. 2.11 Lights and receptacles are

connected in parallel.
ü The total resistance of a parallel circuit is always less than the resistance of
the lowest value resistor, or branch, in the circuit. 56
2.2.2 Parallel resistance formulas
ü The total resistance of a parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual branches.
n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ... + + ... + =å
R t R1 R 2 Ri R n i =1 R i
1 1
Rt = =
1 1 1 1 n
1
+
R1 R 2
+ ... +
Ri
+ ... +
Rn å
i =1 R i
I1
I2
Fig. 2.12 Parallel circuits I3
Current dividers are current dividers.
Ix (A): the current flow through the resistor X
æ Rt ö It (A): the total current flow in the circuit
It
Ix = ç ÷ It Rx (Ω): the resistance of resistor X Fig. 2.13 The current
è Rx ø Rt (Ω): the total resistance of the circuit divides through each57
branch of a parallel circuit.
2.22 Parallel resistance formulas It = 0.05 A
P1 = 0.075W
Example: Finding the missing values in this circuit P2 = 0.45W
The total power used in the circuit is P3 = 0.225W
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 = 0.075 + 0.45 + 0.225 R1, R2, R3 are connected in parallel
(R1 // R2 // R3)
= 0.75(W )
The applied voltage for the circuit is The resistance of each resistor is The amount of current flow through each resistor is
P 0.75 U12 152 U1 15
Ut = t = = 15(V ) R1 = = = 3000(W) I1 = = = 0.005( A)
It 0.05 P1 0.075 R1 3000
U 2 15
U 2
15 2
I2 = = = 0.03( A)
The voltage drop across each resistor is R = 2 = = 500(W) R 2 500
2
U = U = U = U = 15(V ) P2 0.45
1 2 3 t U3 15
2 2 I3 = = = 0.015( A)
U 15 R 3 1000
The total resistance of the circuit is R3 = 3
= = 1000(W)
P3 0.225
U t2 152
Rt = = = 300(W) 58
Pt 0.75
2.3.1 Combination circuits
ü A circuit contains both series and parallel elements.

ü Node: a junction point between resistors.
2.3.2 Solving combination circuits Fig. 2.14 A simple combination circuit.
Fig. 2.15 Tracing the current paths

through a combination circuit.
59
2.3.3 Simplifying the circuit
Fig. 2.16 Simplifying the combination circuit.
60
Exercise 1: Finding the missing values in this combination circuit
R2=2200Ω R5=3300Ω
R4=910Ω R7=860Ω
R1=1000Ω
Et=63V R3=1800Ω R6=4300Ω
61
Exercise 2: Finding the missing values in this combination circuit
62
Exercise 3: Refer to the circuit shown in the figure.
Assume that the resistors have the following values:
R1 = 150 Ω; R2 = 120 Ω; R3 = 47 Ω; R4 = 220 Ω
Assume that an Ohmmeter connected across the
entire circuit indicates a value of 245 Ω. Does this
reading indicate that there is a problem with the
circuit and, if so, what is the most likely problem?
R1 sr ((R2 sr R3) // R4)
(R2 is connected in series with R3,
then they are connected in parallel with R4,
then they are connected in series with R1)
63
Exercise 4: Refer to the circuit shown in the figure below.
The circuit has an applied voltage of 24 V and the resistors have values as follows:
R1 = 1 kΩ; R2 = 300 Ω; R3 = 750 Ω; R4 = 1 kΩ
An ammeter an a voltmeter indicate the following values:
It = 42.5 mA; I1 = 24 mA; U1 = 24 V; I2 = 18.5 mA; U2 = 5.5 V
I3 = 0 A; U3 = 18.5 V; I4 = 18.5 mA; U4 = 18.5 V
What is the most likely problem with this circuit?
64
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superpostion Theorems
2.4.1 Kirchhoff’s laws
ü Developed by Gustav R. Kirchhoff (German physicist) in 1847.
Kirchhoff’s laws:
ü The algebraic sum of the voltage sources and voltage drops in a
closed circuit must equal zero.
ü The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a point
must equal zero.
Fig. 2.17 The algebraic of the currents
Kirchhoff’s current law entering and leaving a point must equal zero.
At a certain point/node:
Ie (A): current enters to the point
Ie – I l = 0
Il (A): current leaves from the point
Fig. 2.17, at P: I1 + I2 – I3 = 4 + 6 – 10 = 0
Fig. 2.18, at B: I1 - I2 – I4 = 2 – 0.8 - 1.2 = 0
at E: I2 + I6` – I4 = 0.8 + 1.2 – 2 = 0 Fig. 2.18 The current splits to separate65branches.
2.4.1 Kirchhoff’s laws
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Ø Mark the polarity: the point at which current enters a resistor will be
negative, and the point where current leaves the resistor will be positive.
Ø Start at some point and add the voltage drops around any closed loop.
Loop ACDF: -E1 – E4 – E5 – E6 – E3 + Et = -32 - 18 – 24 – 6 – 40 +120 = 0 V
Loop ABEF: -E1 – E2 – E3 + Et = -32 - 48 – 20 +120 = 0 V Fig. 2.19 Marking resistor elements.
Loop BCDE: -E4 – E5 – E6 + E2 = -18 – 24 – 6 + 48 = 0 V
Solving problems with Kirchhoff’s law
Finding circuit value with Kirchhoff’s law?
66
2.4.2 Thevenin’s theorem
ü Developed by Leon Charles Thevenin (French engineer).
ü It is used to simplify a circuit network into an equivalent circuit,
which contains a single voltage.
ü The output voltage: open circuit voltage with no load connected.
ü The equivalent Thevenin resistance RTH is the open circuit resistance
Fig. 2.20 Thevenin’s theorem reduces a
with no power source connected ó an Ohmmeter to be connected circuit network to a single power
across A and B will show the equivalent Thevenin resistance. source and a single series resistor.
Calculating the Thevenin value
ü R1 sr R2: Rt = R1 + R2 = 2+6 = 8 Ω => I = Es/Rt = 24/8 = 3(A).
=> UTH = U2 = IR2 = 3.6 = 18(V) UTH = U2
ü Disconnect the power source and displace it with a conductor: R1 //
R2: RTH = Rt =(R1 × R2)/(R1 + R2) = 1.5 Ω.
Fig. 2.22 Determining the Thevenin’s
equivalent circuit?
67
2.4.2 Thevenin’s theorem
Calculating the Thevenin value
ü Assume that a load resistance of 10 Ω is connected across

Terminals A and B. The voltage and current values for the
circuits can now easily be calculated :
Ø Rt = 11.5 Ω.
Ø It = ETH/Rt = 18/11.5 = 1.565(A) Fig. 2.27 A 10-Ohm load resistor is
Ø UL = It RL = 15.65(V) connected across Terminals A and B.
68
2.4.3 Norton’s theorem
ü Developed by Edward Lawry Norton (American scientist).
ü It is used to reduce a circuit network into a simple current
source and a single parallel resistances.
Current sources Fig. 2.28 The Thevenin equivalent circuit
ü Current sources connected to a parallel resistance that contains a voltage source and series resistance
The Norton equivalent circuit contains a source
delivers a certain amount of current. and parallel resistance.
ü Exp: Fig. 2.29: 1.5 A current source.
Determining the Norton equivalent circuit
ü Imagine a short circuit across

Terminals A and B
=> R2 is eliminated
Fig. 2.32 Shortening Terminals A and B
Fig. 2.30 Determine the Norton eliminates the 6Ω resistor. 69
equivalent circuit? (RN, IN?)
2.4.3 Norton’s theorem
Determining the Norton equivalent circuit
ü The amount of current that can flow through this circuit:
ES 24
IN = = = 12( A)
R1 2
ü The equivalent resistance, RN, connected across the current source? Fig. 2.33 Determining the Norton
Remove the power source with a short circuit: R1 = 2Ω // R2 = 6Ω. equivalent resistance.
Þ The Norton equivalent circuit: RN = 1.5Ω // 12 A current source.
ü Assume that a 6Ω load resistor, RL, is connected

across terminals A and B. RL // RN.
Þ Rt = 1.2Ω; Et = INRt = 14.4 V.
Þ IRN = Et/RN = 14.4/1.5 = 9.6 V. Fig. 2.34 Equivalent Norton circuit.
Þ IL = Et/RL = 14.4/6 = 2.4 A
Fig. 2.35 A 6Ω load resistor is connected 70
to the equivalent Norton Norton circuit.
2.4.4 The Superposition theorem
ü The superposition theorem works on the principle that:

the current in any branch of a circuit supplied by a multipower source can be
determined by finding the current produced in that particular branch by each of
the individual power sources acting alone.
All other power sources must be replaced by a resistance equivalent to their
internal resistances.
!!! Voltage source => Short circuit
Current source => Open circuit
Ei => Ii
The total current flow through the branch is the algebraic sum of the individual
currents produced by each of the power sources.
I = ∑Ii
71
Example 1: Determine the amount of current flowing
through R2?
72
through R2?
ü Reduce one source, S1 to be shorted, => (R3 sr (R2 // R1)).
The equivalent of (R2 // R1) is
R 1R 2 600 ´ 300 Ø The voltage drop across (R1 // R2) is
R12 = = = 200(W)
R1 + R 2 600 + 300 E12 = IR12 = 0.0086 ´ 200 = 1.72(V )
Þ The total resistance of this circuit is
Ø The amount of current flowing through R2 is
R = R 3 + R12 = 1200 + 200 = 1400(W)
'
t E12 1.72
I'2 = = = 0.0057( A)
Ø The total current flow is R 2 300
E 12 ü The total amount of current flowing through R2 is
I = 2 =
'
t = 0.0086( A)
R t 1400 I 2t =I 2 + I'2 = 0.0229 + 0.0057 = 0.0286( A) 73
through R2?
ü Reduce one source, S2 to be removed and leave the
circuit open.
=> I2 = IS1 = 0.25(A)
ü Reduce one source, S1 to be removed and leave the
circuit open.
=> (R1 sr R2) => I’2 = I1 = Is2 = 0.1(A)
ü The total amount of current flowing through R2 is
I2t = I2 – I’2 = 0.25 – 0.1 = 0.15 (A)
74
Exercise 1: Finding the missing values in this circuit.
75
Exercise 2: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 4Ω and R2 has a resistance of 20Ω. Battery Es has a voltage
of 48V.
1. What is the Thevenin equivalent voltage across terminals A and B?
2. What is the equivalent Thevenin resistance for the circuit?
76
Exercise 3: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 2.5Ω and R2 has a resistance of 16Ω. Power source Es has a
voltage of 20V.
1. What would be the equivalent Norton current across terminals A
and B for this circuit?
2. What is the equivalent Norton resistance for the circuit?
3. Assume that an 8Ω load resistance is connected across terminals A
and B. How much current will flow through the load resistance?
77
Exercise 4: Refer to the circuit shown below.
1. Find the Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance across
Terminals A and B? Assume that Es = 32 V, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 6Ω.
2. Find the Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance across
Terminals A and B? Assume that Es = 18 V, R1 = 2.5Ω, R2 = 12Ω.
3. Find the Norton equivalent current and resistance across Terminals
A and B? Assume that Es = 10 V, R1 = 3Ω, R2 = 7Ω.
4. Find the Norton equivalent current and resistance across Terminals
A and B? Assume that Es = 48 V, R1 = 12Ω, R2 = 64Ω.
78
Exercise 5: Refer to the circuit shown below, solve the following
Kirchhoff’s laws problems
1. Es1 = 12V, Es2 = 32V, R1 = 680Ω, R2 = 1000Ω, R3 = 500Ω. Ei = ? Ii = ?
2. Es1 = 3V, Es2 = 1.5V, R1 = 200Ω, R2 = 120Ω, R3 = 100Ω. Ei = ? Ii = ?
3. Es1 = 6V, Es2 = 60V, R1 = 1.6kΩ, R2 = 1.2kΩ, R3 = 2.4kΩ. Ei = ? Ii = ?
79
“When you really want something the whole universe conspires in helping you to achieve it”
(The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho)
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HÀ NỘI

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF HANOI
UNIVERSITÉ DES SCIENCES ET DES TECHNOLOGIES DE HANOI
GOOD LUCK and THANK YOU
Make it Simple but Significant! 80

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Electricity and Electromagnetism

Dr. Hoang Thi Hong Cam

1.1.1 Early history of Electricity

?Who was the first to discover Electricity?

Electric: “to be like amber”, to have ability to

2500 years ago. Early 1600s 300 years ago Now

1.1.2 Atoms Why protons do not

Felectromagnetism >> Fgravity Fgluon = 102 Felectromagnetism

1897, J.J. Thomson

Fig.1.8 Bohr’s model of the atom

1.1.3 Electron Orbits

ü Electron orbit of an atom contains a set number of electrons.

Fig.1.10 Electrons orbit8 the

1.1.3 Electron orbits

Valence shell: the outer shell of an atom.

? Does the number of valence electrons decide the ability of

Silver, Copper, gold, platinum: 1 v.e.

1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

The additional energy from the striking e causes the struck e to

Some or all of the gained energy is released in the form of heat.

If a moving e strikes an atom containing 2 v.e.

1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

Fig.1.16 Completing a11circuit

1.1.4 Insulators …and 1.1.4 Semiconductors

• The energy of the

The smallest part of a compound.

Fig.1.19 A water molecule.

1.1.6 Methods of producing electricity

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Electron flow theory

Fig.1.21 Conventional current flow

Fig.1.22 On-delay timer. 16

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

A Complete path – closed circuit:

Short circuit: very little or no resistance, when the

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

A Volt is the amount of potential necessary to cause

Voltage pulses current through a wire, but not flow

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

Ohm: + named after the German scientist Georg. S. Ohm.

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

1.2.2 Ohm’s law

Standard prefixes of engineering notation.

SI base of supplementary unit. Derived SI units. 23

1.3.1 Static electricity

Exp: Electronic air – precipitators use static charges

1.3.2 Charging an object

The charge that accumulates on an object depends

Fig.1.31 Producing a static charge.

1.3.3 The electroscope

An electric instrument that can be used to

An electroscope is a metal ball attached to the

1.3.3 The electroscope

1.3.4 Static electricity in nature

Fig.1.36 The typical thundercloud

Fig.1.38 A lightning rod provides

1.3.5 Nuisance static charges