Integrated BBA-MBA (2021-26)

Attendance Deficiency Report

Database Management

Submitted To
Attendance Deficiency Committee

On
(10/07/2023)

Submitted By

Roll No. Name

217171 Viraj Ganatra
Article 1
“A Review on Indian Education System with Issues and
Challenges”
Introduction:
With its rich legacy and diversified population, India's educational system is a key factor in
determining the direction of the country. Nevertheless, despite significant accomplishments,
it faces several problems and difficulties that restrict its development. This assessment tries to
highlight some of the most significant flaws and difficulties in the Indian educational system.
 Quality of Education:
Lack of high-quality instruction is one of the main issues with the Indian educational system.
Many schools, particularly those in rural regions, struggle with outmoded teaching
techniques, poor facilities, and a teacher shortage. As a result, there is a significant gap in
educational quality across various geographic areas, which feeds social and economic
inequality.
 Rote Learning Culture:
Another key disadvantage is the pervasiveness of rote learning. The emphasis on memorising
and regurgitating information prevents children from developing their critical thinking,
problem-solving, and creative thinking abilities. This method impedes their capacity to apply
information in practical situations, impeding innovation and intellectual growth.
 Examination Pressure:
India's school system is infamous for its strict examination-focused curriculum. Students
experience extreme stress due to the focus placed too much on grades. Anxiety and sadness
are two mental health conditions that are frequently brought on by the pressure to succeed in
exams. Additionally, this unwavering emphasis on tests hinders holistic growth and
encourages the investigation of other fields of study.
 Outdated Curriculum:
Many schools still use antiquated curricula that do not adequately prepare students for the
demands of the modern world. It overemphasises academic knowledge while ignoring
practical abilities, career preparation, and hands-on learning. Students are ill-prepared for the
labour market due to the gap between the curriculum and industry requirements, which
contributes to underemployment and unemployment.
 Lack of Teacher Training:
There are not enough qualified instructors working in the school system. Many teachers lack
the necessary training to address a range of learning requirements and use cutting-edge
teaching techniques. Lack of dedicated and competent teachers is caused by a lack of
professional development opportunities, low pay, and few incentives, which has a direct
influence on the standard of education provided.
 Digital Divide:
The nation's existing digital divide is another urgent problem. Although technology has the
potential to revolutionise education, not all areas have equal access to and availability of
digital infrastructure. There is a considerable difference in educational chances for students
from economically poor households since they frequently lack access to computers, the
internet, and digital resources.
 Gender Disparity:
Inequality between men and women is still a major problem in Indian education. Girls still
encounter obstacles to education despite attempts to advance gender equality, particularly in
rural regions. Their access to education is hampered by issues including early marriage,
societal prejudices, and a lack of secure transportation to schools, depriving them of equal
possibilities for development and empowerment.
Conclusion:
Even if it is improving in several areas, the Indian educational system still faces many
problems. Addressing these issues is crucial for politicians, educators, and society at large. To
foster a strong and inclusive educational system that can equip future generations with the
skills they need to thrive in a world that is rapidly changing, reforms that emphasise
improving educational quality, encouraging critical thinking, revising the curriculum,
investing in teacher preparation, bridging the digital divide, and ensuring equal access for all
are required.

Article 2
“Implementation of artificial intelligence in agriculture for
optimisation of irrigation and application of pesticides and
herbicides”
Introduction:
Artificial intelligence (AI) integration in agriculture has transformed agricultural methods by
presenting creative ideas to increase productivity and sustainability. The potential of AI in
enhancing pesticide and herbicide application and irrigation practise optimisation is
impressive. The use of AI in agriculture is examined in this paper, along with how it has
transformed pest control and irrigation management.
 Optimization of Irrigation:
Traditional irrigation techniques frequently waste a lot of water and are inefficient, which
harms the environment and places a financial strain on farmers. But AI-powered solutions
provide a paradigm-shifting strategy by utilising real-time data and cutting-edge algorithms
to improve irrigation practises. These systems collect data on soil moisture levels, weather
patterns, and crop water needs using a variety of sensors, including soil moisture sensors,
weather stations, and satellite imaging. AI systems can accurately calculate when, where, and
how much water to apply by analysing this data, ensuring that crops receive enough moisture
without wasting any of it. This optimisation lowers the energy costs connected with irrigation
while increasing crop production and quality and conserving water.
 Enhanced Pest and Weed Management:
AI-driven technologies are also revolutionizing pest and weed management in agriculture. By
harnessing computer vision and machine learning algorithms, these systems can accurately
identify and differentiate between beneficial organisms, pests, and weeds. This enables
farmers to target specific areas and apply pesticides and herbicides more selectively,
minimizing the use of chemicals and reducing environmental impact. Additionally, AI can
predict pest outbreaks and alert farmers in advance, allowing for timely intervention and
prevention measures. This proactive approach improves crop health, minimizes crop losses,
and reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals.
 Real-Time Monitoring and Decision Support:
Real-time monitoring and decision support for farmers are two of AI's key benefits in the
agricultural industry. AI systems are able to continually gather data on a variety of
characteristics, including as temperature, humidity, crop growth, and insect infestations, by
integrating sensor networks, drones, and satellite photography. AI systems then evaluate and
analyse this data, producing insightful conclusions and useful recommendations. Through
user-friendly interfaces or mobile applications, farmers may access this information, enabling
them to act quickly and with knowledge. Utilising AI-driven decision support technologies,
farmers may increase crop yield and profitability by optimising irrigation schedules,
modifying pesticide applications, and quickly responding to changing environmental
circumstances.
 Challenges and Future Prospects:
Even though using AI to agriculture has great potential, there are still certain obstacles to
overcome. Some of the major obstacles are access to trustworthy and inexpensive technology,
connection in remote locations, and worries about data privacy and security. Furthermore,
farmers must have the technical know-how and training necessary to embrace AI, which calls
for strong support networks and programmes to increase capacity.
The potential applications of AI in agriculture are quite bright in the future. AI-driven
systems will become even more capable as machine learning, remote sensing, and robotics
continue to progress. Integration with Internet of Things (IoT) devices will make it easier to
gather and analyse data, which will lead to more accurate and quick decisions. Furthermore,
collaborative efforts between researchers, farmers, and technology developers are crucial for
developing tailored AI solutions that meet the specific needs of diverse agricultural contexts.
Conclusion:
An important step towards more sustainable agricultural practises has been made with the
application of AI in agriculture for improving pest control and irrigation. AI enables farmers
to make educated and accurate interventions, increasing resource efficiency, lowering
environmental impact, and assuring improved crop health and production by utilising real-
time data, sophisticated algorithms, and smart decision support tools. As AI develops, it has
the power to fundamentally alter agriculture's future and support sustainable agricultural
systems and global food security.

Article 3
“Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT impact
academia and libraries?”
Introduction:
Advanced language models like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) have opened up new possibilities for academic institutions and libraries.
These technologies provide revolutionary capabilities for information management,
knowledge distribution, and research. This analysis examines the effects of AI and GPT on
academic institutions and libraries, stressing both the advantages and drawbacks of each
technology.Enhanced
 Research Capabilities:
By enabling knowledge discovery and giving academics access to a wealth of data, AI and
GPT have completely changed the research scene. Large datasets may be analysed by AI-
powered algorithms, which can also spot trends and produce insights useful for formulating
hypotheses and interpreting data. GPT-based models can help researchers with literature
reviews, automated summarization, and even the generation of research ideas thanks to their
natural language processing capabilities. These developments speed up discovery, simplify
the research process, and encourage multidisciplinary cooperation.
 Knowledge Dissemination and Access:
In order to spread knowledge and facilitate easier access to information, AI and GPT are
essential. Libraries may utilise AI algorithms to make resources easier to find, suggest
appropriate books based on user interests, and offer individualised learning experiences.
GPT-based models can produce brief and understandable summaries of academic articles,
opening up complicated research to a larger audience. Additionally, chatbots and virtual
assistants powered by AI may respond quickly to inquiries, enhancing user experience and
enabling on-demand information access.
 Data Curation and Management:
Massive volumes of information are stored in libraries, and AI technologies provide
considerable improvements in data management and curation. Artificial intelligence (AI)
algorithms can effectively categorise and organise digital collections, assuring precise
metadata tagging and enhancing search functionality. In addition to helping to detect and
preserve priceless historical documents or artefacts, machine learning algorithms may
also contribute to the preservation of cultural assets. AI can also help libraries make data-
driven decisions by analysing user behaviour, forecasting demand, and allocating
resources optimally.
  Challenges and Ethical Considerations:
While GPT and AI have enormous potential for academic institutions and libraries, there are
also significant ethical issues that need to be considered. The possible bias included in AI
systems is a serious issue. Biased training data can provide discriminating or distorted results,
compromising the validity of research and restricting access to knowledge. In order to ensure
accountability and transparency in AI systems, justice, diversity, and inclusion must be
prioritised.
Using GPT models in an ethical manner presents another difficulty. There is a chance that
incorrect information may be generated or that pre-existing biases will be amplified when
GPT creates text using its pre-training data. To guarantee the dependability and quality of the
data produced by GPT models, careful observation, fact-checking, and critical review are
important.
Furthermore, sufficient infrastructure, technical know-how, and resources are needed for the
integration of AI and GPT technologies. To fully utilise new tools, institutions must fund
training programmes for researchers and librarians. When adopting AI and GPT in academic
institutions and libraries, concerns of data privacy, intellectual property rights, and copyright
compliance must be given serious consideration.
Conclusion:
Academic institutions and libraries might be transformed by AI and GPT thanks to the better
research capabilities, information distribution, and data management they provide. These
innovations simplify the research process, increase information availability, and support
multidisciplinary cooperation. To guarantee responsible and fair implementation, it is
necessary to address the issues of prejudice, ethical issues, and resource needs. Academia and
libraries may take use of the power of AI and GPT to advance knowledge, promote
innovation, and empower students and researchers by adopting new technologies while
preserving ethical norms and guaranteeing inclusion.

Article 4
“Abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution: An
Analytical Study”
Introduction:
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was repealed in 2019, which was an important and
divisive move with broad ramifications for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In order to give
a critical analysis of the abrogation, this review will look at its historical context, legal
ramifications, and sociopolitical ramifications that have emerged after the revocation.
 Historical Context:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir was given exceptional autonomy inside the Indian Union in
accordance with Article 370, which was first adopted in 1949. It protected some exclusive
rights for Jammu and Kashmir citizens while giving the state a separate constitution,
constrained legislative authority, and restricted executive power. These specific clauses were
eliminated with the abrogation of Article 370, which also brought the state closer to the
Indian Union.
 Legal Implications:
Through constitutional revisions and parliamentary decisions, Article 370 was repealed.
Critics claim that because President's Rule was used and the state legislature was not
engaged, the decision poses constitutional legitimacy issues. The abrogation, according to
supporters, was intended to bring the state into line with other states in India, fostering
national integration and equal rights for all inhabitants.
 Socio-Political Consequences:
The repeal of Article 370 has a variety of sociopolitical repercussions in Jammu & Kashmir
and beyond. Mixed feelings about the choice were expressed. It was lauded by supporters as
a move towards closer integration, better governance, and regional economic growth. They
said it would encourage investment, provide employment opportunities, and provide
socioeconomic advantages to the people of Jammu and Kashmir.
The influence on the region's identity, autonomy, and citizens' rights, however, raised worries
from opponents. They emphasised concerns about growing central government authority,
population shifts, and the possible destruction of regional culture. Additionally, the decision
resulted in increased security measures, internet shutdowns, and limits on civil freedoms,
which attracted attention and condemnation from around the world.
 The Way Forward:
There is no question that the political climate in Jammu and Kashmir has changed as a result
of the repeal of Article 370. In order to promote inclusion, secure the preservation of human
rights, and address the region's citizens' concerns, the government must act. To foster trust
and accelerate the sociopolitical integration process, transparent and responsible government,
meaningful interaction with all stakeholders, and active participation of local representatives
are necessary.
Additionally, it is crucial to concentrate on Jammu and Kashmir's socioeconomic
development, infrastructural expansion, and job creation. Investment in fields like tourism,
healthcare, and education may raise the community and enhance citizens' quality of life.
Conclusion:
The decision to repeal Article 370 has repercussions that are still influencing Jammu and
Kashmir's sociopolitical processes. While supporters claim that it encourages growth,
equality, and integration, detractors’ express worries about the loss of regional sovereignty
and potential abuses of civil freedoms. For a peaceful and prosperous Jammu and Kashmir
moving ahead, a comprehensive strategy that attends to the concerns of the local populace,
promotes dialogue, assures inclusive government, and places a priority on socio-economic
development is essential.

Article 5
“Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data: A Survey of
Techniques”
Introduction:
Twitter and other social media platforms have developed into useful sources of user opinions
and feelings conveyed in real-time. The process of identifying, extracting, and analysing
sentiments, feelings, and attitudes from textual data is referred to as sentiment analysis,
sometimes known as opinion mining. This paper explores the many approaches, difficulties,
and potential directions in this field, providing a thorough examination of the techniques used
in sentiment analysis of Twitter data.
 Preprocessing and Text Representation:
Preprocessing, which includes tasks like tokenization, stemming, and eliminating stop words
and noise (such as URLs, hashtags, and mentions), is the initial stage in sentiment analysis of
Twitter data. Furthermore, Twitter-specific elements like emoticons, hashtags, and user
handles could include sentiment data and should be retained or handled differently.
Textual data must be converted into numerical form for analysis, and text representation is a
key stage in this process. Bag-of-words (BoW) models, n-grams, and term frequency-inverse
document frequency (TF-IDF) are examples of common techniques. Due to their capacity to
capture semantic and contextual information, more sophisticated approaches like word
embeddings (e.g., Word2Vec and GloVe) and contextual embeddings (e.g., BERT and GPT)
have become more popular.
 Supervised Learning Approaches:
In order to train classifiers for sentiment analysis, supervised learning approaches are
frequently utilised. These methods need training data that has been labelled, with each text
having its appropriate sentiment label noted. Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes,
Decision Trees, and Random Forests are examples of common classifiers. In order to extract
useful features from text, such as sentiment-specific lexicons, syntactic patterns, and part-of-
speech tags, feature engineering is essential.
 Lexicon-Based Approaches:
Lexicon-based techniques make use of sentiment lexicons, which are pre-made dictionaries
with words and their corresponding sentiment ratings. The sentiment of the text as a whole is
calculated using the aggregated sentiment ratings for each word in the text. For the purpose of
analysing the sentiment of social media data, such as Twitter, methods like Valence Aware
Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) have been created.
 Deep Learning Techniques:
Due to their capacity to capture intricate patterns and semantics, deep learning models have
become more popular in sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis of Twitter data has been
carried out using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs), including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU).
Transfer learning algorithms have shown exceptional effectiveness in collecting context and
comprehending subtle sentiments, such as fine-tuning pre-trained models like BERT and
GPT.

 Challenges and Future Prospects:

Sarcasm, irony, and ambiguity in user-generated material provide obstacles for sentiment
analysis of Twitter data. The characterization of mood is further complicated by the
conciseness of tweets and the informality of language. Significant obstacles include dealing
with noisy data, adapting to new domains, and overcoming linguistic restrictions.
Future work in this area concentrates on using multimodal data (text, images, and videos) for
sentiment analysis, creating effective methods for detecting emotions and contextual polarity,
and investigating the use of explainable AI to improve the interpretability and reliability of
sentiment analysis models.
Conclusion:
The public's opinion, customers' feedback, and brand impression may all be learned via
sentiment analysis of Twitter data. Sentiment analysis of Twitter data has been investigated
using methods ranging from conventional machine learning to deep learning approaches.
Despite the substantial progress that has been achieved, issues with sarcasm handling,
ambiguity, and domain adaptability continue. More accurate sentiment analysis will be made
possible by ongoing research and developments in the industry, allowing businesses and
people to learn important lessons from the massive amount of thoughts expressed on social
networking sites like Twitter.