Music can bring us to tears or to our feet, drive us into battle or lull us to sleep.

Music is
indeed remarkable in its power over all humankind, and perhaps for that very reason, no human
culture on earth has ever lived without it. From discoveries made in France and Slovenia even
Neanderthal man, as long as 53,000 years ago, had developed surprisingly sophisticated, sweet-
sounding flutes carved from animal bones. It is perhaps then, no accident that music should
strike such a chord with the limbic system – an ancient part of our brain, evolutionarily speaking,
and one that we share with much of the animal kingdom. Some researchers even propose that
music came into this world long before the human race ever did. For example, the fact that whale
and human music have so much in common, even though our evolutionary paths have not
intersected for nearly 60 million years suggests that music may predate humans. They assert that
rather than being the inventors of music, we are latecomers to the musical scene.

Humpback whale composers employ many of the same tricks that human songwriters do.
In addition to using similar rhythms, humpbacks keep musical phrases to a few seconds, creating
themes out of several phrases before singing the next one. Whale songs in general are no longer
than symphony movements, perhaps because they have a similar attention span. Even though
they can sing over a range of seven octaves, the whales typically sing in key, spreading adjacent
notes no farther apart than a scale. They mix percussive and pure tones in pretty much the same
ratios as human composers–and follow their ABA form, in which a theme is presented,
elaborated on and then revisited in a slightly modified form. Perhaps most amazing, humpback
whale songs include repeating refrains that rhyme. It has been suggested that whales might use
rhymes for exactly the same reasons that we do: as devices to help them remember. Whale songs
can also be rather catchy. When a few humpbacks from the Indian Ocean strayed into the Pacific,
some of the whales they met there quickly changed their tunes – singing the new whales’ songs
within three short years. Some scientists are even tempted to speculate that a universal music
awaits discovery.

1. The sentence “Humpback whale composers employ many of the same tricks that human
songwriters do.” in Paragraph 2 means ….
A. the tricks that humpback whales use are equal to the ones used by humans.
B. humpback whales arrange their music similarly as humans do.
C. humpback whale songs are contrasting human songs.
D. many tricks that humpback whales use are originally made by humans.
E. humans have taught humpback whales the tricks to compose a song.
2. The word “one” in Paragraph 1 can be replaced with ….
A. the chord
B. the left brain
C. the right brain
D. the music
E. the limbic system
 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The earliest human beings came from France and Slovenia
B. Human beings are the inventors of music
C. Humpback whales imitate the way human composers do in creating their own music
D. The research of musical brain will lead to a discovery of a universal music
E. Music helped to develop the whale brain
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true about humpback whales?
A. Their tunes are distinctively different from human tunes.
B. Whale songs are longer than symphony movements.
C. They do not use rhyme, unlike humans.
D. They can sing over a range of seven octaves.
E. Whale songs of a particular group cannot be learned by other whales.

A new owl is the first endemic bird species discovered on the island of Lombok,
Indonesia, according to research published February 13 in the open access journal PLOS ONE
by an international team headed by George Sangster of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
and colleagues from other institutions.

The new species has long been confused with a more widespread Indonesian owl species
because of its similar plumage. However, in September 2003, two members of the team
independently discovered that the vocalizations of the owls on Lombok were unique and
different from all other Indonesian owls.

Because owls are mostly nocturnal, they use songs to communicate and recognize their
own species. Thus, when owls have consistently different vocalizations this is generally taken to
mean that they are different species. The new owl's song is a whistled note completely unlike
that of other owls. Locals on the island recognize the bird and refer to it as "burung pok," an
onomatopoeic name reflecting the song note of the bird, which sounds like "pok" or "poook," say
the authors

Based on their field work, comparisons to museum specimens and previous studies, the
researchers suggest that the new owl species is unique to this one island. When surveyed, locals
on the neighboring island of Sumbawa were unfamiliar with the bird. The researchers say, "With
one exception, none of the locals recognized the songs from playback of recordings made on
Lombok except for one man, but he was an immigrant from Lombok who knew the song only
from Lombok and had never heard it on Sumbawa."

The new species of owl is named Otus jolandae, after the wife of one of the researchers
who co-discovered the species in 2003. The authors suggest using the common name Rinjani
Scops Owl, after Gunung Rinjani, a volcano on Lombok that is the second highest volcano in
Indonesia.
 Source: Public Library of Science. "New owl species discovered in Indonesia is unique to
one island.". ScienceDaily, 13 February 2013.

5. Based on the text, Rinjani Scops Owls are considered a new species because ….
A. they were immigrants from Lombok
B. of their unique plumage
C. they are nocturnals
D. they were independently discovered
E. of the special sound they produce
6. The word ‘plumage’ in paragraph 2 can be replaced with ….
A. Tail
B. Feathers
C. Voice
D. Beak
E. Claw
7. The author writes the passage in … tone.
A. Objective
B. Satirical
C. Subjective
D. Ironical
E. Irreverent
8. Judging from the information provided in the text, which of the following statements is
accurate?
A. The new species of owl is named after the highest volcano in Indonesia.
B. Nobody had recognized the new owl’s song.
C. The researchers didn’t recognize the owl as a new species straightaway.
D. The new species of owl hasn’t been compared with specimens from museums.
E. There had been a discovery of endemic bird species on Lombok before Rinjani
Scops Owl.
According to a research abstract that will be presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the
Associated Professional Sleep Societies, students who consider themselves to be evening types
(that is someone who feels more alert and does their best work later in the day) have poorer sleep
hygiene scores than morning and intermediate types. Sleep hygiene is the group of behaviors
linked to good sleep and alertness. Examples include having a regular bedtime routine, a regular
wake time, a regular bedtime, and sleeping in a comfortable bed.

The researchers found that this poor sleep hygiene was related to poorer academic
performance and a decline in grade point average (GPA) during the transition from high school
to college.

Results indicate that evening types had significantly lower first year college GPA (2.84)
than morning and intermediate types (3.18). These evening-type students showed a greater
decrease in their GPA during the transition from high school to college than their peers; their
grades dropped by .98 GPA points, while others only dropped by .69 GPA points. These evening
types also slept on average 41 minutes less than other students on school nights.

Lead author Jennifer Peszka, PhD, psychology department chair at Hendrix College in
Conway, Ark., said that many students experience deterioration in sleep hygiene during their
transition from high school to college.

The study was based on datba from 89 students (between 17 and 20 years old) preparing
to begin their freshman year and 34 of those students as they completed their freshman year at a
liberal arts college.

Authors of the study state educating high school and college students about the possible
negative effects of poor sleep ehaviors on academic performance may result in improvement in
academic performance, especially in adolescents who are at risk due to poor sleep hygiene and
evening-type status.

Source: ScienceDaily, 11 June 2009

9. A good title for the text is ….

A. Academic Benefits of Being An Early Bird
B. Being A Night Owl in High School is Linked with Lower College GPA
C. Average Performance of High School and College Students
D. Sleep Hygiene: A Study on High School Students
E. The Main Reason Behind Sleep Deprivation
10. The organizational pattern of the text can be described as ….
A. cause and effect
B. compare and contrast
C. proposition and support
D. problem and solution
E. sequential order
11. The opposite word of ‘deterioration’ in Paragraph 4 is ….
A. Broadening
B. Aversion
C. Constriction
D. Decadency
E. Enhancement
12. According to the text, evening type students ….
a. tend to have lower GPA on their beginning of college life
b. sleep much more often than the morning types
c. have a higher risk of developing diabetes
d. have greater GPA during the transition from high school to college than their peers
 e. are likely to faint at night
Passage 1

There are several kinds of stories, but only one difficult kind—the humorous. The
humorous story is American; the comic story, English; the witty story, French, The humorous
story depends for its effect upon the manner of the telling; the comic story and the witty story
upon the matter. The humorous story may be spun out to great length, and may wander around as
much as it pleases, and arrive nowhere in particular; but the comic and witty stories must be brief
and end with a point. The humorous story bubbles gently along; the others burst.

Passage 2

American humor, neither transfiguringly lucid and appropriate like the French nor sharp
and sensible like the Scotch, is simply the humor of imagination. It consists in piling towers on
towers and mountains on mountains; of heaping a joke up to the stars and extending it to the end
of the world. With this distinctively American humor Bret Harte had little or nothing in common.
The wild, sky-breaking humor of America has its fine qualities, but it must in the nature of things
be deficient in two qualities, not only supremely important to life and letters, but also supremely
important to humor—reverence and sympathy. And these two qualities were knit into the closest
texture of Bret Harte’s humor.

13. Which generalization about American humor is supported by both passages?

A. It is witty and to the point.
B. It demonstrates greater sophistication than French humor.
C. It depends on a lengthy buildup.
D. It is by definition self-contradictory.
E. It depends on the subject matter for its effect.
14. The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond to the next-to-last sentence of Passage
2 by ….
A. denying that American humor is deficient in any significant way
B. apologizing for the lack of reverence in the American humorous story
C. noting that Bret Harte was not a particularly sympathetic writer
D. arguing that little is actually known about the nature of humor
E. agreeing with the author’s assessment of the situation

The Florida panther, known for its distinctive characteristics, including a kinked tail and
cowlicks, is nearing extinction with the help of scientists and government officials. Though once
abundant in Florida, by the end of the twentieth century, only approximately 30 Florida panthers
remained. Efforts to preserve the panthers had focused on shielding them from human
encroachment with the hope that they could develop sustainable numbers to survive as a species.
However, pressure from development caused officials to grow impatient and shift their strategy
and goals.
 In 1995, new breeds of female panthers were brought to Florida from Texas to bolster
the population. The change has been dramatic. In 1990, 88% of the panthers in Florida had the
distinct kinked tail. By 2000, five years after the introduction of the Texas panthers, not a single
kitten born to the Texas females had a kinked tail. The breed known as the Florida panther is
now on an expedited, ineluctable road to extinction—with the assistance of wildlife protection
agencies.

If the goal was to have any kind of panther in Florida, it has been realized. Since the
introduction of the Texas panthers, the panther population in Florida has risen to approximately
80 mixed-breed panthers. However, this “success” could portend a tragic trend in wildlife
management in the United States. We cannot and should not create genetically mixed species as
a means of achieving a compromise between the needs of development and a species’ survival.
This type of species tampering is a perversion of the ideal of wildlife management and will
irrevocably transform our national landscape.

15. The primary goal of this passage is to ….

A. demonstrate the fragility of an endangered species
B. demonstrate the importance of effective wildlife management
C. argue that mixing species to ensure a species’ survival is wrong
D. demonstrate the effectiveness of mixing species
E. limit development in areas with endangered species
16. The author supports the central idea of this passage primarily by ….
A. contrasting the Florida panther with the Texas panther
B. showing how interbreeding has destroyed the Florida panther species
C. attacking government wildlife protection policies
D. showing how human encroachment has depleted Florida’s panther population
E. describing the history of panthers in the United States
17. It can be inferred from the passage that ….
A. extinction is preferable to mixing species
B. wildlife protection and development are completely incompatible
C. wildlife protection agencies are in the pocket of development corporations
D. scientist and government officials are equally disappointed with the results of the
experiment
E. there are alternatives to interbreeding, but they take longer
18. The author suggests that blame for the extinction of Florida panthers rests chiefly upon ….
A. government officials who bowed to pressure from developers
B. developers who encroached upon protected areas
C. scientists who suggested interbreeding as a solution
D. advocates of species preservation
E. wildlife agencies that did not act sooner to protect the panther population
19. The passage suggests that the author ….
 A. is a former member of the Wildlife Protection Agency
B. is willing to compromise if it means the survival of a speciesis
C. is afraid that species tampering will become the norm in wildlife preservation
management
D. believes the government has encouraged species tampering as a means of
conducting genetic experiments
E. believes that “sustainable numbers” statistics are not realistic and lead to the
expedited extinction of species
20. The word ‘perversion’ in the last paragraph means ….
A. a change to something, usually to improve it
B. a slight change made to something to make it work better or be more suitable
C. a change that is made to something
D. the changing of something so that it is not what it was or should be
E. the process by which new types of living things are thought to develop from
existing ones during evolution