INTRODUCTION:

“Perceived Parenting Styles”

● Perceived parenting styles offer a lens through which to understand

and interpret the interactions and guidance received from
caregivers. This psychometric tool enables students to reflect on
their upbringing, assessing the nuances of parental behavior in
shaping their emotional well-being, academic performance, and
overall development.
 Operational Definition:

● Perceived parenting styles refer to an individual's subjective interpretation and assessment of

their parents' approaches to caregiving, discipline, and emotional support.

● Within a psychometric tool of assessment, perceived parenting styles are quantitatively

measured through self-report questionnaires or interviews.

● These assessments aim to elucidate the perceived patterns of Authoritarianism,

Authoritativeness, Permissiveness, and Uninvolved parenting behavior and their potential
impact on various aspects of the individual's psychological well-being and development.

● The aim is to elucidate the perceived patterns of parenting behavior and their potential impact
on various aspects of the individual's psychological well-being and development
 Sample Items/Questions:

● The items/Questions are divided into 5 Sub sections:

1. Items measuring Authoritarianism.
2. Items measuring Authoritativeness.
3. Items measuring Permissiveness.
4. Items measuring Uninvolved behaviour.

● Each of the Subsection contains 5 separate items/questions Individually. Therefore

Total number of Sample Items-20. A 5 point Likert Scale is used to calculate the
responses of the participants, Varying where strongly agree=1, agree=2 , Neutral=3 ,
Disagree=4 and Strongly Disagree=5, Respectively.
Sample Items: Authoritarianism:

● "I feel rules at home are generally open to negotiation."

● "When I break the rules, my parents respond strongly."

● "My parents often explain the reasons behind their rules to me."

● "I believe my parents prioritize obedience to authority figures."

● "My parents usually provide explanations for their rules rather than simply saying 'because I said so'."
Sample Items Authoritativeness:

● "My opinions are considered when decisions are made at home."

● "My parents typically provide explanations for the rules they set."

● "My parents are open to discussing the reasons behind their decisions with me."

● "I feel encouraged to express my thoughts and feelings by my parents."

● "Even when I make mistakes, I feel supported and understood by my parents."

Sample Items Permissiveness:

● "I have a lot of freedom to decide in our family."

● "My parents prefer a friendship-based approach over strict authority."

● "Discipline is rarely enforced by my parents."

● "My parents tend to forgive easily when rules are broken."

● "My parents encourage my independence and exploration."

Sample Items Uninvolved:

● "My parents seem disengaged in my activities and interests."

● "I find it difficult to communicate my concerns with my parents."

● "My parents are not readily available when I need support or guidance."

● "I feel my parents are not actively involved in my life."

● "I would describe my relationship with my parents as emotionally distant."

Post Measurement/ Results
Purpose:
The results of the test provide insight into the individual's perception of their
parents' parenting style. A high score in authoritarianism suggests strict rule
enforcement and limited explanations for rules. An elevated score in
authoritativeness indicates consideration of opinions and encouragement of
self-expression. Permissiveness is reflected in lenient rule enforcement and high
levels of freedom. Conversely, an uninvolved parenting style is characterized by
emotional distance and limited guidance. These perceptions can influence various
aspects of the individual's development and relationships, emphasizing the
importance of understanding and addressing parenting dynamics.
 References:
1. Kuppens, S., Ceulemans, E. Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept. J Child
Fam Stud 28, 168–181 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x.

2. Rajan, Sukanya; Navaneetham, Janardhana; Marriamma, P1; Muralidhar, D. A Review of

Scales of Perceived Parenting Style. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour 24(2):p
73-77, Jul–Dec 2019. | DOI: 10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_34_18.

3. The Psychometric Properties of Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Form in

Indonesia. By Rahmawati, Anayanti; Fajrianthi, Fajrianthi; Purwono, Urip , at International Journal
of Evaluation and Research in Education, v11 n1 p42-50 Mar 2022.

4. Reitman, D., Rhode, P.C., Hupp, S.D.A. et al. Development and Validation of the Parental
Authority Questionnaire – Revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
24, 119–127 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015344909518.