Descriptive Statistics and Analysis

Gedu College of Business Studies Gedu,

Chhukha

Group Assignment Submitted by:

Ugyen Chophyal (03220292)

Phub Gyeltshen 032202169)
Ugyen Sonam (03220295)
Ugyen Tshomo (03220299)

B.COM, Accounting, 4th B

29/03/2024

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 DECLARATION
Module Code: BMS202 Type of Course Group Work
Work:
Module Title: Statistics for solving Module Tutor: Mr. Kalpak Chaudhuri
Business Problem

We hereby declare that this academic work is our own and those referred ideas from other sources
have been appropriately acknowledged. The materialin this submission has not been previously
submitted for assessments. We understand that if found otherwise, our academic work will be
cancelled and no marks will be awarded besides legal consequences.

Phub Gyeltshen 032202169)

Ugyen Chophyal (03220292)
Ugyen Sonam (03220298)
Ugyen Tshomo (03220299)

FOR MODULE TUTOR

Sl. Marking Criteria Marks Marks

No Assigned obtained
1 Organization of ideas 3 marks
2 Content 5 marks
3 Evidence and validity 2 marks
Total marks

Feedback: Click or tap here to enter text.

Signature of Module Tutor

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 Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Meaning and Definition ..................................................................................................................... 3
Grouped Data .................................................................................................................................. 4
Measures of Central Tendency ........................................................................................................ 5
Mean ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Median ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Mode ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Measure of Dispersion ..................................................................................................................... 7
Range........................................................................................................................................... 7
Quartile Deviation ......................................................................................................................... 8
Standard Deviation, Variance, and Coefficient of Variance ........................................................... 9
Mean Deviation (Median) and Coefficient of Mean Deviation ...................................................... 10
Data Descriptors ............................................................................................................................ 11
Skewness ................................................................................................................................... 11
Kurtosis ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Ungrouped Data.............................................................................................................................. 13
Central Tendency........................................................................................................................... 14
Measures of Dispersion ................................................................................................................. 15
Range......................................................................................................................................... 15
Standard Deviation ..................................................................................................................... 16
Variance ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Quartile ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Data Descriptor .............................................................................................................................. 19
Skewness ................................................................................................................................... 19
Kurtosis ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 21
References ..................................................................................................................................... 22

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4|P age
 Introduction
Statistics is a discipline of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of large amounts of numerical data. It describes techniques for designing experiments
and surveys, as well as predicting and forecasting phenomena based on data. Statistics is
fundamentally concerned with making informed judgments in the face of ambiguity.
Data, on the other hand, is the raw information used to construct statistics. It can take many forms,
such as numbers, phrases, measurements, observations, or even simple descriptions of objects.
Effective data analysis can reveal patterns and relationships that can be utilized to make predictions
or enhance procedures.
Data is everywhere in today's environment, and statistical literacy is essential for interpreting the
massive amounts of information we encounter on a daily basis. Statistics help us make sense of the
world around us, from business analytics to medical research, and from policymaking to sports.

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 Methodology
Statistical methodology is a process of collecting mathematical formulas, models, and techniques
used to analyze raw data in scientific research. Statistical method includes planning, designing,
collecting data, analyzing, drawing meaningful interpretations and reporting the research findings. It
gives meaning to the meaningless numbers. In this case, we used descriptive statistical method to
analyze and summarize the grouped and ungrouped data. Descriptive statistical method includes;
measure of central tendency such as mean, median and mode. Measure of variability such as range,
variance and standard deviation. It also includes graphical methods such as histogram, box plot and
scatter plot which helps in visually representing the data.
Grouped data set about Population of Gasa in 2017 and Ungrouped data set about total number of
employed people by Dzongkhag are being analyzed and interpreted in a simpler manner through the
calculation of mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, variance, quartile, skewness, and
kurtosis. By using descriptive statistical methods, the data interpreted in a simpler manner that can be
communicated to the wide range of audiences for better understanding.

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 Meaning and Definition

Mean: The mean is also known as the average, and it is calculated by adding up all the values in a
data set and dividing by the total number of values.
Median: The median is the middle value of a data set, which separates the highest and lowest values
equally. It is calculated by arranging the data set in order from lowest to highest and finding the value
in the exact middle.
Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set (Mean Median Mode -
Definition, Differences | How to Find? n.d.).
Range: is the simplest method of measuring dispersion. It defines the difference between the largest
and the smallest value in the data set.
Standard deviation: is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the
deviations of the given values from their arithmetic mean. It is denoted by a Greek letter sigma, σ. It is
also referred to as root mean square deviation. The standard deviation is given as
Interquartile range: is the measure of statistical dispersion of the dataset. It shows the difference
between the upper quartile (Q3) and lower quartile (Q1). It is less sensitive to the outliers as it focuses
on the central portion of the dataset.
Quartile deviation: is known as semi-quartile range. It shows the average of the interquartile which is
calculated by finding the difference between the upper quartile (Q3) and lower quartile (Q1) which is
then divided 2.
Kurtosis: is a measure of the tailedness of a distribution. Tailedness is how often outliers occur
(Turney, 2024).
Skewness: is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution (Turney, 2023b)

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 Grouped Data

The data given below is the total number of populations in Gasa for the year 2017 (NSB, 2017).

Inclusive Data Exclusive Data

Age Group Female Male Total Age Group Population
0-4 153 159 312 (X) (F)
5-9 168 180 348 -0.5 - 4.5 312
9-14 216 210 426 4.5 - 9.5 348
15 - 19 195 225 420 9.5 - 14.5 426
20 - 24 146 225 371 14.5 - 19.5 420
25 - 29 165 235 400 19.5 - 24.5 371
30 - 34 149 200 349 24.5 - 29.5 400
35 - 39 138 176 314 29.5 - 34.5 349
40 - 44 100 109 209 34.5 - 39.5 314
45 - 49 78 96 174 39.5 - 44.5 209
50 - 54 73 82 155 44.5 - 49.5 174
55 - 59 58 68 126 49.5 - 54.5 155
60 - 64 71 47 118 54.5 - 59.5 126
65 - 69 40 38 78 59.5 - 64.5 118
70 - 74 39 24 63 64.5 - 69.5 78
75 + 59 30 89 70.5 - 74.5 63
Total 1848 2104 3952 74.5 + 89

Graphical representation of data

1. Bar Chart

Total Population in Gasa Population of Gasa in 2017

450 3% 2% 2% 2% 8%
3%
400 4% 9%
Population size

350 4%
300 5% 11%
250
200 8%
150 11%
100 9%
50 10% 9%
0
-0.5 - 4.5 4.5 - 9.5 9.5 - 14.5 14.5 - 19.5
-0.5 - 4.5

69.5 - 74.5
4.5 - 9.5
9.5 - 14.5
14.5 - 19.5
19.5 - 24.5
24.5 - 29.5
29.5 - 34.5
34.5 - 39.5
39.5 - 44.5
44.5 - 49.5
49.5 - 54.5
54.5 - 59.5
59.5 - 64.5
64.5 - 69.5

74.5 - 79.5

19.5 - 24.5 24.5 - 29.5 29.5 - 34.5 34.5 - 39.5

39.5 - 44.5 44.5 - 49.5 49.5 - 54.5 54.5 - 59.5
Age group 59.5 - 64.5 64.5 - 69.5 69.5 - 74.5 74.5 - 79.5

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 Measures of Central Tendency

Age Group Population Mid-Point

(X) (F) (X) FX C.F (less than)
-0.5 - 4.5 312 2 624 312
4.5 - 9.5 348 7 2436 660
9.5 - 14.5 426 12 5112 1086
14.5 - 19.5 420 17 7140 1506
19.5 - 24.5 371 22 8162 1877
24.5 - 29.5 400 27 10800 2277
29.5 - 34.5 349 32 11168 2626
34.5 - 39.5 314 37 11618 2940
39.5 - 44.5 209 42 8778 3149
44.5 - 49.5 174 47 8178 3323
49.5 - 54.5 155 52 8060 3478
54.5 - 59.5 126 57 7182 3604
59.5 - 64.5 118 62 7316 3722
64.5 - 69.5 78 67 5226 3800
69.5 - 74.5 63 72 4536 3863
74.5 - 79.5 89 77 6853 3952
 3952 113189

Mean
∑𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁
𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟗
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟐

= 28.64

Interpretation: The mean of the female population of a group data of Gasa dzongkhag is
28.64. The mean age acts as the central tendency which represents the midpoint of the age
distribution of the female population of Gasa. And in around the age of 28.64 the population
mostly tends to cluster.

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 Median

𝑁 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟐
=
2 2

= 1956
𝑁
−𝐶
2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + ∗ℎ
𝑓
𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟐
−1877
2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 24.5 + ∗5
400

= 25.74
Interpretation: The median of the data set is 25.74 which serves as the approximate mean of
a data. it indicates the age in which the population of Gasa dzongkhag is divided equally into
half more and half less.

Mode
1 0 𝑓 −𝑓
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + 2𝑓 −𝑓 ∗ℎ
−𝑓 1 0 2

426−348
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 9.5 + 2∗426−348−420 ∗ 5

= 14.14

Interpretation: The mode of the female dataset of Gasa Dzongkhag is 14.14. Mode indicates
the most repeated value; therefore, it indicates that the population is more in that age range
of 14.14. So as seen in the table, at the age range of 9.4-14.5, the population exists the most
which is 426.

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 Measure of Dispersion

C.F
Age Population (less Mid- FX 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
Group (F) than) Point (X)
-0.5 - 4.5 312 312 2 624 -26.64 709.74 221438.8
4.5 - 9.5 348 660 7 2436 -21.64 468.33 162978.96
9.5 - 14.5 426 1086 12 5112 -16.64 276.92 117968.31
14.5 - 19.5 420 1506 17 7140 -11.64 135.51 56914.84
19.5 - 24.5 371 1877 22 8162 -6.64 44.10 16361.88
24.5 - 29.5 400 2277 27 10800 -1.64 2.69 1077.08
29.5 - 34.5 349 2626 32 11168 3.36 11.28 3937.86
34.5 - 39.5 314 2940 37 11618 8.36 69.87 21940.39
39.5 - 44.5 209 3149 42 8778 13.36 178.46 37299.07
44.5 - 49.5 174 3323 47 8178 18.36 337.06 58647.58
49.5 - 54.5 155 3478 52 8060 23.36 545.65 84575.07
54.5 - 59.5 126 3604 57 7182 28.36 804.24 101333.76
59.5 - 64.5 118 3722 62 7316 33.36 1112.83 131313.56
64.5 - 69.5 78 3800 67 5226 38.36 1471.42 114770.56
69.5 - 74.5 63 3863 72 4536 43.36 1880.01 118440.5
74.5 - 79.5 89 3952 77 6853 48.36 2338.60 208135.27
 3952 113189 1457133.5

Range
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 79.5 − (−0.5)
= 80

Interpretation: The difference between the oldest age and the youngest age in the data set is
80.
𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 =
𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 + 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
79.5−(−0.5)
= 79.5+(−0.5)

= 1.012

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Quartile Deviation
Where 𝑄3 is upper quartile, 𝑄1 is lower quartile
𝑁 𝑁
𝑄3 = 3 ∗ 4 𝑄1 = 1 ∗ 4
3952 3952
𝑄3 = 3 ∗ 𝑄1 = 1 ∗
4 4

= 2964 = 988
𝑁 𝑁
3∗ −𝐶 −𝑐
4 4
𝑄3 = 𝑙 + ∗ℎ 𝑄1 = 𝑙 + ∗ℎ
𝑓 𝑓
2964−2940 988−660
= 39.5 + ∗5 = 9.5 + ∗5
209 426

= 40.07 = 13.35

Inter-quartile range = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
= 40.07 − 13.35
= 26.72

𝑄3 −𝑄1
Quartile Deviation = 2
40.07−13.35
= 2

= 13.36

𝑄 −𝑄
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = 𝑄3+𝑄1
3 1

40.07 − 13.35
=
40.07 + 13.35
= 0.25

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Standard Deviation, Variance, and Coefficient of Variance

i. Standard Deviation

∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
𝜎=√ 𝑁 Interpretation: the standard deviation of the data is 19.2 which
indicates that the data are dispersed around the mean value by
an average of 19.2 (ages).
1457133.5
=√
3952

= 19.2

ii. Variance

𝜎 2 = 𝑆. 𝐷2

= (19.2)2

= 368.7

iii. Coefficient of Variation

𝜎
𝐶𝑜𝑉 = ∗ 100
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

19.2
= ∗ 100
28.64

= 67.04%

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 Mean Deviation (Median) and Coefficient of Mean Deviation

Age Group Population C.F (less Mid-Point

(X) (F) than) (X) 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑑 |𝑑| 𝑓|𝑑|
-0.5 - 4.5 312 312 2 -23.74 23.74 7406.88
4.5 - 9.5 348 660 7 -18.74 18.74 6521.52
9.5 - 14.5 426 1086 12 -13.74 13.74 5853.24
14.5 - 19.5 420 1506 17 -8.74 8.74 3670.8
19.5 - 24.5 371 1877 22 -3.74 3.74 1387.54
24.5 - 29.5 400 2277 27 1.26 1.26 504
29.5 - 34.5 349 2626 32 6.26 6.26 2184.74
34.5 - 39.5 314 2940 37 11.26 11.26 3535.64
39.5 - 44.5 209 3149 42 16.26 16.26 3398.34
44.5 - 49.5 174 3323 47 21.26 21.26 3699.24
49.5 - 54.5 155 3478 52 26.26 26.26 4070.3
54.5 - 59.5 126 3604 57 31.26 31.26 3938.76
59.5 - 64.5 118 3722 62 36.26 36.26 4278.68
64.5 - 69.5 78 3800 67 41.26 41.26 3218.28
69.5 - 74.5 63 3863 72 46.26 46.26 2914.38
74.5 - 79.5 89 3952 77 51.26 51.26 4562.14
 3952 61144.48

𝑀𝑑 = 25.74
Interpretation: the mean deviation of the data is 15.47 which
𝑓|𝑑| indicates that on average the population scattered from the mean
𝑀𝐷 (𝑀𝑑) =
𝑁 value.
61144.48
=
3952

= 15.47

𝑀𝐷(𝑀𝑑)
𝐶𝑜𝑀𝐷 =
𝑀𝑑

15.47
=
25.74

= 0.6

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 Data Descriptors

Skewness

Age Group Population

(X) (F)
-0.5 - 4.5 312
4.5 - 9.5 348
9.5 - 14.5 426
14.5 - 19.5 420
19.5 - 24.5 371 Population in Gasa
24.5 - 29.5 400
450
29.5 - 34.5 349 400
350
34.5 - 39.5 314 300
39.5 - 44.5 209 250
200
44.5 - 49.5 174 150
100
49.5 - 54.5 155 50
54.5 - 59.5 126 0
-0.5 - 4.5
4.5 - 9.5
9.5 - 14.5

44.5 - 49.5
14.5 - 19.5
19.5 - 24.5
24.5 - 29.5
29.5 - 34.5
34.5 - 39.5
39.5 - 44.5

49.5 - 54.5
54.5 - 59.5
59.5 - 64.5
64.5 - 69.5
69.5 - 74.5
74.5 - 79.5
59.5 - 64.5 118
64.5 - 69.5 78
69.5 - 74.5 63
74.5 - 79.5 89
 3952
Skewness -0.035

Interpretation:
Skewness measures the degree direction of departure from symmetry. If the frequency curve of a
distribution is not symmetrical then the distribution is said to be skewed or to have Skewness. A
skewness of -0.035 indicates that the distribution is negatively skewed. This means majority of the
population in Gasa are the concentrated on the right side of the distribution graph while the tail of the
distribution is longer.

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 Kurtosis

Age Group Population

(X) (F)
-0.5 - 4.5 312
4.5 - 9.5 348
9.5 - 14.5 426
14.5 - 19.5 420
19.5 - 24.5 371
24.5 - 29.5 400
29.5 - 34.5 349
34.5 - 39.5 314
39.5 - 44.5 209
44.5 - 49.5 174
49.5 - 54.5 155
54.5 - 59.5 126
59.5 - 64.5 118
64.5 - 69.5 78
69.5 - 74.5 63
74.5 - 79.5 89
 3952
Kurtosis -1.735

Interpretation:
A kurtosis of -1.735 means that it has a flatter peak and thinner tails, the distribution is a platykurtic
distribution. This mean that the more data are located near the mean and less data values are located
on the tails.

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 Ungrouped Data

The data given below is the total number of employed people by Dzongkhag.
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080

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 Central Tendency
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Mean 12204
Median 10095.5
Mode #N/A

Interpretation
The table above displays the average and median figures for employed individuals by Dzongkhag for
year 2021. In this dataset, the average number of employed individuals per Dzongkhag is 12204 and
for this order data median is 10095.5 that is half the value are less or equal to 10095.5, and half the
value greater than or equal to 10095.5. As there are no repeated values for the number of employed
individuals in each Dzongkhag, the mode is not applicable

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 Measures of Dispersion

Range
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Maximum 32516
Minimum 1089
Range 31427

Interpretation: According to the provided data for the year 2021, Thimphu has the highest number of
employed individuals with maximum values of 32516, while Gasa has lowest, with a minimum value of
1089. The dispersion of values in a dataset, or simply put, the difference between smallest and largest
data point is 3242.

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 Standard Deviation

Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Standard Deviation 8198.852628

The standard deviation is a statistical measure of how far a number deviates from the average
number in a series. As a result, a low standard deviation indicates that the data is very closely related
to the mean and thus very reliable, whereas a high standard deviation indicates that the data has a
large variance and thus is not as reliable. The standard deviation of the given data is 8198.852628.

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 Variance

Variance = ∑ (𝑥−𝑥̅) 2 𝑛 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑛 − 𝑥̅2

Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Variance 67221184.42

Interpretation: As the variance is a measure of variability, the greater the variance in relation to the
mean, the more spread data there is. Lower variance, on the other hand, indicates less spread out. As
variance is a square quantity, its units are also squared, which can complicate practical uses. In
contrast, standard deviation is often preferred for its more intuitive measurement. The variance of
above data is 67221184.42

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 Quartile
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Quartile (Q1) 6064.75
Quartile (Q3) 15286.75

Interpretation: Quartiles are three values- the first quartiles at 25% (Q1), the second quartiles at 50%
(Q2 or median) and the third quartile at 75% (Q3) - that divide a sample of order data into four equal
parts. The first quartile (Q1) of the employed person by Dzongkhag is 6064.75 and third quartile (Q3)
is 15286.75. Since, first quartile (Q1) and fourth quartile (Q4) represent minimum and maximum value
we didn’t calculate.

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 Data Descriptor
Skewness
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861 .
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Skewness 1.13734

Skewness helps to establish an initial understanding of the data. The given tables of Skewness
represent positively skewed data that is 1.13734. Right skewed or positive skewed data is named
because the “tail” of the distribution points to the left, and moreover it produces a positive Skewness
value that is 1.13734 in the above data.

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 Kurtosis
Dzongkhag Frequency
Bmthang 5827
Chhukha 21861
Dagana 10786
Gasa 1089
Haa 5241
Lhuentse 4964
Mongar 14499
Paro 14681
Pemagatshel 8389
Punakha 9405
Samdrup Jongkhar 12214
Samtse 28649
Sarpang 17104
Thimphu 32516
Tashigang 17312
Trashiyangtse 6144
Trongsa 5593
Tsirang 6186
Wangdue Phodrang 14643
Zhemgang 6977
Total 244080
Kurtosis 0.953412

Interpretation:
Kurtosis indicates how the peak and tails of a distribution differ from the normal distribution. The use
of kurtosis helps to understand general characteristics about the distribution of the data. Therefore,
the data in the above table represents the positive kurtosis of 0.953412 coefficient. The positive
kurtosis value indicates that the distribution has the heavier tails and sharper peak than normal
distribution.

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 Conclusion

It is important that the audiences get the clear concept of raw data. For that, descriptive statistical
method plays a vital role in analyzing, summarizing and interpreting the raw data in a simpler form. It
is done through the use of central tendency, measure of dispersion, variability and through graphical
methods. Through statistical measures such as mean, median, mode, range, quartile, etc., gives the
single set of data to represent the whole data which provides a comprehensive overview of the set of
data. Moreover, representing the data in graphical method helps the users to visually understand the
data.
These strategies in general help in data exploration in a simpler manner, making it easier for the
internal and external users to make decisions without confusion. Further it is used to communicate the
raw and meaningless data through analyzation and interpretation of the data in a single form. Through
central tendency, measure of dispersion, and data descriptors it helps the researchers to know the
pattern and trends which allows them to compare the relationship among the data within the dataset

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 References

Coefficient of Skewness. (n.d.). CUEMATH:

https://www.cuemath.com/data/coefficientof-skewness/

Gawali, S. (2023, 02 15). Skewness and Kurtosis: Quick Guide. Analytics Vidhya:

https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/05/shape-of-data-skewness-andkurtosis

Mean Median Mode - Definition, differences | How to find? (n.d.). Cuemath.

https://www.cuemath.com/data/mean-median-mode/

Measures of Central Tendency. (2021, 09 02). Stastic Canada:

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch11/median-mediane/5214872- eng.htm

Thonchog, T. N. (2022, 01 01). How COVID-19 affected the economy in 2021. TheBhutanese:

https://thebhutanese.bt/how-covid-19-affected-the-economy-in-2021

Turney, S. (2023, June 21). Quartiles & quantiles | Calculation, definition & interpretation.

Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/quartiles-quantiles/

Turney, S. (2023b, November 10). Skewness | Definition, Examples & Formula.

Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/skewness/

Turney, S. (2024, January 29). What is Kurtosis? | Definition, Examples & Formula.

Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/kurtosis/#:~:text=Kurtosis%20is%20a%20measure

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