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Unit 3
Unit 3
VªkbdkcksZfDlfyd vEy pØ
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
3-1 izLrkouk 3-6 XykbvkWDlhysV pØ
,ukIyhjksfVd vfHkfØ;k,a
3-1 çLrkouk
bdkbZ 2 esa vkius Xykbdksykbfll ds ckjs esa v/;;u fd;k rFkk tkuk fd fdl
izdkj tho vok;oh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ÅtkZ mRiUu djrs gSAa ;g Xywdksl vip; dk
izkjafHkd rFkk yxHkx lkoZHkkSfed ekxZ gSA vkWDlhtu dh miyC/krk ds lkFk gh gekjh
{kerk esa cM+k ifjorZu ;g gksrk gS fd vkWDlhdj.kh QkWLQksjkyhdj.k }kjk dkcZu dk
iw.kZ fo[k.Mu gksrk gS vkSj vf/kd ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gSA fQj Hkh izkjafHkd vip;
Xykbdksykbfll }kjk gksrk gSA
bl bdkbZ esa ge ok;oh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ik;:osV ds iw.kZ fo[k.Mu ij ppkZ djsaxAs
ftlesa ;g igys ,flVkby CoA esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS vkSj fQj TCA pØ esa izo's k
djrk gSA ge TCA pØ dh mHk;pjh izdf` r vkSj dqN thoksa esa bl pØ ds ,d
mip;h izdkj XykbvkWDlhysV pØ dk o.kZu djsx a sA Xywdksl ds iw.kZ fo[k.Mu ls
mRiUu ATP dh x.kuk dSls djsa] bldks laf{kIr :i ls crk;k tk,xkA var esa]
isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ (PPP) vkSj bldh Hkwfedk ij fopkj djsaxAs
51
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
mikip;u-1
visf{kr v/;;u ifj.kke
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i'pkr~ vki %
Xykbdksykbfll rFkk TCA pØ dks tksMu+ s vkSj buds fofu;eu esa PDH
¼ik;:osV fMgkbMªkfs tust½ dh Hkwfedk dk foLr`r o.kZu(
bZ-ih-dsuMs h rFkk ,-,y- ysgkfuUtj us 1948 esa ik;k fd pwgs dk ;d`r ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
vkf.od vkWDlhtu }kjk ik;:osV rFkk TCA pØ ds lHkh e/;ofrZ;ksa ds vkWDlhdj.k
dks mRizfs jr dj ldrk gSA
,Utkbe lfEeJ esa rhu vyx&vyx izdkj dh mRizsjd bdkbZ;ka gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd
dh dbZ izfr;ka gSA izR;sd ,Utkbe dh izfr;ksa dh la[;k ,d tho ls nwljs tho esa
TPP fFk;kfeu
fHkUu gks ldrh gSA Lru/kkjh ,Utkbe esa ,Utkbe lfEeJ ds lkFk vfrfjDr ik;jksQkWLQsV
fofu;ked bdkbZ;ka Hkh tqM+h jgrh gSAa lHkh thoksa ls ;g ifjorhZ (variable) vkf.od
Hkkj ¼4 ls 10 fefy;u MkYVu½ dk o`gn~ lfEeJ gS ftls bysDVªkWu lw{en”khZ ls ns[kk HSCoA dks,Utkbe ,
tk ldrk gSA dk vipf;r :iA tc
blds vkWDlhd`r :Ik esa
PDH lfEeJ eas rhu ,Utkbe (E1, E2 vkSj E3) vkSj muds dks,Utkbe@izkLs FksfVd mifLFkr MkblYQkbM
lewg (tks dks’Bd esa fn, x, gSa) “kkfey ga%S ca/k –SH lewg esa
vipf;r gks tkrs gSAa
E1 % ik;:osV fMgkbMªkfs tust (TPP) fyiks,ekbZM ykbiksbd
vEy dk O;qRiUu gSA
E2 % MkbgkbMªkfs yiks;y Vªkal,flVkbyst ¼yhiks,ekbZM] HSCoA½
vko';d nks dks,Utkbe ¼HSCoA rFkk NAD+½ vkSj rhu izkLs FksfVd lewg ¼fFk;kfeu
ik;jksQkWLQsV] FAD rFkk fyiks,ekbZM dk B&lewg foVkfeu ls O;qRiUu gksrk gSA
cgqpj.kh; vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku NAD+ dk vip;u rFkk ,flVsV ls dks,Utkbe ,
ds ca/k }kjk ^^lfØ; ,flVsV^^ ¼,flVkby CoA½ dk la'ys"k.k gksrk gS tcfd vU;
vHkhdkjd iqu% mRikfnr gksrs gSAa ckn esa NADH vius iqu% vkWDlhdj.k rFkk 53
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
mikip;u-1
vkWDlhdj.kh QkWLQksjhfydj.k }kjk ATP ds mRiknu ds fy, bysDVªkWu ifjogu
J`[a kyk (ETC) esa Hkkxhnkjh djrk gSA lgdkjdksa dk iqu% pØhdj.k ,d ykHkdkjh
dk;Zi.z kkyh gS vkSj fo'ks"kdj foVkfeu O;qRiUu dkcZfud lgdkjdksa ds fy, izklafxd
gSA
ik;:osV fMgkbMªkfs tust lfEeJ }kjk mRizfs jr vfHkfØ;k dks fp= 3-1 esa la{ksfir
fd;k x;k gSA vfHkfØ;k PDH lfEeJ ds E1 ,Utkbe }kjk izkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g
α&fdVks vEy ds C-C ca/k ds fo[k.Mu dks mRizfs jr djds CO2 eqDr djrk gSA
fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k dk e/;orhZ mRikn vuquknh; (resonance, jstksuasl) :Ik ls fLFkj
gksrk gS rFkk izkVs ksuhd`r gks dj gkbMªkWDlh bFkkby -TPP mRiUu djrk gSA vkxs]
gkbMªkWDlh bFkkby lewg ,flVkby ds fy, vkWDlhd`r gksrk gS rFkk ;g E1 }kjk E2
ls c) fyiksekbZM ij LFkkukUrfjr gksrk gSA ;g vkWDlhdj.k MkblYQkbM vuqc/a k ds
vip;u ds lgpkjh gksrk gS rFkk e/;orhZ ,flVkby MkbgkbMªkfs yiksekbM gSA izFke
,atkbe dq'kyrk ls vkWDlhdj.k fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k laikfnr djrk gSA ckn dh
vfHkfØ;k,a
vfHkfØ;k,a ,flVkby bdkbZ vkSj vipk;d led{kksa (reducing equivalents) ds
leqfpr i`FkDdj.k dk dk;Z djrh gSA
FAD
NAD+
Dihydrolipoyl 5
dehydrogenase
S (E3) NADH +H+
4
OH S FADH2
CO2
CH 3 CH TPP R
Hydroxyethyl- Lipoamide HS
TPP Dihydrolipoyl
Pyruvate transacetylase HS
1 2
dehydrogenase (E2) R
(E1)
O O O 3 O
CH 3 C C TPP CH 3 C S CH 3 C S CoA
- CoA
O Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate HS
R
Acetyl-dihydrolipoamide
vU; nks ,Utkbe ftudh xfrfof/k Hkh fFk;kfeu dh deh ls izHkkfor gksrh gSa os gS
α&dhVksXywVkjsV MhgkbMªkfs tust rFkk VªkalfdVksyt
s A ifj.kkeLo:i] jDr esa ik;:osV
rFkk α&dhVksXywVkjsV dk Lrj Åapk gksrk gSA
bdkbZ 2 esa geus tkuk fd dSls Xykbdksykbfll }kjk Xywdksl vkSj vU; dkcksgZ kbMªVs
ik;:osV esa fo[kf.Mr gksrs gSAa ;s vfHkfØ;k,a Xywdksl dh ÅtkZ dk dsoy FkksM+k va'k
gh mRiUu djrh gSA ok;oh; thoksa esa ik;:osV igys ,flVkby CoA esa ifjofrZr
gksrk gSA ,flVkby CoA ds ifj.kkeksa esa ls ,d iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k ds fy, ØsCl pØ esa
izo's k djuk gSA ,flVkby CoA ¼;k pØ ds e/;orhZ½ vU; tSov.kqvksa fo'ks"kdj olh;
vEyksa vkSj dqN vfeuks vEyksa ds vkaf'kd fo[k.Mu ls Hkh mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g dkcZu
ds CO2 esa iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k ds fy, ,d vfHklkjh (convergent) ekxZ gSA
[k) i) fFk;kfeu dh deh okys O;fDr;ksa ds jDr esa ik;:osV dk mPp Lrj gksrk
gS] D;ks\
ii) fFk;kfeu dh deh U;wjksykWftdy y{k.kksa ls D;ksa lacf/kr gS\
3-4 TCA pØ
TCA pØ dkcZu ds bl pØ dk igyk la?kfur mRikn flfVªd vEy gS] blfy, bls flfVªd vEy pØ
CO2 esa iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA flfVªd vEy rFkk vxys nks e/;orhZ VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy gS]a
ds fy, ,d vfHklj.k blfy, ;g VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy pØ ¼TCA pؽ gSA bls ØsCl pØ ds :i esa Hkh
ekxZ gSA pØ ds izR;sd tkuk tkrk gS D;ksfa d mudk bl pØ dks Li"V djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA
nkSj esa CO2 ds nks v.kq
,d GTP rFkk NADH vkb, ge pØ ds voyksdu ds fy, fp= 3-2 dks ns[a ks vkSj fQj pj.kc) :i esa
vkSj FADH2 ds :i esa
bldk v/;;u djsAa
vip; led{kksa dk
mRiknu gksrk gSA ETC
1. igyh vfHkfØ;k esa flVªVs flUFkst ,Utkbe vkWDlsyks,flVsV (4-C) ds lkFk
}kjk NADH vkSj
FADH2 dk iqu% ,flVkby CoA (2-C) ds ,YMksy la?kuu (aldol condensation) dks mRizfs jr
vkWDlhdj.k ATP djds flVªVs dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA flVªkby CoA ds ek/;e ls vfHkfØ;k vkxs
la'ys"k.k ¼vkWDlhdj.kh c<+rh gS D;ksfa d blh Fkk;ks,LVj dk tyvi?kVu vfHkfØ;k dks flVªVs la'ys"k.k
QkWLQksjhyhdj.k½ ls dh vksj pkfyr djrk gSA
;qfXer gSA
2. f}pj.kh; vfHkfØ;k( igys futZyhdj.k (dehydration; fMgkbMª's ku) vkSj ckn esa
tyh;dj.k (hydration; gkbMª's ku) }kjk flVªVs dk vkblksflVªVs esa lek;ohdj.k
gksrk gSA ;g vfHkfØ;k lgla;ksth c) ghe vk;ju fofgu (Non Heme Iron;
NHI) lfØf;r ,Utkbe ,dksukbVst }kjk mRizfs jr gksr h gSA ,d e/;orhZ
fll&,dksfuVsV ¼fn[kk;k ugha x;k½ ds ek/;e ls mRikn vkblksflVªVs curk gSA
;g lek;oh;dj.k ckn esa gksus okys vkWDlhdj.kh fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k ds fy, ,d
vk/kkj gSA ¶yksjks,flVsV ds bl vfHkfØ;k esa ¶yksjksflVªVs esa :ikarj.k ds ckn ;g
vfHkfØ;k ckf/kr gksrh gSA
6. lfDlusV fMgkbMªkfs tust (SDH) }kjk lfDlusV dk ¶;wejsV esa vkWDlhdj.k fd;k
tkrk gSA ,Utkbe esa lgla;kstd :i ls c) FAD vkSj vusd Fe-S lewghd`r
gksrs gSAa vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku FAD, FADH2 esa vipf;r gks tkrk gSA ;g TCA
pØ dk ,d ek= vfHkUu f>Yyh ,Utkbe gS vkSj ETC ds lfDlusV&;wchDohuksu
fjMDVst lfEeJ dk Hkh ,d ?kVd gSA SDH esyksuVs }kjk izfr;ksfxrk fu:)
(competitively inhibited) gksrk gSA vkidks ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd
lfDlukby CoA ds foijhr lfDlusV ,d lefer (symmetrical) v.kq gSA
vkb, ge x.kuk djsa fd ok;oh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Xywdksl fo[k.Mu ls fdruh ÅtkZ
(ATP) eqDr gksrh gS %
O
H3C C S CoA From β oxidation of fatty acids
Malate Acetyl-CoA
dehydrogenase
O CoASH
−
8 C COO
−
HO NAD+ H2C COO 1 Citrate
NADH + H+ oxaloacetate Synthase
− H2O -
H C COO H2C COO
− −
H2C COO HO C COO
H2O
Malate −
H2 C COO
Citrate
7 Fumarase
2 Aconitase
H −
COO
Fumarate C
C -
− H H2C COO
OOC
FADH2 −
CH COO
−
HC COO
Succinate
6 dehydrogenase OH
Isociitrate
FAD
−
NAD+
H2 C COO
− NADH + H+ 3
H2C COO Isocitrate
- dehydrogenase
Succinate - NAD+ H2 C COO
H2C COO
Succinate H2C CO2
+
thiokinase H2C NADH + H 4
−
C COO
CoASH C SCoA
5 O a-ketoglutarate
O CO2 CoASH
GTP GDP + Pi
Succinyl-CoA a-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
ADP ATP
Nucleoside
diphosphate
kinase
vkius ns[kk fd vusd ,Utkbe tSls fd PDH vkSj α- KDH cgq,Utkbe lfEeJ gSA
bl rjg ds cM+s lfEeJ ds ,dy ,Utkbe dh rqyuk esa dqN ykHk gksrs ga%S
iii) ;g dqN e/;ofrZ;ksa ds dksf”kdk foys; esa izn'kZu dks jksdrk gS tks dksf'kdk ds
fy, vR;f/kd izfrfØ;k'khy vkSj fo’kkDr gks ldrk gSA
iv) ;g lfEeJ esa ,Utkbeksa ds lg&fofu;eu dks vuqefr iznku djrk gSA
fp= 3-
3-3 % TCA pØ dh tSola'ys’kh Hkwfedk 59
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
mikip;u-1
3-4-2 ,ukIyhjkWfVd vfHkfØ;k,a
iwoZorhZ Hkkxksa esa geus ppkZ dh Fkh fd TCA pØ tSola'ys’k.k vxzxkfe;ksa dk izkFkfed
lzkrs gSA e/;ofrZ;ksa ds Lrj dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, mUgsa iqu% ^^,ukIyhjkWfVd
vfHkfØ;kvks^a }kjk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA bl 'kCn dks ,p- ,y- dksucZ xZ }kjk
izLrkfor fd;k x;kA vkb,, vc ge dqN ,ukIyhjkWfVd vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, fp= 3-
4 dks ns[ksAa
TCA pØ ds e/;ofrZ;ksa dks iqu% miyC/k djkus ds dbZ rjhds gSaA ,d egRoiw.kZ
vfHkfØ;k gS ikb:osV ;k QkWLQksbukWy ik;:osV dk ikb:osV (1) ;k PEP (6) esa
:ikUrj.kA ik;:osV dk dkcksfZ Dydj.k ck;ksfVu vkfJr ik;:osV fMdkcksfZ Dlyst
}kjk mRizfs jr gksrk gSA ;g ,Utkbe ,flVkby CoA }kjk ,yksLVsfjd :i ls lfØ;
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g bl fopkj dks cy nsrk gS fd tc ,flVkby CoA dk Lrj mPp
gksrk gS rks TCA pØ }kjk dq'ky mikip; gsrq OAA dk la'ys’k.k vf/kd gksrk gSA
,LikVsVZ vkSj XywVkesV tSls ,feuks vEy ;k rks vfeuks lewg ds LFkkukUrj.k }kjk
(Transamination, Vjkal,feuu) vkSj ;k fQj vfeuks lewg ds i`FkDdj.k
(Deamination, fM,feuu) }kjk Øekuqlkj OAA vkSj α&fdVksXywVkjsV mRiUu djrs gSa
¼2 ,oa 5½A dqN vfeuks vEyksa tSls osykbu vkSj vkblksY;wflu ;k fo’ke J`[a kyk okys
olh; vEyksa ds vkaf'kd fo[k.Mu ls izkfs i;ksukby CoA mRiUu gksrk gS tks fd rhu
pj.kksa esa lfDlukby CoA esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS ¼3½A dqN vfeuks vEy
60 ¼fQukby,ykuhu ,oa Vk;jksflu½ ¶;wejsV ds Lrj ij izo”s k djrs gSa ¼4½A
bdkbZ 3 VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy pØ
fp= 3-4 esa n'kkZ;h x;h vfHkfØ;kvksa ds vfrfjDr QkWLQksbukWy ik;:osV Hkh
vkWDlsyks,flVsV ds Lrj ij TCA pØ (6) esa izo's k djrk gSA fof'k’V Årdksa esa
lapkfyr gksus okys dqN pØ tSls fd XykbvkWDlhysV pØ ,oa I;wfju U;wfDy;ksVkbM
pØ Hkh TCA pØ ds e/;ofrZ;ksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSaA
cks/k iz”u 2
i) TCA pØ ds ,UtkbEl tks vkWDlhdj.kh fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ---------
---------------- vkSj -----------------------A
iii) TCA pØ }kjk α&dhVksXywVkjsV dk eSyVs esa ifjorZu rFkk ETC }kjk vipf;r
led{kksa dk iqu% vkWDlhdj.k --------------- ATP v.kq mRiUu djrk gSA
iv) ik;:osV dkcksfZ Dlyst ------------------------- }kjk ,yksLVsfjd :Ik ls lfØ; gksrk gSA
PDH lfEeJ dh lfØ;rk dkcksgZ kbMªVs lzkrs ksa ls mRiUu ,flVkby CoA dh vkiwfrZ mPp ,fMukbysV vkos'k
dks fu;af=r djrh gSA ;g rc lfØ; gksrk gS tc ÅtkZ dh ekax c<+rh gSA dk vFkZ gS mPp
Lru/kkfj;ksa esa fofu;eu dh nks dk;Zi.z kkfy;ka dk;Zjr gSAa (ATP/ADP) vuqikr]
tks og bafxr djrk gS
PDH olh; vEyksa dh fuEu lkUnzrk ;k [ATP] / [ADP] ,oa [NADH] / [NAD+] ds fd dksf'kdk esa Lo;a d
fy, i;kZIr ÅtkZ gSA
fuEu vuqikr ij lfØ; gksrk gSA PDH mRizfs jr vfHkfØ;k ds mRikn bl ,Utkbe
dks izfriqf"V laneu }kjk vo:) djrs gS]a D;ksfa d [NADH / NAD+] ,oa
[AcetylCoA/HSCoA] ds mPp vuqikr E2 dks ,flVkbyhd`r :Ik esa cuk, j[krs gS]a
tks TPP ls gkbMªkWDlhbFkkby lewg xzg.k djus esa vleFkZ gSA
TCA pØ dh nj dks fu;af=r djus okys ,Utkbe gS& a flVªVs flUFkst] vkblksflVªVs
fMgkbMªkfs tust vkSj α&fdVksXywVkjsV fMgkbMªkfs tust lfEeJA bu ,Utkbe dh
fØ;k'khyrk dks lCLVªVs dh miyC/krk ¼,flVkby CoA vkSj OAA½] mRikn vojks/k
rFkk bl pØ ds vU; mRiknksa ds izfriqf"V laneu }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA
OAA rFkk ,flVkby CoA nksuksa ,d ,slh lkUnzrk ij mifLFkr gksrs gSa tks ,Utkbe
dks lar`Ir ugha djrs gSAa
• flVªVs flUFkst tks flVªVs la'ys’k.k dks mRizfs jr djrk gS] NADH, ATP flVªVs
¼mRikn vojks/k½ rFkk lfDlukby CoA ¼izfrLi/khZ izfriqf"V laneu½ }kjk ckf/kr
gksrk gSA
fp= 3-
3-5 % TCA pØ dk fofu;euA
fofu;euA ekxZ ds fofu;eu dk izkFkfed fu/kkZj.k dksf'kdk dh
ÅtkZ fLFkfr }kjk,
}kjk PDH, flVªVs flaFkst] vkblksflVªVs fMgkbMªkfs tust rFkk
α&&dhVksXyw
XywVjsVfMgkbMªkfs tust lfEeJ ds Lrj ij ,yksLVsfjd ekMqydksa rFkk lgla;kstd
:ikUrj.k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU;r% ;g ekxZ mPp [NADH/NAD+] vkSj mPp ,fMukbysV vkos'k }kjk ckf/kr
gksrk gS( tcfd ADP, AMP, NAD+ vkSj Ca2+ dk mPp Lrj bu ,Utkbeksa dks lfØ;
djrk gS D;ksfa d ;s ÅtkZ dh ekax esa o`f) dh vksj ladsr djrs gSAa
62
bdkbZ 3 VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy pØ
cks/k iz”u 3
TCA pØ ds nks ,Utkbeksa dk uke crk,a tks fd ATP }kjk ,yksLVsfjd :Ik ls ckf/kr
gksrs gSAa
vok;oh; thoksa esa viw.kZ TCA pØ ds lapkyu dk ,d lanHkZ iwoZ esa mi[k.M 3-4-1 esa
fn;k x;k FkkA bl pØ dh ,d vU; fofo/krk XykbvkWDlhysV pØ gS tks mip;h
vkSj ,ukIyhjksfVd nksuksa Hkwfedk,a vnk djrk gSA vkb,] bl ekxZ ds ckjs esa vkSj
vf/kd foLrkj ls tkusAa
3-6 XykbvkWDlhysV pØ
XykbvkWDlhysV pØ flfVªd vEy pØ dk ,d mip; laLdj.k gS tks olh; vEy
mikip; ls O;qRiUu ,flVkby CoA/,flVsV ls dkcksgZ kbMªVs la'ys’k.k djrk gSA
bldk uke ekxZ ds izFke fof”k’V pj.k ds ,d e/;orhZ mRikn XykbvkWDlhysV ds
uke ij j[kk x;k gSA pØ dk Li"Vhdj.k gsUl dksucZ xZ vkSj uhy esMlsu }kjk fd;k
x;kA vfuok;Z :Ik ls ;g TCA pØ dh fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k vfHkfØ;kvksa dks njfdukj
djds vkSj nks vfrfjDr ,Utkbeksa dks lfEefyr djds ,flVkby CoA ds nks v.kqvksa
ls lfDlusV ¼,d Xywdksfu;kstfud lCLVªVs ½ ds 'kq) la'ys’k.k dk ifj.kke nsrk gSA
;g dqN lw{ethoksa tSls dod] cSDVhfj;k vkSj izkfs VLVk esa mifLFkr gksrk gS rFkk ;g
rsyh; chtksa ds vadqj.k esa vLFkk;h :i ls O;Dr gksrk gSA vadqj.k ls ikS/ks ds cuus
rd dkcZu ds LFkk;hdj.k ds fy, ;g ekxZ egRoiw.kZ gSA d'ks:fd;ksa esa
XykbvkWDlhysV pØ vuqifLFkr gksrk gS] blfy, os olh; vEy ;k ,lhVkby CoA
dks dkcksgZ kbMªVs esa ifjofrZr ugha dj ldrs gSAa
XykbvkWDlhysV pØ
XykbvkWDlhysV pØ dh usV vfHkfØ;k gS % dod vkSj cSDVhfj;k dh
jksxtud iztkfr;ksa ds
2 ,flVkby dks , + 2NAD+ +2H2O→lfDlusV + 2HSCoA + 2NADH +2H+ mikip; esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA pØ
ikS/kksa esa bl pØ ds ,Utkbe XykbvkWDlhlkse esa dks"Bhd`r (compartmentalized) gS]a ds ,Utkbe {k;jksx
tks fd fo'ks’k izdkj ds ijkWDlhlkse gSAa ;g TCA pØ ds lkFk ikap esa ls rhu (Tuberculosis) tSls
jksxksa ds mipkj esa
,Utkbeksa dks lk>k djrs gSAa flVªVs flaFkst] ,dksuhVst vkSj eSyVs fMgkbMªkfs tust ds vkS’kf/k;ksa ds egRoiw.kZ
vkblks,UtkbEk ekbVksdkWfUMª;k vkSj XykbvkWDlhlkse nksuksa esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA y{; gksrs gSAa
vkblksflVªVs yk;sl vkSj eSyVs flaFkst bl pØ ds nks fof'k"V ,Utkbe gSA
XykbvkWDlhlkse esa olh; vEyksa dks vi?kfVr djus okys ,Utkbe Hkh gksrs gSaA
izFke nks vfHkfØ;k,a flfVªd vEy pØ ds leku gSA fHkUurk vkblksflVªVs ds la/kkj.k
esa gksrh gS( ;g vkblksflVªVs yk;sl }kjk lDlhusV vkSj XykbvkWDlhysV esa fo[kafMr
gksrk gSA XykbvkWDlhysV ,flVkby CoA ds ,d vU; v.kq ls la;qDr gksdj eSyVs
flaFkst dh mifLFkfr esa eSyVs dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] tks eSyVs fMgkbMªkfs tust }kjk
OAA dks iqu% mRikfnr djds pØ dks iw.kZ djrk gSA iw.kZ XykbvkWDlhysV pØ fp=
3-6 esa nsf[k,A
63
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
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fp= 3-
3-6 % XykbvkWDlhysV pØA
pØA
fp= 3-3-7 % ol
olkk Hk.Mkj.kksa ls dkcksgZ kbMªVs ksa dk la'ys’k.kA
k.kA fp= esa lai.w kZ izfØ;k dks iwjk djus
ds fy, ,Utkbeks
,Utkbeksa ds dks’Bhdj.k rFkk e/;ofrZ;ksa dk XykbvkWDlhlkse] ekbVksdkWfUMª;k vkSj
64 dksf”kdk foys; ds e/; lapyu ij /;ku nhft,A nhft,A
bdkbZ 3 VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy pØ
cks/k iz”u 4
XykbvkWDlhysV dh dkSu lh vfHkfØ;k ØsCl pØ es flVªVs flUFkst }kjk mRizfs jr
vfHkfØ;k ds le:Ik gS\
fp= 3-
3-8 % TCA rFkk XykbvkWDlhysV dk leUo; fofu;euA
fofu;euA dksf'kdk dh ÅtkZ fLFkfr
vkblksflVªVs ds oSdfYid ifj.kke
ifj.kke ¼vi?kVu cuke la'ys’k.k½ dh izkFkfed fu/kkZjd gSA 65
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
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3-8 isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ (PPP)
isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ Xywdksl mikip; ds fy, Xykbdksykbfll dk ,d fodYi gSA
bls gsDlksl eksuksQkWLQsV 'kUV (HMP Shunt) ;k QkWLQksXywdksuVs ekxZ ds :Ik esa Hkh
1931 esa vkWVks okjcxZ us
tkuk tkrk gSA bl oSdfYid ekxZ dk vfLrRo izkjafHkd iz{s k.k ij vk/kkfjr Fkk ftlesa
ekxZ ds igys ,Utkbe dh
[kkst dh] tks fd dqN Årdksa esa Xykbdksykbfll ds ikjaifjd vojks/kdksa dk Xywdksl ds mi;ksx
Xywdksl&6&QkWLQsV dks ij dksbZ izHkko ugha ik;k x;kA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd C-1 ij yscyhd`r Xywdksl C-6
6&QkWLQksXywdksfud vEy yscyhd`r Xywdksl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ljyrk ls CO2 esa vkWDlhd`r gks tkrk gSA
esa vkWDlhd`r djrk gS
vkSj bldk dks,Utkbe isUVksl ekxZ dksf”kdk foys; esa lapkfyr gksrk gSA ;g pØ vipf;r tSola'ys"k.k ds
NADP+ gSA lai.w kZ pØ fy, NADPH rFkk tSola'ys"k.k ds mi;ksx ds fy, ;k Xykbdksykbfll pØ ls ,d
dks ckn esa ,Q- fyieSu] dM+h iznku djus ds fy, jkbckst&5&QkWLQsV tSlh 'kdZjkvksa ds mRiknu ds fy,
,Q- fMdsUl] ch- gksjds j izkFkfed :i ls mRrjnk;h gSA ekxZ dh fØ;k'khyrk izR;{k :i ls vipf;r
rFkk b- jSdj }kjk Li"V tSola'ys"k.k ls lacfa /kr gS; mnkgj.k ds fy, dadky ekalisf'k;ksa esa ;g cgqr fuEu vkSj
fd;k x;kA olk Ård (adipose tissue)] ;d`r (liver)] vf/ko`Dd xzfa Fk;ksa (adrenal glands) esa
mPp ek=k esa mifLFkr gSA
;g ekxZ RBC esa Hkh egRo j[krk gS tgka ,d cgqr cM+h ek=k esa mRikfnr NADPH
XywVkfFk;ksu fjMDVst }kjk XywVkfFk;ksu ds vip;u ds fy, mi;ksx gksrk gSA ;g
isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ vipf;r XywVkfFk;ksu dkcZfud ijkWDlkbMksa ,oa H2O2 dks vipf;r djrk gS vkSj
Xywdkst mikip; dk ,d RBCs dks vkWDlhdj.kh {kfr ls lqjf{kr j[krk gSA RBCs esa vipf;r XywVkfFk;ksu ds
oSdfYid ekxZ gS ftlesa izc/a ku esa vleFkZrk ijkWDlkbMksa ds lap;] dksf'kdk f>Yyh dh {kh.krk vkSj :f/kj
'kdZjkvksa dk var% vi?kVu (Hemoolysis; fgeksyk;fll) esa o`f) djrk gSA
ifjorZu gksrk gSA blds
ifj.kke Lo:Ik VsVªkts isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ dks nks vyx&vyx voLFkkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS]
vkSj isUVksl dk fuekZ.k ftuds uke gS&vkWDlhd`r ¼vuqRdze.kh;½ voLFkk vkSj vukWDlhd`r ¼mRdze.kh;½
gksrk gS ftudk mi;ksx voLFkkA
Øe'k% ,jksefs Vd ,feuks
vEyksa ,oa U;wfDyd vEyksa ¼v½ vkWDlhd`r 'kk[kk
ds la'ys"k.k esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g NADPH (i) vkWDlhd`r 'kk[kk ,d NADP+ vkfJr Xywdksl&6&QkWLQsV fMgkbMªkfs tust }kjk
dks Hkh mRiUu djrk gS Xywdksl&6&QkWLQsV ¼Xykbdksykbfll dk e/;orhZ½ ds 6&QkWLQksXywdksuksyDs Vksu
ftldh vko”;drk esa vkWDlhd`r gksus ls izkjaHk gksrh gSA
vipf;r tSola'ys"k.k
vkSj XywVkfFk;ksu rFkk (ii) vxys pj.k esa ysDVksut
s }kjk ysDVksu ¼,d vkarfjd ,LVj½ 6&QkWLQksXywdksfud
vU; tSo v.kqvksa ds vEy esa ty vi?kfVr gksrk gSA
vipk;d :iksa ds izc/a ku
esa gksrh gSA (iii) ;g 'kdZjk vEy NADP+ vkfJr 6&QkWLQksXywdksuVs fMgkbMªkfs tust }kjk
vkWDlhd`r fodkcksfZ Dlydj.k ls jkbcwykst&5&QkWLQsV esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA
VªkalfdVksyt
s ;k Vªkl
a ,YMksyts }kjk 'kdZjk dk vUr% :ikUrj.k vukWDlhd`r 'kk[kk esa
lfEefyr gksrk gSA bu nksuksa gh vfHkfØ;kvksa esa 2C ;k 3C bdkbZ dks nku djus okyh
'kdZjk ,d dhVkst rFkk xzg.k djus okyh ,d ,yMkst gSA rhu isUVksl ls nks gsDlksl
vkSj ,d Vªk;ksl dk fuekZ.k usV ifj.kke gSA 'kq:vkr ,d bihejst }kjk
jkbcwykst&5&QkWLQsV ds tkbyqykst&5&QkWLQsV esa ifjorZu ls gksrh gSA rhu var%
ifjorZu gSa %&
fp= 3-
3-9 % isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ: ekxZ dks vkWDlhd`r vkSj vukWDlhd`r 'kk[kkvksa dk fu:i.k
djus okys nks Hkkxksa esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
cks/k iz”u 5
fjDr LFkku Hkjks %
68
bdkbZ 3 VªkbdkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy pØ
3-9 lkjka”k
vc rd geus tks i<+k gS vkb, mls nksgjk ysrs gSa %
• ok;oh; thoksa esa ik;:osV iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k ds fy, TCA pØ esa izo's k ls igys
vkWDlhd`r :i ls fodkcksfZ Dld`r gksdj ,flVkby CoA cukrk gSA ;g
vfHkfØ;k ekbVksdkWfUMª;k esa mifLFkr cgq,Utkbe ik;:osV fMgkbMªkfs tust
lfEeJ }kjk mRizfs jr gksrh gSA 'kkjhjfdz;kRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vuqRØe.kh;
gS rFkk Xykbdksykbfll vkSj TCA pØ ds e/; ,d lsrq dh Hkkafr gSA
• TCA pØ dkcksZgkbMªM
s ] fyfiM vkSj izkVs hu p;kip; ds fy, ,d vfHklj.k
ekxZ gSA izR;sd ,flVkby CoA CO2 ds nks v.kq] GTP dk ,d v.kq vkSj
NADH ,oa FADH2 ds :i esa vipf;r led{kksa dks mRiUu djrk gS tks iqu%
vkWDlhdj.k ,oa ATP mRiknu ds fy, ETC esa izo's k djrs gSAa Xykbdksykbfll]
TCA pØ rFkk ETC }kjk Xywdkst dk ,d v.kq iw.kZ vkWDlhdj.k ls 30&32
ATP dk mRiknu djrk gSA
• Tkgka tSola'ys"k.k ds fy, e/;ofZrZ;ksa dhs miyC/krk ds fy, izdf` r esa TCA pØ
ds mip;h :Ik ik, tkrs gaAS blh izdkj dk ,d ekxZ XykbvkWDlhysV pØ gS
tks fd ikS/kksa esa ¼vadfq jr cht½ vkSj dod] cSDVhfj;k rFkk izkVs hLVk tSls vusd
thoksa esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA ;g olk ls dkcksZgkbMªVs ds la'ys"k.k esa lfEefyr
gSA ;g ekxZ d'ks:fd;ksa esa vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
• TCA vkSj XykbvkWDlhysV pØ lefUor :Ik ls fofu;fer gksrs gSA nksuksa ekxksZa
dk 'kf[kr fcanq e/;orhZ vkblksflVªVs gS rFkk mRØe.kh; lgla;ksth :ikUrj.k
}kjk vkblksflVªVs DH dk fofu;eu blds ifj.kke dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA tc
dksf'kdk dks ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vkblksflVªsV fMgkbMªkfs tust
lgla;ksth :ikUrj.k }kjk lfØ; gksrk gS vkSj vkblksflVªVs yk;st TCA pØ
ds e/;ofrZ;ksa }kjk ,yksLVsfjd :Ik ls ckf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA 69
[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
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• iSUVkst QkWLQsV ekxZ ;k gsDlkst eksuks&QkWLQsV HMP 'kUV dks Xywdksl
vkWDlhdj.k ds ,d oSdfYid ekxZ ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g pØ eq[;
:Ik ls vipf;r tSola'ys"k.k ds fy, NADPH vkSj tSo la”ys"k.k ;k
Xykbdksykbfll ds pØ dh ,d dM+h miyC/k djkus ds fy,
jkbckst&5&QkWLQsV tSlh 'kdZjkvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA
bl ekxZ dh fØ;k'khyrk izR;{k :i ls vipf;r tSola'ys"k.k ls lacfa /kr gksrk
gS; mnkgj.k ds fy, dadky ekalisf'k;ksa esa ;g cgqr fuEu vkSj olk Årdks]a
;d`r] vf/ko`Dd xzfa Fk;ksa esa mPp ek=k esa gksrk gSA RBCs esa NADPH XywVkfFk;ksu
ds vip;u esa mi;ksxh gksrk gS vkSj dksf'kdk dks vkWDlhd`r ruko vkSj
fgeksykbfll ls lqjf{kr j[krk gSA
3. d½ flfVªd vEy pØ ds ,d nkSj esa CO2 , NADH vkSj FADH2 ds fdrus v.kq
mRiUu gksrs gSa \
5. olk ls dkcksZgkbMªVs ksa ds la'ys"k.k esa XykbvkWDlhysV pØ dSls lgk;rk djrk gS\
7. TCA pØ dsoy ok;oh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lapkfyr gksrk gS ;|fi vkWDlhtu izR;{k
:Ik ls lgHkkxhnkj ugha gS] le>kb,A
3-11 mÙkj
cks/k iz”u
1. d½ i) TPP
ii) fyiksekbZM
iii) FAD
ii) SDH
iii) ikap
4. eSyV flaFkst
ii) XykbvkWDlhlksEk
iii) VªkUlfdVksyt
s
ikBkar iz”u
1. vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, [k.M 3-3 ns[ksAa
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[kaM 1 dkcksgaZ kbMªVs mikip;u
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2. cgq,Utkbe lfEeJ ds ykHk
iii) ;g dqN e/;ofrZ;ksa ds dksf”kdk foys; esa izn'kZu dks jksdrk gS tks
dksf'kdk ds fy, vR;f/kd izfrfØ;k'khy vkSj fo’kkDr gks ldrk gSA
iv) ;g lfEeJ esa ,Utkbeksa ds lg&fofu;eu dks vuqefr iznku djrk gSA
[k) Xywdksl ds iw.kZ ok;oh; vkWDlhdj.k ls 30-32 ATP mRiUu gksrs gSAa
4. isUVksl QkWLQsV ekxZ dksf”kdk foys; esa lapkfyr gksrk gS vkSj vipf;r
tSola'ys’k.k ds fy, NADPH ds mRiknu ds fy, izkFkfed :Ik ls mRrjnk;h gSA
;g dbZ izdkj dh 'kdZjkvksa tSls jkbckst&5&QkWLQsV mRiUu djrk gS tks fd
tSola'ys’k.k ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrk gS ;k Xykbdksykbfll ds fy, ,d dM+h
iznku djrk gSA
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