OPHTHALMIC OPTICS FILE Ne 4 ophthalmic optics files 4, OPHTHALMIC LENSES THE DIFFERENT TYPES ( hoOphthalmic lenses PART III The different types 1. Single-vision lenses (continued) Astigmatic lenses e Plano/cylindrical lenses (PI/Cyl) _p. — definitions and descriptions — principal sections of the cylinder — assessment of a plano/cy! lens using a lens measure — images produced by positive plano/cyl lenses — manufacture of plano/cylindrical lenses Bicylindrical lenses p- Sphero/cylindrical lenses (Sph/Cyl) p. principal power meridians — lens permutations — transposition — astigmatic beams - Sturm’s conoid e Toric lenses (Tor) p- — schematic diagram of a toric lens. — powers in the principal meridians — the use of toric and sph/cyl lenses — cylindrical value — convex toric, concave toric, transposition — the manufacture of toric lenses — the effect of a slit on a plano/cyl and on an astigmatic system 19Astigmatic lenses ‘These lenses can be made by the combination of a cyindrical surface with a plano or a spherical surface and include: ~ plano/eylindrical (olano/cy) lenses. Which are used in tral cases and are occasionally used as spectacle lenses. = sphero/cylindrcal (sph/cy)) lenses, which can be rep- resented by a combination of a plano/cy| and a spherical lens ‘These lenses have bean used to correct astigmatism. In the early 1930's they were repiaced by lenses of toric design, Being fat, sph/cy! and plano/cy! lenses generally give poorer ‘quaity images towards the periphery of the lens. — Sphero/torie - toric lenses (tor) These are lenses in which the astigmatic surface is a torus rather than a cylinder (a torus is defined as a surface with two radii of curvature, the meridians of which are at 90° to each ther. A car tyre is a good example of ane. For more deta, see Fig. 27). Image qualty excepted, toric and sphero/cylindrical lenses ‘can produce the samie powers, so that the toric lens is often designed from its sph/cy! equivalent. plano/cylindrical (pl/cyl) lenses @ definitions - descriptions ¢.1) = Cylinder xx’ axis of rotation [AB generatrix of cylinder AB Frags of cylinder base = Plano/cylindrical lenses ‘These are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1 as the blus- shaded areas, = Cylinder axis is the generatrix AB parallel to the rotation axis. Principal sections of the cylinder: Shows the shape of the power meridian of a convex or concave oyinder. — Shows a section through the axis with zero power. With the former, their shape is plano/spherical lenses (OX or CC), and with the latter, plano parallel surface lenses, | plano/eyl OX (+) plano/ey CC (-) Figsupplement os es | ‘ _(~-- ¢ ws 2.0vew ro 5 N | g a arora ae poverneisanpeperioar sey Sioa a preleee ta Different ways of schematically representing a plano/cyl lens ~ a tw yo pop is, te cer ais can be aera Fa 4 Post iemcincion Fa. — as a 3-D view so that the principal mendians can be seen ~ as an out und le ndang he wo pcos mat: OSpower meridan-+ l Fig 2 Optical properties - oyincrical effect - focal length Each principal section therefore acts optically ke a plano/ ‘convex or plano/concave lens along the power mendian, or ke a piano lens along the cylinder axis (Fig. 2).Consider parallel ight incicent on the lenses in Fig. 6. 2) in the positive cylinder, t wil be noted that the light is con- vverged to the line focus FF’, after which it diverges. FE Plano/ey + plano/oy — Fig. 6) 'b) in the negative cylinder, the light is diverged and appa- rently comes from the focus. Its apparent location is indicated by the cotted lines shown in Fig. 6 In both cases, it can be seen that the fine image is in the ‘same direction as the axis, which as they are cylinders, has ze10 power. zeropower Fig 7 Power of a plano/cylindrical lens along the axis, the power is zero along the perpendicular axis, the power is that of a plano/ sph lens of radius r (the radius of the cylinder base). The ower can be written as follows + (cyl power) DC x 90 (using standard notation)e assessment of the power of a plano/cyl lens using a lens measure P and rotate it unti the n the directio ‘equal to the value of the eylinde Figuresupplement Power along an oblique meridian of a cylinder In general terms, any meridian making an angle a with the ‘axis, horizontal in this case, has a power of F = Fesin’a (fa =0,sin’o =OandF =0 and it a = 90°, sin’ a = 1 and Fa = Fy Cylinder effect When a straight line is viewed through a cylindrical lens and the lens is positioned with its axis parallel to the line object, the following movements can be observe a) a clockwise rotation of a positive cylinder produces an anti clockwise rotation of the line. b) the converse is shown in a minus lens. image rotation in the opposite direction to the lens rotator image rotation in the same direc as the lens rotae images produced by positive plano/cyl lenses - astigmatic pencil For light from infinity, there is a single line focus which is situated at the focal plane, after which the light again i= verges, light from iniity cliptical zone A cross-section of a beam of light before and after the focus has an eliptical shape. The longest axis ofthe ellipse is paral lel to the lens axis. ‘The oylinder axis is a most important characteristic of a lens ‘and must therefore be precisely marked, ‘Standard notation for cylinder axis ‘Standard notation is used to indicate the oyiinder orientation ‘and while other methods exist they are not widely used. It shows a pair of spectacles viewed from the front with the wearer's right eye to the left. The markings for 0» are on the right for both eyes and rotate through 180° in an anti- clockwise direction (Fig, 13). focal ine so0" 180° elliptical zone Fig 12 230" - ‘Standard notation Fig. 13 @e@ manufacture of are cylindrical. They are generally cast iron and covered with plano/cylindrical lenses srocseire eo fa otra tol morn 9 reac yen asa tn wich natn ti oenaton the unos se Only manufacturers of trial cases produce plano/cyl lenses sha rolongr ved to caret ametopa Aster ne once sutaes ve Seen pooch nso tre roeved nad oer a at Sora prods The sage of the manutactung proces a Ine sae as toveterinemasspocuctonolipheresl anes repr Plno/yl tel onses ae manures smi dames oat dteence les he she of sarang tase when Sammars wh ha endes apieaton - a _ _ Fig. 14) bicylindrical lenses Ac 2 wane a popes A no i perpendicular, the power produced is the same as a sphere/ ‘ey! combination, The individual powers can be found by con- ‘These lenses are no longer manufactured but hada cyindrcal — Sv"n tne power ln sath marion open surface on both sides of the lens. They were difficult to man- Sdering the eae mera ate facture accurately Foy = 04 Fey Fog = 0+ Fey Cylinders are currently combined during sight-testing where? the trial case cannot provide sufficient power. It Fe, and Fes are not equal, itis equivalent to a sphere/cy! lens fF and Fre are equal, ts equival herical 'No, 1, if the lens axes are parallel, the resultant lens has the NSS Sea EE NSS apres ne same axis and its value isthe algebraic sum of the twolenses This last combination is stil used to make high quality bicylin used drical magnifying lenses. ° ° | o Fe Fes Fes 0 Fema +0 Fe | examples examples 1.00 +250 Fom +100 Fo =+200 » Form +100 =a (see transnositon) 2.00 Fe~ +075 Foe 2.50 For = +250 : Form +260 250 Fo=- 525 ‘a combination equivalent to a sph + 2.50 Fig. 15 10supplement indrical lenses with oblique axes IK the oylinder axes are obliquely crossed, it can be de- monstrated, by calculation or geometrical construction, that the resultant lens is @ sphere/cy| and that the characteristics of the new sphere/cy! lens and axes can be calculated. ‘The simplest solution may be to measure the two obliquely crossed plano/ cy lenses using a focimeter, However itis useful to know the calculation, to solve cortain anisometropia problems, With a combination of two plano/cyl lenses Fey a. ard Fee and Fe and Fes the powers of the two cylinders and a and { where ay is less than az, the direction of their axes. Where the signs of the two cylinders are not the same, the transpos- ition of one or other is required. Calculating the resultant lens — Power Fe Fe=\/ Fa + Fa + 2FeFer cos 2a where a - or a (itis assumed that a, is the smaller angle} = Axis ‘The angle between the resultant cylinder axis and the axis of the lower-powered cylinder (1) is calculated as follows: sn20 =F2sn20 ‘And the axis of the resultant cylinder is measured by @ and 's calculated as follows. gna, +6 Sphere. Fox Foy + Feo — Fe Faas Example: Resultant of system + 2.00 oy! x 30 = + 3.00 cyl x 60° a= 60" 30° ~ 20°. 2= 60" Fo V2 43° +2%5x 200s 60 = \19= 4950 20 —3- sin 60". 2037". 0 in 20 = 52. in 60°, 20= 37", 185 g~ 30° + 188 4° 342-439 Fy- 3225488 Geometrical solution (Fig. 16) 4. Arrange the cyinder combination so that they have the ‘same sign, transposing either if necessary, 2. Select for Fo the cyinder which has its axis nearest to 2610 degrees. 3. Draw a vector to a length proportional to Foy (use a large Scale for greater precision) making an angio o, to the hor: zontal frorn the origin 0», 4. Draw a second vector proportional to Fe, so that it makes an angle wl he fest which 6 twice the afrence between apand.a;, 20 = 2(a2— a) 5. The runt ey Fei he dagona of the paraogram constructed from Fe; and Fes. ‘eon 6. The resultant axis is the bisector of the angle between the resultant vector and the fst cyl Fe, and the angle lies between this direction and the horizontal, Example: (+ 2.00) x 30> (+ 3.00) x 60° scale 3/1 result Fe 4a Fig. 16 =isphero/cylindrical lenses (sph/cyl) Using trial case lenses, if a plano or bi/sphencal lens is com bined with a plano/cyliens, the resultant is a sphero/eylndn- cal lens (Fg. 17) e principal power meridians ‘The powers in each of the meridians can be obtained having Sph + or ~ can be combined with a plano/eyl + or —. This the Powers Fs and Fe «« type of correction can be given in sph/cy form, Soh+ —ployl + Soh+ owl Fs Fs Fo(+) Fo+Fo e lens permutations ‘There are a number of combinations to achieve given sph/cyl powers. examples OO + ~ + +2 y evi + 1.00) 1.00 + y 8

300 Fig. 18@ supplement Fst Fe Fete axis Fs s | Fe sonoreice seh Ok of OX Fig. 20| ‘Schematic representation of a sph/cyl lens Given that the principal power meridians have a power of Fs Considering the principal power meridians, it can be seen that along the axis and Fr + Fe along the 90 axis (Fig. 19) the edge thickness is greater for the section along the axs, with a + cyl and along the perpendicular axis with a — cyl Fig. 20) 13supplement ‘The best sphere (Fig. 21) Given as sphVey! combination, the mean sphere to this is: Frm Fe + = {algebraic} ‘The combination hes two focal ines at lengths fe and f,..Be- tween these two lines lies the circle of least contusion, which is at a focal length Fn from O (see Fig. 24). It can be shown that fn, fy, fy are linked by the equation tft m3 (i*z) It Fy represents the cylinder axis and Fy the meridian at 90 to the cylinder axis the respective powers are: Fang Fe + Fe fm is the focal lenath of the mean sphere. Example Re + 2.00p6/++ 1.00pe % 90 (expressed in sph/cyl form) ‘This can be transposed into + 3.00ps/— 1.005c x 180 As both of these forms give a vertical power of + 2.005 and a horizontal power of + 9.00, they are equal to each other and therefore the mean sphere is the same in both cases. This concept of the Mean Sphere is important when correct ing astigmatism using subjective methods and is of assist- ance when determining the power of contact lenses. Examples 1 + 2.00/+ 1,00 Fm= +250 +3.00/— 1.00 Fn= +250 ‘The two toric lenses have the same mean sphere as they are the two transposed forms of the same lens 2 = 450/- 1.50 Fn= — 8.25 3 — 4.50/+ 2.00 Fn = - 5.00 Foto Fn Fig. 21 4e transposition This gives the transposition Px as + 1.50ps/+ 1.50.0 x 110 Bb) = 2.00p0/++ 4.0050 * 90 in a patient's prescription is usually expressed as ‘cyl combination together with an axis which is not standard notation. From this combinat fn the pr + 4.0055 x 90 = +2. (the new sphere comes ~ 4.00, tion as the spherical componer ne value of the cylinder, which added to 4,00pc * 180 in the meridian which ent the spherical component The axis ofthe cylinder must be plac 1s been taken to = 4.505 along the 45 meridian and ~ 6.00; 1 sphere (i.e. — 6.00s) the Jinder to reduce the power to — 4.50, has a value Using a focimeter Rules to obtain the alternative sph/eyl form palsy in the previous examples we have found the powers of the the cylinder principal meridians in the lens. These powers, with their direc tion, can be read directly using a focimeter. georaicaly th the cylinder ©. + 6.00ps/~ 2.00p0 90 3 the axis by 90° (as st tation) These lines are seen in focus o — dicular to the power meridan being measured - Looking at Fig, 22, the + 5.00. power corresponds to a) + 3.00:e/~ 1.502 X 20 vertical mercian and the power along the horizantal meridian +300, From the example of transposition we can see that a lens = + 1.50 (the new sphere) vat these powers can be represented as = 1.50p¢ becomes + 1.50, 2.003¢ * 90 in sph/cyl for or by + 3.0050/+ * 180 also in sph/cyl forr 3. 20+90=1supplement ‘The image of a cross, represented by dots produced by an astigmatic system This is a representation of the images produced on a screen Screen: placed at each of the positions 1, 2, 3, 4 and $ in Figure 24, bby an astigmatic system with convergent principal meridians. 1. Before the horizontal focal ine “This wil apply equally to the eye, as will be seen later 2. In the plane of the horizontal focal line - horizontal ines are infocus, 3. In the plane of the circle of least confusion. All directions appear equally out of focus. 4. In the plane of the vertical focal line - vertical ines are in focus. 5. Behind the vertical focal line. Fig 23) 16Measuring powers (using a lens measure) As in the case of the plano/ey! lens, the instrument gves: = onthe first side: cylinder axis, power reading O in a perpen: | Fea 200 hence = 650 +800 +850 | a = 800 ~ +200 $150 +150) = 2,00 Fig. 31 Fig 38 24@ convex toric, concave toric transposition ‘There are two sph/oyallematves, one is transposed from the other (see transposition). Equally there are two tonc equi- valents, one tranposed from the other. Example (Fig. 34) + 1,00 at 30° + 3.00 at 120° + 3.00 at 120 + 1,00 at 30° ‘These are two toric lenses which are transposed from each other 30° = 600 +800 = 590 $3.00 +100 [$1.00 «O00 OL 2100 @ 2 500 =00 iar Fig. 34 22 ‘Transposed toric lenses It is possible to manufacture toric lenses with either positive ‘or negative base curves. Example 1 +800 600 650 F,=+800-600-+2.00 F,=+800-650= +150 Example 2 +100 - 4.00 - 675 F,=+1,00-4,00-- 300 F,— + 1.00-6,75~-5,75 Examples +750 600 = 950 Fi-+7.50-600-+1,50 F,=+7,0-9.50~- 200 Fig. 35e the manufacture of toric lenses When mass producing toric lenses, the bianks are moun (on a circular holder and the toric surface generated by a dla mond grinding wheel. This surface is then smoothed and f rally polished with the appropriately-faced tool In the generating process the curvatures are contr relative postions and angles of the diamond wheel in relation ‘othe lens. Metal tools are used to smooth and polish, each sur Tolerence on cylindrical powers and axes are therefore required to enable a complete range of lenses to be manufactured When the tor over and the s lar fashion, though on urtace has been completed, the lans is tumedt 0nd, spherical sid is manufactured in 's occasion, using spherical tools, Fig. 36 shows the mass production af positive toric surfaces, Tolerence on the cylinder ower of meridian Of highest absolute power a oth Baek 0100.75 meron mere over 6.00, plano to 3.00 +003 £0.18 +012 00 up to6.00 OE £0,18 over 6.00 up 10 9.00 +012 +o18 | —____] £0.25 over 9.00. up to 12.00 £0.25 over 12,00 up to 20.00 +025 * £0,25 ‘over 20.00 +025 +£0.25 £0.25 ‘ ‘over 0.60) = cylindrical power opto 180 over 1.60, [___Toletence on ovinder axes +5 £25 £15‘The effect of a slit on a plano/cyl and on an astigmatic system A sufficiently fine sit isolates one of the meridians of an astig- atic system (for example, the principal horzontal meridian) Only those rays of light within the horizontal plane pass through the astigmatic system which then acts lke @ sphere using only the power of that meridian, In other words, the sit ensures that the system operates in tone plane only@SSILOR,