International Relations

Pak-USA Relations
The trajectory of Pakistan-U.S. relations, while marked by both successes and failures, has been deeply
influenced by geopolitical dynamics, regional security concerns, and shared strategic interests. From its
inception in 1947, Pakistan's alignment with the United States evolved within the context of the Cold War
rivalry with the Soviet Union. Initially, US recognition of Pakistan's geopolitical significance was gradual, but
Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan's pivotal visit to Washington in 1950 laid the groundwork for bilateral
cooperation.

Throughout the 1950s, Pakistan emerged as a crucial ally in the US-led efforts to contain Soviet
expansionism, receiving substantial military and economic assistance. Joining SEATO and CENTO bolstered
Pakistan's defense capabilities and cemented its role in countering communist influence in South Asia and
the Middle East. Ayub Khan's decision to allow US air bases in Pakistan in the late 1950s underscored the
deepening military cooperation between the two nations, aimed at monitoring Soviet activities.

However, strains emerged in the aftermath of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, as US aid to Pakistan waned,
signaling a shift in bilateral dynamics. Yet, the pivotal moment came in 1979 following the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan, which reshaped the strategic landscape of the region. Pakistan's pivotal role in supporting
Afghan mujahideen fighters against Soviet forces led to a significant resurgence in US-Pakistan relations,
marked by substantial military and economic aid to counter Soviet aggression.

The 1980s witnessed a peak in US assistance to Pakistan, with substantial financial and military aid provided
to bolster Pakistan's capabilities in the Afghan conflict. However, the end of the Cold War altered the
dynamics, diminishing Pakistan's significance in US foreign policy calculations. Moreover, diverging interests
and policy disagreements, such as Pakistan's nuclear ambitions and perceived support for extremist
groups, strained relations in the post-Cold War era.

Despite periodic setbacks and disagreements, both countries continued to engage in diplomatic efforts to
recalibrate their relationship. Visits by Pakistani leaders, including Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, aimed at
improving ties and addressing mutual concerns. The US, too, attempted to navigate a complex
relationship, balancing security interests with concerns over Pakistan's nuclear proliferation and support for
militant groups.

Nevertheless, significant challenges persisted, such as the US objections to Pakistan's nuclear program,
concerns over human rights issues, and Pakistan's perceived support for militant groups like the Taliban.
These factors contributed to fluctuations in bilateral relations, with moments of cooperation tempered by
periods of tension and mistrust.

In conclusion, while Pakistan-US relations have endured both successes and setbacks, driven by strategic
imperatives and regional dynamics, the underlying foundation of cooperation remains rooted in shared
interests and geopolitical realities. The complex interplay of security concerns, diverging interests, and
historical grievances continues to shape the contours of this critical bilateral relationship in South Asia

Pakistan-China Relations and SAARC

Pakistan and China have maintained friendly relations since 1950 when Pakistan recognized the communist
government of China and supported it in regaining the UNO membership. Leaders of both countries
exchanged visits in the 1950s and 1960s, signing trade agreements and demarcating their boundary line to
avoid future conflict. Pakistan and China developed strong economic and cultural ties during this time,
with China granting Pakistan an interest-free loan of $60 million and becoming the largest importer of
Pakistan's cotton. In return, Pakistan imported industrial machinery and developed the Heavy Mechanical
Complex in Taxila. Pakistan International Airlines also started regular flights to China, resulting in increased
business. The Karakoram Highway further strengthened trade and tourism between the two countries.
China has also supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir issue and supplied military aid during the 1965
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war with India. In 1986, they signed a nuclear cooperation treaty, and China gave Pakistan the Chashma
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Nuclear Power Plant, which started operating in 1999.

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However, Pakistan did not have good relations with China in its early years after independence due to its
pro-American policies, which put it at odds with China as the two countries were rivals. In 1959, Pakistan
condemned China's military action in Tibet, which displeased China. During the 1971 war with India, China
did not support Pakistan due to pressure from the former USSR, which supported India. In the 1990s, China
wanted Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue with India, causing resentment in Pakistan.

In summary, Pakistan and China have maintained cordial relations, with delegations from all walks of life
exchanging visits. There were strong economic, trade, and cultural ties between the two countries until
1999, and Pakistan received significant military and industrial equipment from China.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical
organization of eight countries located primarily in South Asia. The SAARC Secretariat is based in
Kathmandu, Nepal. The combined economy of SAARC is the third-largest in the world in terms of GDP, with
the member states comprising 3% of the world's area and containing 21% of the world's population, or
around 1.7 billion people. India makes up over 70% of the area and population among these eight nations.
All non-Indian member states except Afghanistan share borders with India, but only two other members,
Pakistan and Afghanistan, share a border with each other.

The idea of regional political and economic cooperation in South Asia was first raised by Bangladesh
President Ziaur Rahman on 2 May 1980. The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 8 December 1985,
where the organization was established by the governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Since then, the organization has expanded by accepting Afghanistan as a
new full member and several observer members.

SAARC policies aim to promote welfare economics, and collective self-reliance among the countries of
South Asia, and accelerate socio-cultural development in the region. SAARC has developed external
relations by establishing permanent diplomatic relations with the EU, the UN (as an observer), and other
multilateral entities. The leaders of each nation hold official meetings annually, while the foreign ministers
meet twice a year. The 18th SAARC Summit was held in Kathmandu from 26-27 November 2014.

In conclusion, Pakistan and China have maintained strong relations, and SAARC aims to promote
cooperation and development among South Asian countries. The success of these organizations will
depend on continued efforts towards collaboration and peaceful coexistence among member states.

INDIA 1947-1971
➢ Failures: The relationship between India and Pakistan, marred by numerous failures and occasional successes,
has been characterized by deep-seated tensions and unresolved disputes. From the aftermath of partition in
1947 to the Kargil conflict in 1999, various issues have contributed to the deterioration of bilateral relations. One
significant failure was the refugee crisis that ensued following independence, with millions of people displaced
amid communal violence and unrest. The inability to effectively address the canal water dispute and the
division of financial and military assets further strained relations, exacerbating existing tensions.

The Kashmir issue emerged as a major point of contention, fueling hostility between the two nations throughout the
1950s. Despite attempts at dialogue, including the Liaquat-Nehru Pact of 1951, and the signing of agreements such as
the Tashkent Agreement in 1966, progress towards lasting peace remained elusive. Conflicts such as the Indo-China war
and the Runn of Kutch skirmish added to the animosity between the two countries, while Pakistan's support for
insurgencies in India, notably in East Pakistan, further exacerbated tensions.

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War represented a major failure in bilateral relations, underscoring the deep-seated animosity
and inability to resolve disputes through peaceful means. The creation of Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan and subsequent
events leading to the formation of Bangladesh strained relations further. Despite occasional successes, such as Pakistan's
inclusion in the UN and the signing of the Liaquat-Nehru Pact, persistent failures in addressing core issues continued to
hamper progress towards lasting peace.

From 1972 to 1999, tensions persisted, exacerbated by events such as India's nuclear tests in 1974 and Pakistan's
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subsequent announcement of its nuclear program. The involvement of both countries in aiding separatist movements in
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each other's territories, such as the Sikh separatist movement in India and alleged support for Kashmiri separatists in

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Pakistan, further fueled animosity. Territorial disputes, including over Kashmir and the Siachen glacier, remained
unresolved, contributing to continued hostility between the two nations.

Despite sporadic attempts at diplomacy and peace-building measures, including high-level talks and agreements to
prevent attacks on nuclear facilities, bilateral tensions continued to escalate. The destructive role of external factors,
such as the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India and geopolitical alignments during the Soviet-Afghan War, further
complicated efforts to improve relations. Ultimately, the failure to address underlying grievances and reconcile
competing interests perpetuated a cycle of hostility and conflict between India and Pakistan, underscoring the
complexities and challenges inherent in their relationship

➢ ACCOMPLISHMENTS Tensions diminished after Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister in November 1984 and after
a group of Sikh hijackers were brought to trial by Pakistan in March 198 Pakistan and India became members of
the SAARC in 198 This organization was not only to improve the economic conditions of the member countries
but also to avoid the wars between them. The sporting relations between the two countries were resumed and
the Cricket and the hockey teams visited across the border Both the countries exchanged the group of actors
and laid emphasis on joint productions for the healthy cinema.
➢ The SAF games were held in 1988 in Pakistan and India participated with full enthusiasm In December 1985,
President Zia and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi pledged not to attack each other’s nuclear facility A formal “no
attack” agreement was signed in January 1991. In 1986, the Indian and Pakistani governments began high-
level talks to resolve the Siachen Glacier border dispute and to improve trade Subsequent high-level bilateral
meetings relieved the tensions between Pakistan and India, but relations worsened again after terrorist
bombings in Bombay, in March 1993.
➢ Talks between the Foreign Secretaries of both countries in January 1994 resulted in a deadlock. Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif moved to resume an official dialogue with India. Several meetings at the foreign secretary and
Prime Ministerial level took place, with positive atmospherics but little concrete progress. The relationship
improved markedly when Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee traveled to Lahore for a summit with Sharif
in February 1999.

Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7 marks]

• It was only a treaty against communal aggression signed with USA and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto preferred USSR over
the West after he came into power in 1971.

• It wasn’t able to provide Pak economic and military aid

• It didn’t support Pak in the 1965 and 1971 wars and the secession of East Pakistan

Why did Pakistan join the UN in 1947? [7 Marks]

• Wanted international recognition as a new country

• Wanted help in early problems including Canal Water Dispute and refugee problem

• Need for help in right over Kashmir

• Pakistan was keen to play its role in supporting independence struggles in African and Asian countries as well as
being a spokesperson against offences in backward countries for peacekeeping missions against offences like
racial discrimination, colonization and regional aggression

Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian Cause? [7 marks]

Pakistanis and Palestinians are tied with each other by the relation of religion. Naturally, Pakistan has to demonstrate
solidarity with the Muslim brothers in Palestine. It has always supported the Palestinian cause on all international forums
and has condemned the Israeli atrocities and violations of human rights in Palestine.

Pakistan has to develop common position with the Muslim countries on international issues because she is also facing the
unresolved issue of Kashmir with India. Its pro-Palestinian stance would make it win the support of Muslim community for
freedom struggle in Kashmir. Pakistan needs strong diplomatic support against the illegal occupation of Kashmir by India.

Illegal occupation of Palestinian territories by Israel is a serious issue for the entire Muslim world. Al-Aqsa mosque in the
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holy city of Al-Quds was the first Qibla of Muslims and the third holiest Islamic shrine on the earth. It is incumbent on all
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Muslims to defend its dignity and honour as part of Muslim faith. These sacred places are heritage of the whole Muslim
community, not just Palestine.
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Going in step with the Muslim countries for diplomatic support of Palestine would enable Pakistan to make better trading
relations and military cooperation with them. She strongly needs to uplift its poor economy by having financial assistance
from the Islamic countries and by promoting bilateral trade with them.

One of the cornerstones of Pakistan’s foreign policy was the support of suppressed nations. Pakistan has always been
against oppression, colonialism, and discrimination and has supported the right of self-determination of every nation.

What was the Pressler Amendment? [4 Marks]

• 1985 sponsored by Larry Pressler

• Imposed on Pakistan an aid sanction

• Both military and economic aid from the US would be stopped unless Pak gave up its nuclear program and the
President assured regularly that Pak doesn’t possess a nuclear device

• It didn’t function in the beginning as the Afghan Miracle called for the US to aid Pak against the USSR

• In 1990, when Soviet soldiers were forced to leave, it was actually put into action and US aid fell drastically

• In the following years, it led to strained relations b/w the US and Pak as Pak heavily relied on US aid

What was the U2 crisis? [4 marks]

• 1 May 1960

• US spy plane shot down by USSR missile while hovering over military bases in the Soviet Union

• The pilot Gary Powers landed safely and was captured by the USSR

• The plane had flown from Peshawar Base

• America claimed it was a weather forecasting plane whereas Pak denied any involvement

• But they didn’t know that the Russians had caught Gary Powers who was found with pictures of Russian military
bases

• Gary had acknowledged that he flew from Pakistan

• USSR angry with Pak

• The event showed the closeness between USA and Pakistan

How successful has Pakistan been as a member of International organizations between 1947 and 1999? [14 marks]

• UN or UNO [United Nations (Organization)]

1. Pakistan joined UNO in September 1947.

2. Provided international recognition

3. In the beginning Pakistan remained involved in arguments about the rights of Kashmiris and the
solution to the Kashmir problem in which Pakistan was not successful.

4. Helped attain ceasefire in 1949 and draw Line Of Control

5. Pakistan has been very active in the proceedings of the United Nations and the Pakistani delegations
made an effective contribution to the independence of many states, which were under colonial rule
in the 1950s, particularly in the case of Muslim states such as Palestine.

6. Pakistan has contributed effectively and regularly to the United Nations peacekeeping missions in
African and Asian countries.
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7. Provided funds for refugee settlement

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8. The World Bank solved the Canal Water Dispute through the Indus Water Treaty in 1960
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9. Provided financial support to establish hydroelectric and soil reclamation programmes

10. Didn’t help at the time of the secession of East Pakistan in 1971

11. Pakistan was elected thrice as a member of the Security Council.

12. Pakistan was effective in getting resolutions passed in the General Assembly asking for the withdrawal
of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and always supported the Palestinian and Arab causes.

13. Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan of Pakistan worked as a judge of the International Court of Justice for
several years.

• SEATO and CENTO [South East Asian Treaty Organization & Central Asian Treaty Organization]

1. In 1955, Baghdad Pact was signed later called CENTO. Pakistan was far more enthusiastic about
CENTO because other member states were mostly Muslim. Pakistan regularly tried to persuade the
other members to establish a unified command for CENTO. However, despite regular meetings, the
group never developed a permanent structure or a system for raising troops for mutual defence. The
USA supported CENTO, but never actually joined. Thus by 1979 the organisation had quietly dissolved.

2. In September 1954, Pakistan joined SEATO, but the decision faced opposition from within the Pakistan
government so the treaty was not ratified until 1955. The treaty also applied only against communist
aggression, thus Pakistan was to receive no help for its wars with India. Pakistan had also hoped for a
permanent military force to protect all member countries against any attack – it was, however, not
accepted. It did not support Pakistan during the 1965 and 1971 wars. Finally Bhutto withdrew from
the organisation in 1972 after the Bangladesh Crisis.

• OIC [Organization of Islamic Cooperation]

1. Since the foundation of OIC in 1964, Pakistan has been an active member of it and has been actively
participating in the activities of OIC aimed at Islamic unity, solidarity, and stability.

2. Pakistan has also taken part in all summits and conferences held under the banner of OIC as it hosted
the Second Islamic Summit Conference in 1974 in Lahore

3. Pakistan also contributed her due share in all respects for the achievement of its objectives. It had
raised a voice for the Palestinian Cause.

4. The summit showed that Pakistan had many friends all over the Muslim world and the summit
declared Pakistan the leading Muslim nation

5. Pak was receiving aid from fellow Islamic countries like Iran (giving loans totaling $730 million), Libya,
and UAE.

• RCD [Regional Cooperation Development]

1. On 21st July 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up the
Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD).

2. This encouraged the three countries to develop closer trade links and help each other with industrial
projects, such as setting up mills, and factories.

3. Most effective in educational development

4. Later known as ECO in 1985 after the Iranian revolution with new members including Afghanistan and
other Islamic countries
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How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Britain and the commonwealth countries between 1947 and 1999? [14
marks]

• British provide military help on independence as well as help in civil services

• Financial and technical aid was also provided but most Pakistanis felt that had the partition been fair these
problems wouldn’t have arisen

• Pak chose to remain a member of the commonwealth after independence

• Commonwealth membership provided political and economic aid

• Many refugees migrated to Britain after being displaced or evacuated.

• 1950, the Colombo Plan gave Pak more than 1 million pounds for the Sui Gas project

• Commonwealth nations also helped Pakistan; Canada provided $40 million for the development of railways

• Didn’t gain support over the Kashmir issue and commonwealth members opposed military rule

• Britain and Pak worked together as members of SEATO and CENTO

• Pakistan criticized the British attack on the Suez Canal in 1956

• Didn’t provide help any military or economic aid during wars with India but helped bring the 2nd Indo-Pak war
to an end

• In 1962, the Commonwealth immigration Act introduced a voucher scheme which led to migrations to Britain.

• Remained neutral in matters of the Bangladesh crisis and recognized Bangladesh as an independent state
after which Pak left the Commonwealth in 1971

• Britain supported Pak during the Afghan Crisis and Margaret Thatcher was the first Western leader to visit
Pakistan during this

• Gave Pakistan 30 million pounds for the welfare of Afghan refugees

• Gave 16 million pounds to help refugees in Balochistan and NWFP

• By 1968, efficient trade of up to 376 million pounds had taken place b/w the two countries

• Pak rejoined the Commonwealth in 1989

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1999? [14 marks]

• Pakistan's efforts to establish good relations with the USSR after gaining independence were met with mixed
results. Initially, the USSR extended an invitation to Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan to visit Moscow in 1948, indicating a
willingness to engage with Pakistan diplomatically. However, Liaqat Ali Khan's decision to prioritize a visit to
Washington over Moscow disappointed the Soviets, setting a somewhat rocky start to the relationship.

In the 1960s, following the U-2 incident where the Soviets captured an American spy plane launched from
Peshawar, Pakistan's relations with the USSR took a turn. Pakistan, feeling neglected by the US during the Sino-Indian
war, sought to improve ties with the USSR. This led to significant diplomatic efforts, including official visits and
agreements on trade and oil exploration.

The Tashkent Accord of 1966, mediated by the USSR, showcased Soviet involvement in facilitating peace between
Pakistan and India after the 1965 war. Despite some setbacks, such as the closure of the American airbase in
Peshawar prompting Soviet arms supplies to Pakistan, relations between Pakistan and the USSR appeared relatively
stable during this period.

Under Z.A. Bhutto's leadership, Pakistan made strides in improving relations with the USSR. Bhutto's socialist leanings
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allowed for significant cooperation, including the establishment of the Pakistan Steel Mill with Soviet assistance in
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1972. However, tensions resurfaced after Bhutto fell from power in 1977.

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The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan after the Geneva Accord of 1988 provided an opportunity for improved
relations between Pakistan and the newly formed Russian Federation. High-level visits between the two countries
occurred in the early 1990s, signaling efforts to foster friendly relations and address regional issues like the Afghan
conflict.

Despite these attempts at rapprochement, numerous challenges and failures persisted in Pak-USSR relations.
Pakistan's alignment with the US and participation in US-sponsored military blocs like SEATO and CENTO irked the
Soviets, leading to continued support for India on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan's involvement in the Afghan war further
strained relations, with accusations of Pakistan's support for Afghan Mujahideen complicating matters.

Additionally, Pakistan's opposition to atheistic communist ideology and Soviet expansionist designs, coupled with
objections to Pakistan's nuclear policy, hindered the development of closer ties between the two nations. The
divergence in ideologies and strategic interests remained a significant barrier to achieving lasting success in Pak-
USSR relations.

In summary, while efforts were made to improve relations between Pakistan and the USSR, underlying ideological
differences and geopolitical tensions prevented the establishment of a truly successful partnership
How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Muslim countries between 1947 and 1999? [14 marks]

Iran
1. 1950, Treaty of Friendship b/w Liaqat Ali Khan and Shah of Iran

2. Iran first country to officially recognize Pakistan as an independent state

3. 95-mile territory given to Pak, Zahidan given to Iran

4. Early issues solved

5. The Baghdad Pact signed in 1955 later called CENTO

6. RCD in 1964, was set up to improve trade

7. Iran offers assistance in the 1965 Indo-Pak war by providing 5000 tonnes of petroleum, nurses, jet
fighters, and medical supplies

8. Also provided military assistance in the 1973 Baloch insurgency as well as the 1971 war

9. Ayatollah Khomeini overtakes and relations deteriorate as the new government was anti-American

Bangladesh
➢ Obviously, in the beginning, relations were strained as Pakistan had lost one of its wings

➢ Pak doesn’t officially recognize Bangladesh until late 1970’s

➢ Assets not divide b/w the two

➢ Pak leaves commonwealth when UK accept Bangladesh

➢ 1974, Islamic Summit conference in Lahore attended by Bengali PM Sheikh Mujibur Rehman

➢ Bangladesh returns Pakistani prisoners after a meeting b/w Bhutto and Mujibur Rehman

➢ 1974, Bhutto visits Bangladesh

➢ The Bihari community conflicts not solved and problems of division of assets also remained unsolved.

➢ The new government was easy to talk with after the assassination of Mujibur Rehman

➢ Trade increase up to $40 million

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➢ 1985 and 1988, Bangladesh hit by severe floods; in both cases, Pak was first to provide foreign aid to
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their Muslim brothers

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Afghanistan
➢ Immediate issues with Afghanistan

➢ Afghanistan cast vote against Pak in UN

➢ Border dispute in 1947

➢ Pakhtunistan Movement by Pathans in NWFP demanding independence from Pakistan supported by

Afghanistan who claimed that their territory had been taken away from them

➢ Abdul Ghaffar Khan major personality heading the movement

➢ Pakistan offers route through Pak to Afghanistan in an attempt to call of the movement

➢ But Afghanistan instead sign a treaty with Russia

➢ Pakistan embassy attacked in Kabul; diplomatic relations broke off

➢ Relations restored

➢ 1956, Iskander Mirza visits Afghanistan

➢ Afghanistan doesn’t join RCD because of Pakistan being its member

➢ 1958, Pakistan officers harassed in Kabul and relations break once more

➢ Shah of Iran helps restore relations

➢ Bhutto and Daud make exchanging visits to each other’s countries

➢ Then in 1977, Zia cooperates with him and relations improved

➢ Official mourning declared in Pakistan on death of Abdul Ghaffar Khan

➢ 1979, USSR invasion in Afghanistan; Pakistan supports Afghan mujahideen

➢ Provide military help and intelligence to mujahideen and help force USSR to withdraw forces

➢ Pak receives millions of refugees from Pakistan

➢ The government of Pakistan accepted the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the first embassy was
opened in Islamabad.

➢ The foreign ministers of both countries paid bi-lateral visits and trade was improved.

➢ The Taliban government continued to support Pakistan on the Kashmir issue for the first time in history.

➢ 1999, the Islamabad accord was signed by six fractions to solve issues between tribes in Afghanistan
that had called civil war

• Some Muslim countries like Egypt were annoyed by Pakistan’s closeness with US and were also disappointed
when Pak didn’t offer help in the Suez crisis of 1956

• Pakistan has supported the Palestinian cause against Israel’s hostilities

• Pak has remained a member of OIC and has hosted an OIC meeting in Karachi as well as an Islamic Summit at
Lahore.
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• Pak was able to unite Muslims after the Arab-Israeli War of 1973.

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• Resulted in aid from countries like Iran who offered $730 million, and UAE who offered Some Muslim countries
like Egypt were annoyed by Pakistan’s closeness with the US and were also disappointed when Pak didn’t offer
help in the Suez crisis of 1956

• Pakistan has supported the Palestinian cause against Israel’s hostilities

• Pak has remained a member of OIC and has hosted an OIC meeting in Karachi as well as an Islamic Summit at
Lahore.

• Pak able to unite Muslims after the Arab-Israeli War of 1973.

• Resulted in aid from countries like Iran who offered $730 million, UAE who offered 100 pounds and Libya who
gave $80 million

• Gulf states have enabled Pakistan to establish industry as well as provide oil to Pak

• Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to recognize Pak officially as a separate state

• 1970’s military agreements signed with Muslim countries

• 1980s remittances from the Gulf States were the second largest source of foreign exchange

• Pak provided military expertise to many countries

• Pak joined the international coalition to end the Iraqi war on Kuwait during the Gulf War 1990-1

PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH

Ideologically Pakistan and Bangladesh were two parts of the same country. Present Bangladesh was the former Eastern
Pakistan before 16th December 1971 when Bangladesh emerged as an independent and sovereign State. The two wings
of Pakistan were situated at 1,750Km from each other with the Indian Territory lying in between the two parts. There were
glaring contrasts in the way of living and cultural values of the two parts of the country. Islam was the only common factor
that could keep the two provinces together.

Unfortunately, since the independence no sincere endeavor was made to cement the two wings into one whole. No one
tried sincerely to enforce Islam, the only bond, which could keep the two parts together. When the hostilities ended, the
two countries, Pakistan and Bangladesh, sat down and reviewed all the available facts and urged each other to restore
the broken bonds of brotherhood between the people of the two countries. The Government of Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto
accomplished the desired objective of restoration of brotherly links between the two people and extended its recognition
to the creation of Bangladesh in 1974 during the O.I.C. Summit a Lahore. Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto extended the
recognition to the newly-born Government of Bangladesh on the explicit desire of the Muslim world which had assembled
at Lahore to attend the Second O.I.C. Summit Conference. Consequently, the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh
Mujib-ur Rehman, leading his country‟s delegation, came to Lahore to participate in the O.I.C. Summit Conference. After
restoring relations with Bangladesh, Pakistan‟s Prime Minister Mr. Z.A Bhutto paid a visit to Bangladesh. He was warmly
welcomed wherever he went which confirmed the sentiments of brotherhood existing amongst the people of Bangladesh
for the people of Pakistan.

However, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, at the behest of India was not sincere in cultivating
friendly relations with Pakistan. The Government of Bangladesh demanded the division of assets and refused to accept
any liability. The stubborn attitude of Mujib‟s Government proved a hurdle in the way of fostering friendly relations between
the two countries and the process of development of understanding and cordiality suffered heavily. An agreement
between Pakistan and Bangladesh was concluded on 23rd January, 1976 by which telecommunication links were
established. .Telephone and teleprinter services were instituted between Rawalpindi and Dhaka on 13th February 1976 on
an experimental basis. These agreements brought the two countries closer to each other. Another agreement was
reached between the two countries after talks in Dhaka on 24th July, 1976, by which it was agreed upon to exchange
delegations on Banking and Shipping. Further measures were announced to promote trade between the two States. The
Government of Khondekar Mushtaq could not last long and was replaced by General Zia-ur-Rehman in 1977.

General Zia-ur-Rehman was a shrewd person who quickly got his stronghold on the issues. General Zia-ur-Rehman paid an
official visit to Pakistan which cemented the ties between the two countries. General Zia-urRehman was assassinated in
July 1981. Justice Abdus Sattar ascended the throne too was replaced by General Husain Muhammad Irshad. On 21st July
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1979, a Joint Economic Commission was established between Pakistan and Bangladesh to promote economic
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collaboration. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan, the then Finance Minister of Pakistan signed on behalf of his Government while Mr.

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Saif-ur-Rehman represented Bangladesh. It was decided to hold the meetings of the Commission every year in Pakistan
and Bangladesh by rotation. The first meeting of the Commission was held on 21st July 1979 immediately after its formation.

Bangladesh had extended its full support to Pakistan‟s point of view on International political issues. When the Soviet troops
entered Afghanistan in December 1979, Pakistan raised its voice against this illegal and unethical occupation of Afghan
territory. Bangladesh played an important role in this connection. President Zia-ur-Rehman convened an emergent
meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Islamic Countries. In this meeting sentiments of solidarity and homogeneity were
expressed for the freedom struggle of the Afghan people. By 1980 bilateral relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh
were established on a broader perspective and mutual understanding. Several delegations were exchanged between
the two countries: the Secretary, of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan. Mr. Riaz Piracha toured Bangladesh on 24-25th October
1980 and held discussions with the officials of Bangladesh. As a result of these discussions, a group of experts was set up to
see the division of assets between the two countries.

Bangladesh had demanded 2,130 m. dollars as its share from the joint assets from Pakistan. The two countries also decided
to extend cooperation to each other in the field of education. Pakistan has fixed a quota of seats in its Engineering and
Medical institutions for the students of Bangladesh. Similarly, Bangladesh has also fixed the quota of seats for Pakistani
students in its educational institutions. The meeting of the Joint Ministerial Committee between the two countries was held
on 8th September 1984 at Islamabad. Negotiations for the promotion of trade between Bangladesh and Pakistan were
held in this meeting. Bangladesh offered to export Jute, tea, and carpets to Pakistan and will import rice, pig iron, railway
carriages, and other steel items from Pakistan

OIC
After the establishment of Pakistan, the basic principle of Pakistan's Foreign Policy was decided. Pakistan will not leave
any stone unturned for the sake of Muslim Unity but the circumstances were not suitable at that time. Most of the Arab
Countries were thinking of Arab Nationalism. They consider themselves Arab first and then Muslims. After work cold
behaviour of superpowers made Muslim Countries united. By and by Muslim Countries became united on the base of
Islam. In this way path was paved for the establishment of the OIC. Pakistan rendered remarkable services for the
establishment of the OIC. Establishment of the OIC In August 1969 establishment of the OIC was unavoidable when the
Jews attempted to burn Masjid-e-Aqsa and demolished some of its parts. This was not the problem of only Arabs. The Arab
Foreign Ministers suggested calling an Islamic submission conference to look into crucial matters. So first meeting of the
heads of Islamic countries was held in Rabat, a city of Morocco in September, 1969. Then the organization of the Muslim
Conference was founded. Organization OIC is an International Organization. About 46 Islamic Countries are its members.
Its head office is in Jeddah. The first Chairman was Shah Hussain of Morocco and the first Secretary General was Sharif-
uddin Perzada, the then Foreign Minister of Pakistan.

The aims and objectives of the OIC:-

1. Steps for defending Muslim States from Nuclear Dangers.

2. Peaceful solution of conflicts of the Muslim Countries

3. Protection of the Muslim territories from Jewish aggression and protection of holy places in Jerusalem.

4. Establishment of the Islamic Development Bank and Islamic Stability Fund for the sake of economic development of
Muslim Countries.

5. In the case of Foreign Aggression, Defense of Muslim Countries.

6. The restoration of occupied Muslim Territories and especially the struggle for the liberty of Palestine.

7. Protection of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim Countries.

8. Establishment of Islamic Commission for cultural & social activities to promote Islamic Culture. 9. Establishment of Muslim
Universities for the Promulgation of Islamic Ideology.

10. Establishment of impartial policies.

11. To save the Muslim Countries from being toadies to the Super Powers.
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How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world

organizations between 1947 and 1999?

Pakistan's membership in various world organizations between 1947 and 1999 showcased its active participation in global
affairs and its commitment to fostering international cooperation. Joining the United Nations in 1947 marked Pakistan's
initial foray into the world stage, driven by a desire to seek assistance in resolving disputes, particularly with India, and
addressing the challenges stemming from partition. Throughout its membership, Pakistan engaged in diplomatic efforts
within the UN framework, including taking the Kashmir issue to the UN Security Council in the 1950s and supporting initiatives
for peace and conflict resolution, such as the Tashkent Accord of 1966.

Additionally, Pakistan played a significant role in regional and global peacekeeping efforts as a member of the UN
peacekeeping forces, deploying troops to countries like Somalia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Various UN organizations,
including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), provided assistance
to Pakistan in areas such as health, education, and economic development, highlighting the benefits of its UN
membership.

Furthermore, Pakistan's involvement in US-sponsored anti-communist military blocs like SEATO and CENTO in the 1950s
aimed to bolster its security and improve relations with member states. However, its departure from SEATO in 1972
underscored limitations in the effectiveness of these alliances, particularly during conflicts such as the wars of 1965 and
1971.

Membership in the Commonwealth provided Pakistan with opportunities for development projects and participation in
international events like the Commonwealth Games. However, political considerations, such as the requirement for civil
rule, influenced Pakistan's membership status, leading to its departure in 1972 and subsequent re-entry in 1989.

The establishment of regional organizations like the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in 1964 and later the
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) reflected Pakistan's efforts to enhance trade and cultural ties with neighboring
countries. Despite challenges, such as strained relations with Afghanistan affecting the effectiveness of the ECO, Pakistan
demonstrated its commitment to regional cooperation.

Active engagement in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) allowed Pakistan to advocate for Muslim causes
and promote solidarity among member states. Hosting the OIC summit in Lahore in 1974 showcased Pakistan's leadership
role within the organization, despite challenges posed by rivalries among member states.

Furthermore, Pakistan's role in founding the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985
demonstrated its commitment to fostering friendly relations with neighboring countries. However, longstanding Indo-Pak
rivalry and grievances, particularly with Bangladesh, presented obstacles to SAARC's effectiveness.

In conclusion, Pakistan's membership in world organizations between 1947 and 1999 reflected its proactive engagement
in global affairs, pursuit of peace and conflict resolution, and efforts to foster regional cooperation. While facing challenges
and limitations, Pakistan's participation underscored its commitment to international cooperation and its recognition as an
important player in regional and global affairs.

How successful have the Governments of Pakistan been in Islamizing the constitution between 1947 and 1999? (14)

Various governments have undertaken steps to Islamize the constitution of Pakistan during the specified timeframe. The
journey towards Islamization began with the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, which signaled the desire
to incorporate Islamic principles into the legal framework. However, efforts to enforce Islamic Sharia were put on hold
when Liaqat Ali Khan withdrew the resolution for review by the Basic Principles Committee.

Subsequently, Prime Minister Ch. Muhammad Ali drafted Pakistan's first constitution, which came into effect in March 1956.
While it declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and established an Islamic advisory council, tasked with advising the
government on legislation in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah, its advisory nature limited its legislative impact. This
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constitution was short-lived as it was abrogated in October 1958.

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President Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution in March 1962, retaining the Islamic Republic title and the provision for
a Muslim head of state. Similar to its predecessor, this constitution also established an Islamic Advisory Council. However, it
faced a similar fate as it was abrogated in March 1969, leaving Pakistan without a constitution for nearly four years.

Under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan saw the framing of the third constitution, implemented in August 1973. This
constitution included more robust Islamic clauses, maintaining the Islamic Republic status and the requirement for a Muslim
head of state. Additionally, it revised the definition of a Muslim in the wake of the anti-Qadiani Movement. However, these
provisions faced criticism from certain quarters, particularly the Qadiani community.

General Zia ul Haq's regime marked a significant phase in Islamization efforts. After declaring martial law in July 1977, he
suspended the 1973 constitution but introduced a series of Islamic laws. These included the enforcement of Hudood and
Qazf Ordinance, Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, and amendments to the Blasphemy Law, aimed at aligning legal practices
with Islamic principles. While these measures were welcomed by some, they drew criticism from non-Muslims and women's
organizations.

During her tenure as Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto, known for her liberal views, opposed significant Islamization. Despite
her attempts to restore the 1973 constitution, she faced challenges in repealing Zia-era Islamic laws due to a lack of
parliamentary majority.

Nawaz Sharif, during his first term as Prime Minister, passed the Shariat Bill in May 1991, emphasizing the implementation of
Quranic principles within the existing legal framework. However, its reception was mixed, with religious parties supporting
it while the opposition raised concerns about increased Islamization. In his second term, Sharif attempted to further Islamize
governance through the 15th Amendment, but its progress was hindered by political uncertainties.

In conclusion, the process of Islamization faced challenges stemming from political instability and the failure to garner full
public support, highlighting the complexities inherent in incorporating Islamic principles into constitutional governance

How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and
1973? Explain you answer. (14)

The process of establishing a new constitution in Pakistan between 1947 and 1973 was characterized by a
series of challenges, compromises, and significant political developments. Despite facing setbacks and
obstacles, Pakistan demonstrated notable success in formulating and implementing constitutional
frameworks that reflected the evolving aspirations and complexities of the nation.

The journey towards constitution-making commenced with the passage of the Objectives Resolution in
March 1949 under Liaqat Ali Khan's government. This resolution laid out the foundational principles of
democracy, equality, and social justice, drawing inspiration from Islamic teachings. It emphasized the
protection of human rights, religious minorities, and the establishment of an independent judiciary. However,
the resolution faced criticism, particularly from East Pakistan, regarding the official language and
parliamentary representation, leading to delays in the constitution-making process.

The subsequent establishment of the second Constituent Assembly, under Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, marked
a significant step towards implementing a formal constitution. In 1956, Pakistan adopted its first constitution,
declaring itself the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The constitution outlined the structure of government,
including the presidency and the National Assembly, with equal representation for both East and West
Pakistan. However, the concentration of power in the presidency and the dissatisfaction of East Pakistan over
representation highlighted deficiencies in the constitutional framework.

The introduction of the Basic Democracies system by Ayub Khan in 1959 aimed to decentralize power and
enhance governance at the local level. Despite initial successes, this system faced criticism for its
manipulation by landlords and its failure to address the aspirations of East Pakistan. The subsequent
constitution in 1962, which established a presidential form of government, further exacerbated tensions and
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disenchantment, particularly in East Pakistan.

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However, Pakistan made significant strides towards constitutional reform with the enforcement of the 1973
Constitution under Z.A. Bhutto. This constitution introduced a purely parliamentary form of government, with
a bicameral parliament comprising the Senate and the National Assembly. It sought to address the
shortcomings of previous constitutions by decentralizing power and enhancing democratic governance.
Additionally, the inclusion of more Islamic clauses reflected the evolving socio-political landscape of the
country.

Despite these achievements, challenges persisted, particularly regarding religious minorities and the
definition of a Muslim. The anti-Qadiani movement in 1974 prompted the government to redefine the status
of Muslims under a constitutional amendment, underscoring the complexities of incorporating religious
principles into governance.

In conclusion, Pakistan demonstrated notable success in establishing new constitutions between 1947 and
1973, despite facing significant hurdles and political upheavals. The evolution of constitutional frameworks
reflected the nation's efforts to navigate diverse interests, address grievances, and uphold democratic
principles. While challenges remained, the resilience and adaptability of Pakistan's political system paved
the way for the establishment of a parliamentary form of government, laying the foundation for democratic
governance in the years to come.

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