(After Amiet) : Flight Speed

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2. Experimental methods 2.4 Measuring arrangements in aeroacoustics Acoustic flyover/wind tunnel measur
2.4.2.2 Shear layer correction in acoustic wind tunnels with free jets
(after Amiet)
Task: Transferring measurement data from the wind tunnel to the flight condition.
given: flow velocity WK: Flight speed:
Sound emitted in the wind tunnel free jet is transferred to the free jet shear layer
changed before it hits the microphone in the measuring chamber (see following picture)
Given: point sound source in free beam, microphone at a position at an angle beyond the edge of the
beam, sound pressure measured there
Question: Which point at the same distance from the beam axis corresponds to
if the beam were infinitely wide and what value would it have there
Sound pressure (corresponding to ideal sound measurement in constant
Flow over entire area without jet shear layer)?
Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.201

free jet
shear layer
beam axis
Those

Iterative determination of the true beam angle and the reflection angle
from the following two equations
from refraction equation (212)
Ray geometry
Then determine the sound pressure conversion from point to point:
geometric damping geometric damping Intensity jump over

Running (beam tube expansion in (beam tube expansion in ) Shear layer and Pkt.
distance difference plane)
Point to
(335)

2. Experimental methods 2.4 Measuring arrangements in aeroacoustics Acoustic flyover/wind tunnel measurements
Shop correction Amplitude correction at A
1m
0.6m
Reinforcement
because:
vicinity Running distance to
Shadow border A shorter than M

and reduction in beam
expansion near total
reflex.
according to RK Amiet, AIAA 75-532 Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.204
Example: hitting one

Single vertebra on profile
leading edge (CAA simulation).
Instantaneous pressure field.
Become in the flow field

The same signals are radiated
upwards and downwards in anti-
phase.
Compare CAA simulation with

above angle relationship for
angle of reflection

Example: Impact of a single

vertebra on the leading edge of
the profile (CAA simulation).
Instantaneous pressure field.
When the shear layer passes through,

the pressure field becomes asymmetrical.
Comparison of CAA simulation with the

above angle relationship for
angle of reflection
Limiting angle for total reflection

Example: hitting one

Single vertebra on profile
leading edge (CAA simulation).
Instantaneous pressure field. (215)
Become in the flow field

The same signals are radiated
upwards and downwards in anti-
phase.
Note: *
Orientation of the reflected (214)
Sound signal corresponds to theory
(is power wave for !)
* Wavefront downstream asympt.

also according to Machwelle for
oriented (sound
shadow!)

Overview of the derivation of the wind tunnel correction according to Amiet:
a) Recalculation of the intensity from the measuring point to the point

infinitesimally above the shear layer point: in addition:
preservation of the sound power along the beam tube:
from beam tube expansion in the xz plane times
beam tube expansion in the y direction
b) Recalculation of the intensity from point A to the point infinitesimally

below the shear layer point:

c) Jump condition for pressure of (for

amplitude cf. (219) here with ):
outside is total reflection
also says law of refraction (212)
RMS ratio=amplitude ratio, i.e.:

Amiet's formula does not take into account the error due
to the sound rays reflected from the opposite shear layer,
which also hit the microphone at M.
The intensity of the reflected rays is (220):
(336)
Reflection an
Wind tunnel shear layer
according to RK Amiet, AIAA 75-532

Virtual microphone shift
Position
1m consolidation
0.6m

Amplitude correction at B Amplitude correction at A
Conversion to position
B with the same
orientation as position A and
distance :
according to RK Amiet, AIAA 75-532 Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.212
How good is the assumption of a flat, infinitely thin shear layer?
CAA Simulation
(solution LEE)
1
z[m]
1
• little influence through
Shear layer thickness
• largely frequency-independent
z[m]
Diss J. Jiao 2017

expanding
z[m]
shear
layer
• little influence through

expanding shear layer
• largely independent of speed
Diss J. Jiao 2017


[m]
z
Positions A
to Amiet
expanding, curved shear layer

• relative Good reproduction of the ray path
even with complex shear layers.
Diss J. Jiao 2017

Those
Those
Those
Those Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.219

1. Angle calculation: vs.:

given:
Refraction law over layer:

Consistency of as well as and
Wavenumber components and
Those


given:
analog:
Those


given:
analog:
(337)
Those
Solve iteratively

CAA results Sound transmission through

corner shear layer in wind tunnel
with rectangular beam cross
section

source

source downstream:
upstream:

source
shearlayer
• „converging lens“ upstream: +6dB •

„diverging lens“ downstream

2. Beam expansion : mouth.:
given:
With
Those

2. Beam expansion:
(338)

2. Beam expansion Special case: level passage (standard Amiet):
3. Jump condition (analog (204), (205), (207), (208))
below shear layer:
above shear layer, analogous to (210):
with
i)
ii) analog (218)

4. Running distance difference to point or. :
Total correction 3D:
(339)
compare with (335) for

3D shear layer correction

for rectangular
beam cross section
CAA solution
LEE (339)
Modeling the
“Edge” in shear layer
(3 refraction levels)

Scattering due to turbulence
Influenced by shear and turbulence

Diss. J. Jiao, 2017
Scattering due to turbulence
CAA Simulation:
Sound scattering due to
DLR - PIANO Code: • turbulence: •
DRP method • LEE
Amplitude loss •
(linearized Redistribution of sound
um turbulent flight.
power into sidebands
Basic flow!) • 4D (broadband) •
turbulence model
Frequency
in shear layer (FRPM) dependent!
Diss. J. Jiao, 2017

2.4.2.3 Further corrections for acoustic measurements
• Correction of the atmospheric absorption (attenuation) of sound (strongly

frequency dependent and strongly influenced by air humidity). High-
frequency signals are attenuated more than low-frequency signals (ISO
9613-1:1993, calculation e.g. http://sengpielaudio.com/Rechner-luft.htm)
rel. humidity
• Correction of ground absorption of sound during overflight measurements

(strongly dependent on frequency, angle of incidence, temperature, humidity, vegetation).
Signals with a shallow angle of incidence experience greater attenuation than those with a
steep angle of incidence
• Free field corrections accordingly (326)

2. Experimental methods ÿ 2.5 Merging experiment/num. Simulation ÿ 2.5.1 Numerical wind tunnel corrections
2.5 Outlook: Merging experiment and numeric. simulation

2.5.1 Use of numerical simulation for acoustic wind tunnel corrections
Use of numerical
Simulation + HPC for
Correction of (in)stationary ones
Wind tunnel shear layer effects
Expanding the range of

receiving positions
Using numerical simulation
flat shear layer AWB Scherschicht Difference (correction)
60m/s
Diss. J. Jiao, 2017

Simulation of wall array measurements in closed measuring sections
Incident surface pressure Actual surface pressure

a monopoly source in a closed measuring section
(Assumption for beamforming with
circular sidewall array)
Evaluation
level for
beamforming
Monopoly Monopoly
M. Lummer 2018 Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.236
Incident monopole pressure field (what

array algorithm expects) actual monopole pressure field
Fast Multipole
BEM (FMCAS)
8kHz 8kHz
In the future: numerical

simulation + HPC to
calculate the exact Green's
function including all
reflections: cleaning of
WK effects
1 kHz 1 kHz

Incident monopole pressure field (what

array algorithm expects) actual monopole pressure field
Acoustic Image
Fast Multipole
BEM (FMCAS)
8kHz 8kHz
In the future: numerical

simulation + HPC to
calculate the exact Green's
function including all
reflections: cleaning of
WK effects
1 kHz 1 kHz

2. Experimental methods ÿ 2.5 Merging experiment/num. Simulationÿ 2.5.2 Sim. wind tunnel experiment
2.5.2 Simulation of the entire wind tunnel experiment

Testing relatively large models in open wind tunnels
(Goal of achieving high Re numbers)
Amiet correction???
D. Boenke, J. Delfs, Lufo Power25 2017 Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.239
CAA of a UHBR dual-stream jet in combination with 2D high-lift wing in AWB
PIANO: FES=„Forced Eddy Simulation“
Simulation model +
Test environment
Validation on raw data “do
the whole thing”
Lower
frequency
On one.
limit
AWB resolution limit
A. Neifeld, R. Ewert, EU-JERONIMO 2017 Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.240
CAA of slat holder noise on pushing high-lift wing in AWB

jet Kollektor Kollektor
DLR AWB
jet
Array
Array
Slats
experimental CAA simulated

Microphone data Microphone data
Simulation Modell + Testumgebung + numerisches beamforming

S. Haubold, master's thesis 2021
„do the whole thing“
The End

(After Amiet) : Flight Speed

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Machine Translated by Google

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.201

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.202

from refraction equation (212)

Then determine the sound pressure conversion from point to point:

geometric damping geometric damping Intensity jump over

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.203

Shop correction Amplitude correction at A

vicinity Running distance to

Shadow border A shorter than M

Example: hitting one

Become in the flow field

Compare CAA simulation with

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.205

Example: Impact of a single

When the shear layer passes through,

Comparison of CAA simulation with the

Limiting angle for total reflection

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.206

Example: hitting one

Become in the flow field

* Wavefront downstream asympt.

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.207

Overview of the derivation of the wind tunnel correction according to Amiet:

a) Recalculation of the intensity from the measuring point to the point

b) Recalculation of the intensity from point A to the point infinitesimally

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.208

c) Jump condition for pressure of (for

outside is total reflection

also says law of refraction (212)

RMS ratio=amplitude ratio, i.e.:

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.209

The intensity of the reflected rays is (220):

according to RK Amiet, AIAA 75-532

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.210

Virtual microphone shift

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.211

Amplitude correction at B Amplitude correction at A

How good is the assumption of a flat, infinitely thin shear layer?

Diss J. Jiao 2017

How good is the assumption of a flat, infinitely thin shear layer?

• little influence through

Diss J. Jiao 2017

How good is the assumption of a flat, infinitely thin shear layer?

expanding, curved shear layer

Diss J. Jiao 2017

Those Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.219

1. Angle calculation: vs.:

Refraction law over layer:

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.220

1. Angle calculation: vs.:

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.221

1. Angle calculation: vs.:

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.222

CAA results Sound transmission through

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.223

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.224

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.225

• „converging lens“ upstream: +6dB •

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.226

2. Beam expansion : mouth.:

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.227

Methods of aeroacoustics, SoS 2022 Delfs, p.228