Created by T.

Madas

nd
2 ORDER O.D.E.s
SUBSTITUTIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (***+)

2
d2y dy  dy 
2y − 8y + 16 y 2 =   , y ≠ 0 ,
dx 2 dx  dx 

Find the general solution of the above differential equation by using the transformation
equation t = y .

Give the answer in the form y = f ( x ) .

2
(
y = A e 2 x + Bx e 2 x )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (***+)
The differential equation

d2y dy
x 2
+2 = 3x , x ≠ 0 ,
dx dx

3 dy 1
is to be solved subject to the boundary conditions y = , = at x = 1 .
2 dx 2

dy
a) Show that the substitution v = , transforms the above differential equation
dx
into

dv 2v
+ =3.
dx x

b) Hence find the solution of the original differential equation, giving the answer
in the form y = f ( x ) .

1 1 
y =  x 2 + + 1
2 x 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (***+)
The curve C has equation y = f ( x ) and satisfies the differential equation

d2y dy
x2
dx 2
− 2x
dx
( )
− 2 y 2 x 2 − 1 = 3x3 e x , x ≠ 0

3 dy 1
is to be solved subject to the boundary conditions y = , = at x = 1 .
2 dx 2

a) Show that the substitution y = xv , where v is a function of x transforms the

above differential equation into

d 2v
2
− 4v = 3e x .
dx

It is further given that C meets the x axis at x = ln 2 and has a finite value for y as x
gets infinitely negatively large.

b) Express the equation of C in the form y = f ( x ) .

y = 1 x e2 x − x e x
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (***+)
Given that if x = et and y = f ( x ) , show clearly that …

dy dy
a) … x = .
dx dt

d2y d2y dy
b) … x 2 = − .
dx 2 dt 2 dt

The following differential equation is to be solved

d2y dy
x2 − 3x + 4 y = 2ln x
dx 2 dx

1 dy 3
subject to the boundary conditions y = , = at x = 1 .
2 dx 2

c) Use the substitution x = et to solve the above differential equation.

( )
y = 1 + 1 2 x 2 + 1 ln x
2 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (****)
The differential equation

2
( x3 + 1) ddx2y − 3x2 dydx = 2 − 4 x3 ,
dy
is to be solved subject to the boundary conditions y = 0 , = 4 at x = 0 .
dx

dy
Use the substitution u = − 2 x , where u is a function of x , to show that the solution
dx
of the above differential equation is

y = x4 + x2 + 4 x .

FP3-O , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (****)

d2y dy
x 2
+ ( 6x + 2) + 9 xy = 27 x − 6 y .
dx dx

Use the substitution u = xy , where u is a function of x , to find a general solution of

the above differential equation.

A −3 x 2
FP3-K , y = e + B e−3 x + 3 −
x x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (****)
dy
By using the substitution z = , or otherwise, solve the differential equation
dx

d2y
( ) dx2 + 2 x dydx = 6 x2 + 2 ,
x2 + 1

dy
subject to the conditions x = 0 , y = 2 , =1
dx

y = x 2 + 2 + arctan x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (****)

d2y
dx 2 (
− 1 − 6e x ) dydx + 10 y e2 x = 5e2 x sin ( 2ex ) .
a) By using the substitution x = ln t or otherwise, show that the above differential
equation can be transformed to

d2y dy
2
+6 + 10 y = 5sin 2t .
dt dt

b) Hence find a general solution for the original differential equation.

x
FP3-M , y = e −3e  A cos e x + B sin e x  + 1 sin 2e x − 1 cos 2e x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
  6 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (****)
dy
Use the substitution w = to solve the following differential equation
dx

d2y
(1 − x2 ) dx2 + 2 dydx = (1 − x )2 , x <1

dy
subject to the boundary conditions y = −4.5 and = −1 at x = 0 .
dx

2
Give the answer in the form y = α ( x − 3) + β ln ( x + 1) , where α and β are constants
to be found.

2
FP3-U , y = − 1 ( x − 3) − 4ln ( x + 1)
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (****)

d2y dy
2
−2 tan x − y sec 4 x = 0 .
dx dx

The above differential equation is to be solved by a substitution.

a) If t = tan x show that …

dy dy 2
i. … = sec x
dx dt

d2y d2y dy 2
ii. … 2
= 2
sec4 x + 2 sec x tan x
dx dt dt

b) Use the results obtained in part (a) to find a general solution of the differential
equation in the form y = f ( x ) .

FP3-Q , y = A e tan x + B e − tan x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11 (****)
Show clearly that the substitution z = sin x , transforms the differential equation

d2y dy
2
cos x + sin x − 2 y cos3 x = 2cos5 x ,
dx dx

into the differential equation

d2y
dz 2 (
− 2 y = 2 1− z2 )
proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12 (****+)
Use the substitution z = y , where y = f ( x ) , to solve the differential equation

2
d2y 1  dy  dy
+   − 5 + 2y = 0 ,
dx 2 y  dx  dx

dy
subject to the boundary conditions y = 4 , = 44 at x = 0 .
dx

Give the answer in the form y = f ( x ) .

y = 9e6 x − 6e x + e−4 x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13 (****+)

d2y  2
1 dy
2x +
2 
1 − 3 x  + y = 0.
dx   dx

The above differential equation is to be solved by a substitution.

1
a) Given that y = f ( x ) and t = x 2 , show clearly that …

dy 1 dy
i. … = .
dx 2t dt

d2y 1 d2y 1 dy
ii. … 2
= 2 2
− .
dx 4t dt 4t 3 dt

b) Hence show further that the differential equation

d2y  2
1 dy
2x +  1 − 3 x  + y = 0,
dx 2
  dx

can be transformed to the differential equation

d2y dy
2
−3 + 2y = 0.
dt dt

c) Find a general solution of the original differential equation, giving the answer
in the form y = f ( x ) .

y = Ae x
+ B e2 x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14 (****+)
Show clearly that the substitution z = y 2 , where y = f ( x ) , transforms the differential
equation

2
d2y 1  dy  dy
2
+   −5 + 2y = 0 ,
dx y  dx  dx

into the differential equation

d 2z dz
−5 + 4z = 0
dx 2 dx

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 15 (****+)
1
Given that if x = t 2 , where y = f ( x ) , show clearly that

dy 1 dy
a) = 2t 2 .
dx dt

d2y d2y dy
b) 2
= 4t 2
+2 .
dx dt dt

The following differential equation is to be solved

d2y
x
dx 2 (
− 8x2 + 1 ) dydx + 12 x3 y = 12 x5 ,
10 d 2 y
subject to the boundary conditions y = , = 10 at x = 0 .
3 dx 2

1
c) Show further that the substitution x = t 2 , where y = f ( x ) , transforms the
above differential equation into the differential equation

d2y dy
2
−4 + 3 y = 3t .
dt dt

d) Show that a solution of the original differential equation is

2 2
y = e3 x + e x + x 2 + 4 .
3

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16 (****+)
The curve with equation y = f ( x ) satisfies

d2y dy
x2 2
+ 5 x + 13 y = 0 , x > 0 .
dx dx

By using the substitution x = et , or otherwise, determine an equation for y = f ( x ) ,

dy
given further that y = 1 and = −2 at x = 1 .
dx

cos ( 3ln x )
y=
x2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 17 (****+)

d2y dy
2
−2 cot x + 2 y cosec2 x = 2cos x − 2cos3 x .
dx dx

Use the substitution y = z sin x , where z is a function of x , to solve the above

dy π
differential equation subject to the boundary conditions y = 1 , = 0 at x = .
dx 2

Give the answer in the form

y = a sin 2 x + b (1 − sin x ) sin 2 x ,

where a and b are constants to be found.

a =1 , b = 1
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 18 (****+)
The function y = f ( x ) satisfies the following relationship.

2
d2y  dy  dy
4x 2 + 4x   + 2 −1 = 0 .
dx  dx  dx

It is further given that x = t 2 and y = ln v .

Show that

d 2v
=v.
dt 2

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 19 (****+)

d2y dy
x 2
− − x3 y + x5 = 0 .
dx dx

1
Use the substitution x = z 2 , where y = f ( x ) , to find a general solution of the above
differential equation.

1 x2 − 12 x 2
V , FP3-W , y = A e 2 + B e + x2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 20 (*****)
Find the solution of following differential equation

 dy   d y  d y
2 3

  2   = ,
 dx   dx  dx3

subject to the boundary conditions.

( ) ( )
y − 1 π = y′ − 1 π = 0 ,
2 2 ( )
y′′ − 1 π = 1 .
2 2

Given the answer in the form y = f ( x ) .

(
SPX-T , y = 2ln sec 1 x + 1 π
2 4 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 21 (*****)
Use a suitable substitution to solve the differential equation

d2y 2
x2 2
− 6 y = 2 − 2ln x − 6 ( ln x ) ,
dx

dy
subject to the boundary conditions y (1) = 1 , (1) = 3
dx

Give a simplified answer in the form y = f ( x ) .

2
FP3-S , y = x3 + ( ln x )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 22 (*****)
The function with equation y = f ( x ) satisfies the differential equation

2
d2y 1  dy  dy
2
−   = 2 y ln 3 , y ( 0 ) = 1 , ( 0 ) = 2ln 3 .
dx y  dx  dx

dy
Solve the above differential equation by using the substitution p = , to show that
dx

2
+2 x
y = 3x .

SPX-G , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 23 (*****)

2
d2y  dy  dy
4x 2
+ 4x   + 2 = 1 .
dx  dx  dx

By using the substitution t = x , or otherwise, show that the general solution of the
above differential equation is

y=A − x + ln 1 + B e 2 x
,
 

where A and B are arbitrary constants.

SPX-C , proof

Created by T. Madas