PATOFISIOLOGI HEPATITIS

COMPILED BY:

 Amelya putri sagita ( PO7134223015)

 Putri Maulida (PO7134223036)

 Putri Ramadhona (PO7134223033)

 Salman Alfarisi ( PO7134223038)

 Gita nada hartawan ( PO7134223005)

 Anindia khalisa (PO7134223013)

LECTURER

Fider Saputra T., S.Hum., M.Hum.

HEALTH POLYTECHNIC MINISTRY OF PALEMBANG

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF APPLIED MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL YEAR 2023/2024

PREFACE

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Pious, We praise and thank God for His presence,
which has bestowed His grace, guidance and inayah on us so that we can finish the paper on
Hepatitisini. This paper we have compiled with the maximum and get help from various parties so as to
facilitate the making of this paper.

To that end we extend our gratitude to all those who have contributed in the making of this paper.
Apart from that, we are fully aware that there are still shortcomings in terms of both sentences and
grammar. Therefore with open arms we receive all the suggestions and criticism from our readers so
that we can improve this scientific paper.

Finally, we hope that this hepatitis paper can provide benefits and inpirasi to the reader.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND

Hepatitis is inflammation and liver injury due to hepatic reactions to various conditions, especially
viruses, drugs and alcohol. Hepatitis is a dominant systemic infection that attacks the liver. Viral hepatitis
is a term used for viral hepatic infections with necrosis and inflammation of liver cells that produce a
unique set of clinical, biochemical and cellular changes. Hepatitis is a process of inflammation of the liver
tissue. Hepatitis in lay language is often referred to as liver or jaundice.Though the definition of lever
itself is actually derived from the Dutch language which means the liver, not the liver disease. But many
of the assumptions that develop in society mean liver is a disease of liver inflammation. while the term
yellow pain can actually cause a hiccup, because not all jaundice is caused by inflammation of the liver,
but also because of inflammation in the gallbladder. (M. Sholikul Huda)

Hepatitis is a diffuse inflammatory process in tissues that can be caused by viral infections and by toxic
reactions to drugs and chemicals. (Sujono Hadi, 1999).

Viral hepatitis is a systemic infection by virus with necrosis and clinical, biochemical and cellular
characteristics. (Smeltzer, 2001). From some of the above understanding can be concluded that hepatitis
is an inflammatory disease in liver tissue caused by viral infections that cause cells liver cells are
damaged so that it can not function properly.

History

The breakthrough understanding of hepatitis came in 1963 when Dr Baruch Blumberg discovered an
antigen that detected the presence of hepatitis B (HBV) in blood samples.

At the t ime, Dr Blumberg was actually researching the genetics of disease susceptibility. He did not set
out to discover hepatitis, but his work led to a major breakthrough and increased understanding of the
disease.

In the 1950s, Dr Blumberg started to explore whether inherited traits could make different groups of
people more or less susceptible to the same disease. He and his team travelled around the world visiting
native populations in remote locations to collect blood samples for analysis. The intention was to look
for genetic differences to see whether these differences were associated with a particular disease.

Specifically, they studied hemophiliac patients who had received multiple blood transfusions and
therefore would be exposed to blood they had received from donors. The consequence of receiving
other people's blood is that the immune system produces 'antibodies' against the foreign blood serum
proteins, or 'antigens' from the donors.

Dr Blumberg and his team identified an unusual antigen from a blood sample of an Australian Aborigine,
which they called the Australia antigen. After further research, this turned out to be the antigen that
caused hepatitis B, which was officially recognised in 1967.
Just two years later in 1969, Dr Blumberg and his colleague, Dr Iriving Millman, invented the hepatitis B
vaccine. The US Food and Drug Administration named it the first 'anti-cancer' vaccine because the
prevention of chronic hepatitis infections results in the prevention

of primary liver cancer due to HBV (approximately 80% of people with chronic hepatitis B will develop
liver cancer). More than 500,000 people die each year from liver cancer.

The hepatitis B vaccine has been administered to millions of people, particularly in Asia and Africa, thus
saving many, many lives. In the early 1970s, the cause of infectious hepatitis was found and named the
Hepatitis A virus (HAV). In 1989 hepatitis C virus (HCV) was isolated. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine
for hepatitis C, but in 80% of cases, carriers who complete a treatment course can be cured. In 1990
hepatitis E virus (HEV) and in 1995, Hepatitis G virus (HGV), were identified. In 1976, Dr Baruch Blumberg
was awarded the Noble Prize for Medicine in recognition of his discovery of the hepatitis B virus. He died
on 5 April 2011at the age of 85 years.

B. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. Definition Hepatitis ?
2. Various types of Hepatitis?
3. Symptoms of Hepatitis?
4. Hepatitis Diagnosis?
5. How Causes of Hepatitis ?

C.OBJECTIVE

1. To find out what is Hepatitis

2. To find know how many types of Hepatitis
3. To know the symptoms of hepatitis
4. To know how to diagnose Hepatitis
5. To find out how to Causes of Hepatitis

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A.DEFINITION OF HEPATITIS
Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by various
factors, including viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to toxic substances, certain
medications, or autoimmune reactions. Hepatitis can occur acutely, where liver inflammation lasts
briefly and usually resolves on its own, or chronically, where inflammation persists long-term and can
cause permanent liver damage.

Viral infection is a common cause of hepatitis. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, such as
hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, each with different modes of transmission, symptoms, and complications. For
example, hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through consumption of contaminated food or
water, while hepatitis B, C, and D are more commonly transmitted through contact with infected blood
or body fluids.

Symptoms of hepatitis can vary from mild to severe. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting,
fever, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, changes in skin and eye color to yellow (jaundice),
weight loss, dark urine, and pale-colored stools. In some cases, especially with chronic hepatitis, an
individual may experience no symptoms at all.

Diagnosing hepatitis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to detect the presence of the
virus or liver damage, and additional tests such as liver ultrasound or liver biopsy. Treatment for
hepatitis depends on the type and severity of the disease. For acute hepatitis, treatment is generally
supportive and includes rest, maintaining adequate nutrition, and avoiding alcohol. For chronic
hepatitis, antiviral therapy or other treatments may be necessary to control inflammation and prevent
further liver damage.

In addition to medical treatment, preventive measures are also important in managing hepatitis. These
include vaccination for hepatitis A and B, avoiding contact with infected blood or body fluids, regular
handwashing, maintaining food and water hygiene, using condoms during sexual intercourse, and
avoiding intravenous drug use.

In severe cases, complications of hepatitis may include liver cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer, or even
death. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if experiencing symptoms of
hepatitis or have increased risk factors. With proper diagnosis and treatment, as well as good prevention
practices, many cases of hepatitis can be treated and complications prevented

.
B. Causes of Hepatitis

There are various things that can cause hepatitis, ranging from viral infections, alcohol addiction, use of
certain drugs, autoimmune diseases, and liver worm infections.The following is an explanation of each
cause of hepatitis:

1. Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Transmission of this type of hepatitis
can occur through food or drink contaminated with the hepatitis A virus.

2. Hepatitis B

This type of hepatitis is caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B can be
transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse and blood transfusions. In rare cases, pregnant
women infected with the hepatitis B virus can transmit this virus to their fetus.

3. Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C can be transmitted through
unprotected sexual intercourse or the use of non-sterile injection needles.

Just like hepatitis B, this virus can be transmitted from a mother infected with hepatitis C to her fetus.

4. Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D is inflammation of the liver due to infection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV). This type of
hepatitis is rare, but can cause serious health problems.

A person can be infected with hepatitis D if they have a history of hepatitis B. Transmission of this virus
can be through the use of non-sterile syringes or blood transfusions.

5. Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is transmitted through
water or food contaminated with this virus. Therefore, hepatitis E is easily transmitted in environments
with poor sanitation.

6. Hepatitis due to alcohol addiction

Consuming excessive alcoholic drinks can cause inflammation of the liver and cause permanent damage
to liver cells. This certainly interferes with liver function. If left untreated, this condition can progress to
liver failure and cirrhosis.
7. Hepatitis due to certain drugs

This type of hepatitis, which is also called toxic hepatitis, occurs due to consuming excess doses of
certain drugs. The liver can become inflamed or damaged because it works too hard to break down
these drugs.

8. Hepatitis due to autoimmune disease

In hepatitis caused by autoimmune disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells,
causing inflammation and liver damage.

9. Hepatitis due to liver flukes

Liver inflammation can also occur due to infection with liver flukes, namely opisthorchiidae and
fasciolidae. One of the opisthorchiidae liver fluke species that most often causes infections is Clonorchis.

A person can get this type of hepatitis if they eat food that is undercooked and contaminated with liver
worm larvae.

10. Acute hepatitis of unknown cause

Apart from those mentioned above, there is also a type called mysterious acute hepatitis. The cause of
this hepatitis is unknown, but there are suspicions that this disease is related to Adenovirus and SARS-
CoV-2.

C.

D. DIAGNOSIS
History: R/ symptoms appear•Physical examination•Supporting Px:Liver function tests:
AST/SGOT and ALT/SGPTHepatitis virus antibody test: HAV, HBV, HCV virusesTests for
viral proteins and genetic materialAbdominal ultrasoundLiver biopsy