1

CHAPTER I

The Problem

1.1 Background and rationale

The researcher aims to innovate an air humidifier inside the vehicle while on its park mode

under the heat of the sun or high temperature of the open parking space. This study will show the

significant effect in terms of cost, safety and functionality of the innovation, which the vehicle

owners will benefit.

It is observed that during the vehicle is in park mode under the heat of the sun or under a high

temperature of the parking space, the vehicle will accumulate high temperature inside the vehicle

cabin. This will make the driver uncomfortable and will take time to cool down the temperature

before moving the car for travel. On the study of Eldhose (2020), presents a solution for designing

an intelligent and modular solar energy system for heat removal from parked car cabins using a

thermoelectric cooling system made up of two pairs peltier modules and two pairs of fans, it is

stated that they are utilizing thermoelectric devices to reduce cabin temperature while parked. It

is the most efficient solution to address the hotness of car cabin. Furthermore, when the air

conditioner is turned on after the automobile has been parked for a while in a hot environment,

the engine will require more fuel consumption. It stated that there is a huge difference in fuel

consumption when restarting air-condition system under a high temperature of a cabin. High fuel

consumption will reduce until the normal temperature.

The thermoelectric is dependent on the local weather, whether it is sunny or cloudy. And it

turns on when the ambient air temperature in the car cabin rises above its certain temperature. The

study of Akshay Thalkar et.al (2018) stated that the study of thermoelectric in a vehicle is to make

use of the cold side to cool the ambient air to a lower temperature, so that it can be used as a

personal cooler. So as observed one of the challenges of this study is depending on the area or

country base on the climate they have. For example, in European country winter season doesn’t

need any cooling device to cool car cabin instead they use heater.
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Markus Hagenkamp et.al (2021). The following important factors are taken into consideration

to improve the performance of a thermoelectric building temperature control system: A TEE

operates most efficiently at low capacity utilization and the smallest temperature difference

between the hot and cold sides. It is stated that thermoelectric system's disadvantage is that its

cooling capacity decreases when the area is wider.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Cooling system are commonly used in different kinds of industries even in the car it involves

in the daily operations. Most of industries and facilities use cooling system to operate. People of

today's generation live in a period when perfect comfort and wellbeing are important, and they have

the technology to do so. Consumers who want to manage the air quality in their homes or places of

employment continually seek smaller air conditioner units and other air regulating products.

The issue tackle by the study of Alkaabi et.al (2022 ) a 10 min exposure to summer heat in the

UAE was found to have a significant effect on drivers’ perceptions of body fatigue, body heat, and

eye fatigue. Overall, these findings have significance for future thermal comfort studies as well as the

ergonomics of car cabins. From these current concerns, it can be seen that a technological solution

will be required; however, in addition to the HVAC in a vehicle, the thermoelectric system must be

effective if it is to be added to the existing cooling system. This study shows that using the

thermoelectric can solve the problem on increasing pollution. The aim of this study is to use the

thermoelectric to minimize pollution in our environment and affordable at the same time. The

thermoelectric air-cooling device for sedan prototype was design and built that can be used for cooling

inside the vehicle without using Freon.

This research study aimed to design and develop a car air cooling system that can provide the

temperature problem of the drivers and passenger in entering their cars. The air-cooling system is

using sensors to operate and has a switch button. The functionality of this product depending on the
 3

detected temperature of the sensor, if the sensor read high temperature the cooling system product will

automatically on to provide comfortable temperature of a person. The development of this cooling

system is focusing of the temperature problem in our vehicle.

1.3 Research Objectives

The general objective of the study is to develop a cooling device for sedan vehicle that can

lower the temperature inside the cabin while the vehicle is parking in an open space area and hit by

the sun, to the comfortability temperature of a human.

The objectives of this study include the following:

1. To design a thermoelectric air-cooling device in the most efficient way to perform Cooling

System operation.

2. To develop a thermoelectric air-cooling device that is eco-friendly

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of thermoelectric air-cooling device used in sedan as air-

conditioning system.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

The coverage of this study is to develop a thermoelectric cooling system for Sedan Vehicle

only. When the temperature of the car rises at some certain level of hotness. The scope of the study

includes the evaluation of the technical aspect on the development of the research study as well as

the output and functionality of the thermoelectric cooling system. The materials that we used in

this study are the following: a 12V battery, alternator, portable Peltier cooling device, computer

fan, thermoelectric cooler Peltier, and lastly, the heat sink. The alternator regulates the battery of

the portable Peltier-cooling device, and the heat sink will absorb the heat. The Peltier module

generates the electric power.

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1.5 Developmental Framework

Input Process Output

Design and
1. Gathering development of
Information 1. Design air-cooling
2. Problem 2. Develop device of sedan
Identified 3. Evaluation vehicle during
parking mode
using
thermoelectric

The above figure shows the process of this product how it be done. By this framework, we can

identify the whole process, which include from the problem up to product we come up. We

definitely sure that we follow the direction above the process. The framework involves some

major steps like problem go through Ideas, solution designing, materials we used and then they

effective’s/result of the product.

1.6 Definition of terms

Peltier- an effect whereby heat is emitted or absorbed when an electric current passes across a

junction between two material.

Thermoelectric (TEC)- producing electricity by a difference of temperatures.

Cooling System- apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding

limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission

loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic coupling or converter leaks under the

pressure created.
 5

HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and Air Conditioning) is the use of various technologies to control

the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal

comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.

Semiconductor- a material which has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a

conductor, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity falls as its temperature rises;

metals behave in the opposite way.

Peltier Module- is a thermal control module that has both "warming" and "cooling" effects.

By passing an electric current through the module, it is possible to change the surface

temperature and keep it at the target temperature.

Temperature cooling system- to maintain a device at a constant temperature. Two types of

actuators are commonly used to precisely control the temperature of optics, lasers, biological samples,

or other temperature sensitive devices. One is a thermoelectric, or Peltier device.

Vehicle Cabin- the passenger or cargo compartment of a vehicle (such as an airplane or automobile)
 6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents related literature and studies that contributes to the realization of the

study.

1. Related Literature

Thermoelectric

The use of thermoelectric (TE) devices can help the world achieve its goals of improved energy

conservation and pollution reduction. The capabilities, concepts, materials, thermodynamics, energy

resources, use, and applications of TE systems in power generation and heating-cooling processes are

reviewed in this study. The authors offer more useful research suggestions. It can be employed for the

residential sector as air cooling and power production systems by improving the figure of merit and

developing installations. Additionally, it continues to function at low waste heat temperatures. Self-

cooling instruments are another use for thermoelectric modules, particularly in tiny setups where

thermoelectric cooling is advantageous over traditional systems. Different types of thermoelectric

materials with diverse properties are available including semiconductors, ceramics (high

temperature), and polymers (flexibility). Due to their high ZT values, the alloys of Bi-Te materials

are typically used in thermoelectric modules. The benefits of TECs would also emphasize their use in

upcoming cooling systems. On the other hand, a well-established heat transfer model through the heat

sink or the heat exchanger device can significantly impact the performance of the thermoelectric

module. It is necessary to apply the finite time thermodynamics in the performance analyses and

optimizations of various TE devices. A study found that inserts implanted at the channel walls could

increase output power by up to 110%. The output power per module has gone up from 1W (2003) to

9W thanks to improvements made to TEG modules (2014). A crucial parameter for TEG applications

is temperature as well as temperature difference. In contrast to TEG, which is constrained by its

inability to last long and be efficient as temperature rises, power output rises as well. Typically,

cheap/free resources are used to meet the heat demand of TEG systems. Along with PV panels, TEG
 7

systems are also used to generate solar energy. It should be mentioned that TEG systems have a capital

return period of around 6 to 8 years. Thus, it is crucial to lower the price of thermoelectric materials.

According to recent studies, thermoelectric systems are stable when functioning as coolers at

temperatures below 298K but their efficiency as generators may decrease at higher temperatures.

Despite having a limited coefficient of performance (COP), these systems offer reliable temperature

control and easy installation, making them appropriate for specific applications that require less than

25W. A thermoelectric system consists of an electric circuit, one or more heat sinks and heat sources,

and a control unit. (Pourkiaei et.al, 2019).

In the research of Chang et al. thermoelectric air-cooling module for electronic devices.

Experimental results are used to determine the impacts of the heater's heat load and the input current

to the thermoelectric cooler. The thermal performance of the thermoelectric air-cooling module is

predicted using a theoretical model of a thermal analogy network. According to the outcome, the

model's prediction and the experimental data agree. The thermoelectric air-cooling module performs

best at an ideal input current when a certain heat load is applied, providing the best cooling

performance. The ideal input currents for this study's heat loads range from 20 W to 100 W,

corresponding to 6 A to 7 A. The results also shows that the thermoelectric air-cooling module

operates more efficiently with less heat input. Experimental estimates place the lowest total

temperature difference-heat load ratio at a low heat load of 20 W, while the highest heat load of 100

W results in a ratio of 0.664 W K1. The thermoelectric air-cooling module performs worse than the

air-cooling heat sink alone in some circumstances. This article demonstrates the practical operating

range in which the thermoelectric air-cooling module outperforms the air-cooling heat sink alone in

terms of cooling performance. Thermoelectric materials are desirable for heat recovery or cooling

applications because they convert heat to electricity. However, many high-performance thermoelectric

are composed of pricey or hazardous materials. He et al. discovered that a material with mostly tin

and sulfur could be optimize to have decent thermoelectric capabilities. Introducing about 10%

selenium to tin sulfide helped tune these properties by electronic band manipulation. This material is
 8

a step toward more earth-abundant, less toxic, and lower-cost thermoelectric than the telluride-based

materials currently in use.

According to the study of Raut et.al (2012) The components of a thermoelectric cooler are

analogous. As electrons move from the p-type (low energy) semiconductor element to the n-type

semiconductor, energy (heat) is absorbed by them at the cold junction (high energy). The energy to

move the electrons is provided by the power source. The transition of electrons from an n-type to a p-

type at the hot junction causes energy to be released to a heat sink. The study of Raut et.al (2022)

stated that thermoelectric has two junction the cold side and the hot side of the thermoelectric. A few

mechanical and electrical calculations served as the foundation for the design of the thermoelectric

cooling fan. The project's budget and the market's supply of parts necessitated sacrifices in the fan's

design. The main fan of the prototype assembly is utilized to push outside air through a circular duct

at the beginning of the assembly process. A group of four heat sinks are accessible via a duct that is

connected to the blower fan. When air enters the duct, it is directed toward the group of four connected

heat sinks. As a route for air flow, these heat sinks serve as heat sinks. A long, black heat sink and a

group of four heat sinks are separated by six TECs. The four heat sinks are supported by the TEC's

bottom, or cold, side. With the help of the lengthy heat sink, the TECs' hot side or top sides are joined.

With the help of thermal grease, which evens out the heat sinks' uneven surfaces and improves thermal

conductivity, the TECs were inserted in between the heat sinks, The heat sink channel is cooled when

the TECs are operating on their cold side. Chilled air that is cooler than the surrounding air is emerging

from the channel. There are two fans mounted on top of the hot side heat sink, which is supported by

a wooden foundation. When the TECs are running, they blow air in its direction to cool the hot heat

sink. The entire assembly of the cold side heat sinks, hot side heat sinks, TECs, and the hardwood

base are joined snugly with the aid of metal clips, and the hot air is diverted away from the user using

panels. Screws and nuts are used to tighten the metal clips together. Sheets or panels envelop the entire

assembly. (Raut et.al, 2012)

Thermal comfort refers to the degree to which a human feels comfortable in a certain thermal

environment. To ensure the standard of a living environment and increase human productivity,
 9

creating a thermally comfortable atmosphere is a crucial component of the design of a heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for building application. Studies published in the

literature have established the viability of utilizing a thermoelectric cooling system for cooling

purposes in a structure with a coefficient of performance between 0.34 and 2.59. but there is little

research on how comfortable people are in rooms with TEC systems.

The present work has reviewed a rigorous study carried out by numerous authors in the last 20

years. To handle the refrigerant leakage issue, thermoelectric air-conditioning system is an option to

provide space cooling. In this paper, investigation of thermoelectric radiant panel ceiling, TE-AD

system and thermoelectric cooling facades system are classified and summarized. Clearly, these

systems have proven their potential to regulate the indoor temperature with COP ranged between 0.45

and 2.59. However, the study of indoor relative humidity of the room equipped with thermoelectric

air-conditioning system is limited and this factor should be critically investigated during future

development. Thermal management on the hot side of TEM is important to improve the cooling

performance of the thermoelectric air-conditioning system. A high efficiency heat exchanger is

required to reject the dissipated heat from TEM. As the hot junction temperature is controlled or

reduced, the temperature difference between the two surfaces of TEM will reduce and consequently

increase the cooling performance of the system. This paper pointed out the different hot junction

thermal management techniques such as, the integration of the water-cooling system, phase change

material, evaporative cooling system and Nano fluid with MCHS. Because it does not require

refrigerant, is highly reliable, and does not require any auxiliary pipes, thermoelectric technology can

help reduce environmental pollution. Lastly, the existing gaps in the use of thermoelectric air-

conditioning system for building application are identified and detail propositions are suggested as

per the viewpoint of present authors. (Baheta et.al, 2019).

The efficiency of the thermoelectric cooler is highly dependent on the thermal resistance

between the cooler and the surrounding air, rather than the thermal resistance between the chip and

the cooler. Naphon and Wiriyasart (2008). Instead, for a high thermal load, thermoelectric air cooling
 10

device may be not as effective as the air cooling heat sink. However, if combined with water cooling

device in electronic equipment, thermoelectric coolers usually perform better in a relatively higher

thermal load. Huang et.al (2009). Currently, the majority of automobile air-conditioning systems use

R134a as a refrigerant due to its lack of ozone-depleting effects. However, R-134a still contributes to

global warming. Automobiles experience greater refrigerant leakage compared to stationary air

conditioners. In contrast, thermoelectric coolers offer advantages such as compact size, lack of moving

parts and working fluid, compatibility with automobile electrical system voltage, and easy switching

between heating and cooling modes. As a result, thermoelectric coolers are a particularly attractive

option for automotive applications. Jihui Yang and Francis R. Stabler (2009).

Air conditioning has become an essential feature for almost every household, but traditional

air conditioners have some drawbacks, such as high energy consumption. This leads to the burning of

natural resources to generate electricity, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.

Additionally, the refrigerant used in traditional air conditioners, Freon, can cause irreversible damage

to the ozone layer and lead to increased exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation. To address these

issues, buildings can incorporate thermoelectric cooling and heating systems that utilize

thermoelectric devices for cooling and heating. This reduces reliance on traditional energy sources

and minimizes harm to the environment. Thermoelectric devices have two main applications, namely

electricity generation using waste and renewable energy sources. (Wei He, et.al 2013).

The use of solar thermoelectric generators, which rely on concentrated solar radiation as a heat

source, has been studied for many years. Various theoretical and experimental models have been

developed to improve the efficiency of the generators, and high-performance thermoelectric materials

have been developed to overcome their limitations. Bismuth telluride is a good material for low-

temperature use, while filled-skutterudite is effective for medium-temperature use. In addition to the

materials, the thermal design and management of the generator is also important for its performance.

The present study constructs a three-dimensional finite element model to discuss the performance

characteristics of low- and medium-temperature thermoelectric modules, presenting two- and three-

stage models of the solar thermoelectric generator to analyze its performance. The study also considers
 11

the effect of input energy on the generator's performance. While the solar thermoelectric generator

has many advantages such as its simple structure, no pollution, and endless shelf life, its low

conversion efficiency has limited its widespread use. (Xiao et.al, 2012).

In recent years, the combination of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a heat sink (such as

a radiator fan or water pump) in a self-cooling technology has gained attention as a promising solution

for managing the heat produced by electronic devices. This technology works by utilizing the heat

generated by the electronic device to generate electricity for the heat sink, which then takes away the

heat, resulting in proper cooling without consuming any additional electricity. Essentially, this self-

cooling system can be seen as a forced convection cooling system without the need for an external

energy source for the radiator fan. (Yang Cai et.al, 2019).

It is widely recognized that access to fresh air and clean drinking water are essential for human

survival. However, in many parts of the world, such as coastal areas and arid regions, the scarcity of

fresh water is a major concern. Approximately six million children die each year due to the lack of

potable water worldwide. In recent times, various techniques have been developed to provide safe

drinking water from polluted and saline water sources. Distillation, reverse osmosis, and electrical

methods are some of the common methods for producing potable water. Desalination, the oldest

method, is still widely used to purify water. With the availability of renewable energy sources such as

wind and solar power, utilizing them to produce potable water is the best choice. Among the different

methods, solar stills are probably one of the best apparatus that can be used. Over the last decade,

there has been a significant and growing body of literature focusing on the provision of solar

distillation systems. (Rahbar et.al, 2016).

Two alternative cooling technologies, passive and active cooling technology, may be utilized
to produce comfortable conditions inside the car. The employment of coatings and colors in passive
cooling technology helps to lower the cabin's soak temperature. In contrast, active cooling technology
uses the vehicle's air conditioning system (ACS), which is powered by the vehicle's engine or batteries
(Qi, 2014, Shah, 2009, Zhang et al., 2018b). The refrigerating capacity of ACS draws demand for it
in automobiles to create a comfortable environment for passengers. Yet, research shows that ACS is
one of the most energy-consuming devices in vehicles, which poses issues with energy use conflicts.
2019 (Zhou et al.). Driving habits and air quality management techniques under traffic situations in
rural and urban locations also have an impact on the ACS's energy usage (Campagnolo et al., 2019).
The GWP and fuel efficiency of ACS in CVs are problematic, because both factors are influenced by
 12

the price of fuel. Thus, communities everywhere are urged to abide by environmental laws by
switching to alternative methods like electric cars (EVs) instead of CVs that run on fossil fuels (Shukla
et al., 2001). The operation of the heater/ACS requires more fuel/energy in CVs/EVs in scenarios like
heating/cooling the car interior in a cold/hot climate. The ambient temperature has an impact on the
ACS's energy efficiency because it directly affects the vehicle's auxiliary loads and output energy loss.
While using the heater/ACS in cold/hot conditions, the interaction between the vehicle's auxiliary load
and ambient temperature affects fuel/energy economy. Reducing the use of heaters and air
conditioning systems above or below the ambient temperature of 17.7 °C can result in fuel and energy
savings (K. Liu et al., 2018). The incredible advantages of RE (solar and wind) have therefore drawn
attention as a substitute source to create comfortable circumstances in the vehicle interior. ACS
reduces the use of energy derived from fossil fuels. Numerous optimization strategies have been
investigated for reliability assessment and cost analysis in order to address the difficulties and
complexity of implementing solar and wind energy-based hybrid systems for ACS. The artificial
intelligence-based algorithms discovered that they could anticipate a system's cost with greater
accuracy, with less computation time, and with high convergence (Khan et al., 2018).
According to the study of T Guclu et al. Thermoelectric radiative air conditioning It was stated
that thermoelectric materials may replace conventional HVAC and radiative air cooling when their
coefficient of merit reached 1, but that both their original cost and ongoing operating costs needed to
be carefully considered. According to Hyeung-Sik Choi et al. a brand-new type of thermoelectric
duct system powered by photovoltaics. The findings indicate that, in comparison to the 0.75 ton split
air conditioner, combining the PV system with the TECs system can cut energy usage by 1806.75
KWH/year. According to earlier research, numerous thermoelectric refrigerators need to be cascaded
and combined with the water cooling system if the cooling capacity is to reach more than 100 watts.
This makes the device bulky and necessitates extra care to prevent water leaks and other issues. The
load on the engine is further increased by the air conditioning system on the car. Local cooling air
conditioning systems can be used in cars to save energy and lessen the strain on the engine. (T Guclu
et.al, 2022)
For passengers of automobiles, air conditioning is important for comfort. Of all the
supplementary loads on a vehicle, air conditioning units consume the maximum energy, and the
efficiency has a big impact on how much fuel the vehicle uses. The vehicle system must have two air
conditioning setup: cooling in the summer and heating in the winter (Shu et al., 2006). Since the
thermal energy that a car engine delivers to the environment at a high pace and high temperature may
be recovered and utilized during the winter, heating is typically readily available. Yet, the high interior
temperature of vehicles throughout the summer, particularly for those parked outside, can be a serious
issue. The interior of the car is very hot, which causes The vehicle uses a lot of fuel since the air
conditioning system works so hard to keep the cabin cool. Moreover, a high interior temperature can
shorten the lifespan of various interior components and even trigger the emission of toxic vapors and
gases from some of them. (Zareer et.al, 2017).
According to peer- reviewed literature, there are very few studies that look at how to reduce
the temperature inside a car using solar-powered devices that track how much energy is released when
the automobile is exposed to the sun. In actuality, as stated by Horak [36], parked cars lack ventilation
and/or functioning air conditioning. The sun's heat is transmitted through the car's windows and other
cabin walls, accumulating heat within the vehicle. Children left in cars can be at risk from high cabin
temperatures, which result in an average of 37 child fatalities each year in the US. Moreover, hot cabin
temperatures can harm temperature-sensitive things, like the drugs in an ambulance, by destroying
them. It is possible to release heat energy in the cabin by Having to open the vehicle window can
result in thievery, the contamination of clean air, or the admission of insects into the cabin. Hence, a
clever solution is required to dissipate heat energy inside the cabin without opening the windows in
 13

order to decrease the risk of tampering with cabin components and possessions as well as the risk of
theft. (Setiyo et.al, 2021).
It was said that “ The main advantages of thermoelectric coolers are relatively quiet, stable,
and reliable.”(Y,Lyu et.al.2019). Since it simply requires a battery to produce current, which is a form
of saving for a cost need, it doesn't have many material demands. Apart from that, TCE requires no
additional maintenance because it is vibration-free, so you don't have to be concerned about the wear
and tear issues that typically arise in vehicles system. Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) use the
temperature difference generated by thermoelectric modules to cool, with the advantages of high
reliability, no refrigerant, no moving parts (Zhao and Tan, 2014). Somehow moving components that
could result in wire detachment and lost contact could cause issues with the electrical system in an
automobile, the wiring and electrical parts must be in place and in good condition. Also, the
thermoelectric module is the most environmentally friendly cooling system available today. This
means that, according to technological assurances, it is guarantee safe to use, especially with regard
to the driver and passenger's health and safety.
In according to the study of Qiu-shi Wan et.al.2022. Which is very suitable for automotive
electrical equipment. According to (Hao et al., 2016) Thermoelectric cooling is currently commonly
used in engineering applications such as microelectronics. Because this module is simple to use and
install for its size, it can fit in any small location. In addition, because TEC is designed or specifically
developed for the electronic cooling system, this module can function correctly without the need for
any additional devices other than a DC current.
There are some concerns and studies that suggest even the localized air-condition need longer
time to cool the vehicle cabin to reduce the temperature usually in summer time but using thermo-
electric device may help to use to cool down before entering to your vehicle. the study of Chu-Qi
Su,(et.al 2022) Say that This greatly reduces the cooling efficiency of vehicles air conditioning. TECs
cooling are suitable for use as an auxiliary to the air conditioning system. So this technology is much
better to be combine for the best efficiency result.
Alternatively, thermoelectric coolers, which have the advantages of being emission-free,
noise-free, and environmentally friendly, have piqued the interest of researchers and demonstrated
significant application potential. To provide a systematic review of thermoelectric coolers, we first
discuss the application potential, ranging from battery cooling to microchip cooling, and then
summarize the key parameters used to evaluate thermoelectric cooler performance. (Wei Sun
et.al.2022).
The goal of this work, however, is to simulate the best design of an entire TEAC system based
on given inlet parameters. (i.e., hot and cold air mass flow rates and ambient temperatures). The
analytical model was created by combining a recently developed optimal design method with
dimensional analysis and the thermal isolation method in order to optimize the thermoelectric
parameters. (Alaa Attar et.al, 2016).
In according to the study of Tristan Caroff the purpose of this study is to present a new generic
approach for multi-criteria optimization of thermoelectric coolers using multi-physic simulations.
This method is based on determining the best thermal resistance of a thermoelectric cooler in a given
thermal environment. (Tristan Caroff et.al.2015).
 14

High temperature effects

Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases related to extreme temperatures were greater in number
when compared to other causes of death. Some studies found association between ambient temperature and
hospitalization due to ischemic injuries on days or even weeks subsequent to the increase in temperatures
(Berginer et al. 1989; Basu et al. 2012).

Despite human beings being highly adapted to high temperatures, heat can still result in fatalities
through direct means like heat stroke, cardiovascular failure, or other physical ailments, as well as indirect
means such as food scarcity due to crop loss or the spread of infectious diseases. (Joshua Graff Zivin and
Jeffrey Shrader, 2016).
 15

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this chapter is to present the activities required for the effective design,

development and evaluation of thermoelectric cooling device. The thermoelectric cooling device was

designed to cool down temperature of sedan vehicles cabin during parking mode to the comfortability

temperature of a human body.

Research Location

The research study conducted at University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP). It is located at CM. Recto Avenue Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. By virtue of

Republic Act 10919, the Mindanao University of Science and Technology (MUST) in Cagayan de

Oro City, Misamis Oriental, and the Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology

(MOSCAT) in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, were combined to form the University of Science and

Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP), a state university that was established on August 16,

2016. Its position in Northern Mindanao, the gateway to Mindanao, gives the university a strategic

edge in recruiting and developing students from all other regions.

Research Design

The study employed an innovative research strategy. This approach was selected to achieve

the objective of designing and developing an air-cooling device for a sedan vehicle during parking

mode using thermoelectric technology.

 16

Steps in fabricating the device

1st step in building this product is by assembling the fan, thermoelectric, heat sink and wires.

Figure 1 Assembling Thermoelectric, fan, heat sink and wires.

 17

2nd step is making a frame that suites to the design of the fan, thermoelectric and wires.

Figure 2 Building the frames.

 18

3rd step is attaching fuse, switch, thermo controller using soldering led and screw bolts.

Figure 3 Attaching and wiring switch, fuse and thermo controller.

 19

Figure 4 Finalizing the design of the device.

In figure 1 we are assembling the fan, heat sink, thermoelectric and wires and making design
that can make the product please to look. In assembling, we use thermal paste to attach the
thermoelectric into the heat sink and screw the bolt to the side of the heat sink, so that the fans,
thermoelectric and heat sink will attach together, lastly we connect the wires into a parallel circuit. In
figure 2 shows the designing and building the frames. We used measuring tape to make the size of the
frames suit to attach the fan, thermoelectric, heatsink and wires. In making the whole frame, we used
grinder, welding machine, welding rods to build the structure. In figure 3 shows that we are attaching
and connecting the switch, fuse, thermo controller. In attaching, we used soldering iron, soldering led
and bolts. In figure shows the final design of the device.
 20

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are selected owners of sedan vehicle here in Cagayan de Oro

City, 9000 Philippines. The respondents of this study are the people who experience uncomfortable

to their vehicle during parking mode in an open space area. The respondents provided answers to the

questionnaire that the researchers provided to them, which provides the data that the researchers

needed. For the study, the researchers require a minimum of 20 participants.

Research Instruments

The researcher will employ tools and resources for the innovation in this study after reviewing

and evaluating the driver. To collect data, the researcher will also use a questionnaire.

3.2 Design and Development

The design of thermoelectric cooling device is use only in sedan vehicle, because if the

cooling device used on a wide cabin the cooling device cannot provide its cooling capability. The

purpose of thermoelectric cooling device focuses on the cooling system that can provide

comfortability of the driver during the car is in parking mode in an open space area. It helps also the

drivers mental condition.

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3.1 Different views of Portable thermo-cooling Device

figure 3.1 below shows the planned of the thermo-cooling device. the inner parts of the this
project consist of 4 Peltier module 12V each one has 5.8 amperes and 8 pieces of heatsink which is
capable to absorb heat and cold temperature produce by thermo-effect. and also have fan in total of 9
pieces 12V DC fan, four 18A& five 3A for better Air supply that moves the cold and hot temperature
absorb by heatsink, which are connected in parallel circuit with the total of 38.92 amperes. the fan is
connected via relay which has a connection to thermostat control to power and the Peltier module is
directly connected to Thermo-control output.

Figure 3.1 inner Part of thermo-cooling device

This figure shows the exact construction on the inner part of Thermo-Cooling Device .
 22

Thermo-Control

Cut off switch Frame

Fuse

Relay

Air Ventilation

Figure3.2 front view of Thermo-cooling device

figure 3.2 shows the front design which have consist of several parts first the thermo-control
is incharge to control and responsible for temperature reading and setting , when the temperature rises
in a certain high temperature set the thermo-control send an output/power to the Peltier-module and
the relay switch connected to the upper and lower fan to activate and produce cold temperature and
automatically switch off when the temperature set is acquired or low. Second ,is the cut off switch
(toggle switch) that connect to the positive terminal of battery and Fuse for safety of the circuit
whenever a faulty or failure in the circuit happen. And also have Relay for the upper and lower fan
that needs a signal of the thermo-control to open the flow that triggered the fan to activate and prevent
overload. The frame is made of stainless steel for the durability and corrosion free, best for cooling
for it is a heat resistance metal which is suits for this design. Lastly, the Air ventilation we Design
that could aim the area or side you want too prioritize to Cool-down specially the driver seats and the
passenger seats.
 23

Top View
Lower View

Back View Side View

Figure 3.3 Different View

 24

Figure 3.4 Interior preferable location for Portable DC Thermo-Cooling Device

Figure 3.4 show’s where was the exact location of portable DC thermo-cooling Device. Either at the
front seats or at the back seats since it was a portable it can be moved anywhere, as long as it varies wire
length.
 25

Figure 3.5 Schematic diagram of portable DC Thermo-Cooling Device

 26

MATERIALS:

A thermoelectric Peltier
device is a type of
thermoelectric cooler
(TEC) that uses the Peltier
effect to create a
Thermoelectric Peltier temperature difference. The
Device thermoelectric is one of the
main components in our
study it serves as a cooling
device that can provide
cooling capability.

Wires are used to conduct

electricity and are an
essential component in
many electrical and
12volts wire electronic devices. They are
used to connect different
components in a circuit,
such as batteries and to
transmit electrical energy
from one point to another.
A heat sink is a component
that increases the heat flow
away from a hot device. It
accomplishes this task by
Heat Sink increasing the device's
working surface area and
the amount of low-
temperature fluid that
moves across its enlarged
surface area.

A cooling fan helps to

reduce the temperature.
Cooling fans are used in a
variety of electronic
COOLING FAN devices, including
computers, servers, and
gaming consoles. They are
also used in industrial
equipment, automobiles,
and appliances such as air
conditioners, refrigerators,
and ovens.
 27

Batteries are used in a wide

range of applications,
including portable
electronic devices,
12V BATTERY automobiles, and power
tools. They are also used as
backup power sources for
uninterruptible power
supply systems and in solar
power systems.

A switch is a device that

allows or interrupts the flow
of electrical current in a
circuit. A switch can be
SWITCH used to turn on or off a
device, or to control the
flow of electricity to
different parts of a circuit.

A Temperature Controller
is a device that is used to
THERMO control a heater or other
equipment by comparing a
CONTROLLER sensor signal with a set
point and performing
calculations according to
the deviation between those
values.
FUSE A fuse is an electrical safety
device that is designed to
protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by
excess current. It typically
consists of a metal wire or
filament that melts and
breaks the circuit when too
much current flows through
it.
 28

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Actual Figure of the Circuit

Figure 4.1 shows how the device Installed in a Vehicle cabin.

Figure 4.1 Actual Figure of the device

 29

4.2 Testing of the device

Figure 4.2 thermo-electric device tested in sedan vehicle.

The device was positioned appropriately by the researcher in the cabin of the vehicle, with the
exhaust installed in the window and with just enough space to fit. The vehicle was parked directly in
the sun, and the thermo-electric device was activated automatically as the temperature inside the cabin
was higher than the current temperature.
 30

Acceptability of the device

Table 4.1 Test result conducting on the device based on the temperature of a car cabin during

morning, noon, and afternoon.

Car condition Duration of time Temperature Temperature with

without the device the device
The car is heated 30 minutes 48.3°C 47.6°C
by the sunlight
couple of hours.
(11:47am)
The car is in 30 minutes 34.6 33.3
shaded area
(1pm)
The car is in 30minutes 30.5 28.9
parking during
morning.

The table shows the result that were conducted on the device. The car is heated by the

sunlight couple of hours in the morning the temperature without the device was 48.3°C and the

temperature with the device decreases into 47.6°C within the 30minutes duration of time. When the

car is in shaded area the temperature in the afternoon the temperature without the device was 34.6 and

the temperature with the device decreases into 33.33°C within the 30minutes duration of time. If the

car is in parking during morning the Temperature without device was 30.5°C and the Temperature

with the device decrease into 28.0°C within the 30minutes duration of time.
 31

To analyze the data, the researchers used the mean to interpret the collected data from the
survey that they have gathered. This will show the result of the conduct of the survey.

Scale Range of Means Description Interpretation

5 4.21 – 5.00 Highly Acceptable Very Positive
4 3.41 – 4.20 Acceptable Positive
3 2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Acceptable Moderate
2 1.81 – 2.60 Fairly Acceptable Negative
1 1.00– 1.80 Not Acceptable Very Negative

Functionality Mean Standard Interpretation

Deviation
1. The device is simple to operate. 4.5 4.02 Very Positive
2. The device is movable. 4.55 4.09 Very Positive
3. The device is effective as an air 4.3 3.81 Very Positive
humidifier.
4. The device is easy to maneuver. 4.45 3.97 Very Positive
5. The accuracy of the temperature 4.05 3.61 Positive
output.
Table 1.1 The functionality of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode using
Thermoelectric.
The table shows that the responses of the participants are in the range of means 4.21 – 5.00 on
a scale of 5 which means that the majority have a highly acceptable evaluation of the air-cooling
device of a sedan vehicle during parking mode using thermoelectric in terms of its functionality except
for the component 5 where it yields 4.05 which means positive. The standard deviation which is
compared to the mean shows that their difference is below one which tells us that they are relatively
close. Therefore, the overall impression of the project in terms of its function is very positive.
Aesthetics Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviation
1. The device has a unique design. 4.65 4.16 Very Positive
2. The components of the device 4.35 3.87 Very Positive
are mounted properly.
3. The device is provided with a 4.45 3.96 Very Positive
compatible design in the
vehicle.
4. The appearance of the device is 4.3 3.83 Very Positive
pleasing to look.
5. The design of the project is 3.55 3.11 Positive
presentable.
Table 1.2 The aesthetics of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode using
Thermoelectric.
The table above presents that most of the participants have answered in the range of 4.21 –
5.00 which is under a scale of 5 that states that it is highly acceptable except for the 5 th component
which is 3.55 on a scale of 4 which means acceptable. It is interpreted as acceptable based on the
rating scale used. Its standard deviation is close to the mean. This suggests that most of the participants
rated the aestheticism of the air-cooling device of a sedan vehicle during parking mode using
thermoelectric as very positive.
Portability Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviation
 32

1. It can easily transfer from one 4.65 3.24 Very Positive

place to another.
2. The device can be attached to 4.2 2.73 Positive
an average size of the vehicle.
3. The device can be left behind 4.25 3.78 Very Positive
while parking.
4. The device use relay. 4.3 3.83 Very Positive
5. The device has a light 4.4 3.91 Very Positive
indicator.
Table 1.3 The portability of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode using
Thermoelectric.
The above table displays that the majority of the participants replied as highly acceptable with
its range from 4.21 – 5.00 on a scale of 5 with respect to the portability of the project excluding the
2nd component with a mean of 4.2 which means acceptable. The standard deviation is clustered near
the mean. Thus, the overall result for the portability of the project air-cooling device of a sedan vehicle
during parking mode using thermoelectric is very positive.

Cost-Effectiveness Mean Standard Interpretation

Deviation
1. The circuit is economical in 4.05 3.62 Positive
terms of materials and supplies.
2. The device can be constructed 4.3 3.83 Very Positive
by instructors and students.
3. The device is constructed at a 4.2 3.75 Positive
low cost.
4. The total cost of production is 4.25 3.77 Very Positive
worth the output shown.
5. The materials are cheap but 4.4 3.91 Very Positive
high in quality.
Table 1.4 The cost-effectiveness of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode
using Thermoelectric.
The table above indicates that the participants of the study have an impression of the project
as highly acceptable since the results are in the range of 4.21 – 5.00 which is on a scale of 5. On the
other hand, components 1 and 3 are in the range of 3.41 – 4.20 which is under scale 4. Standard
deviation above shows that it is below the mean yet close to it. Hence, it can be interpreted that the
participants have positive feedback about the cost-effectiveness of an air-cooling device of a sedan
vehicle during parking mode using thermoelectric presented to them.
Safety Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviation
1. The device is safe to operate. 4.6 4.17 Very Positive
2. Can be operated automatically 4.5 3.96 Very Positive
and manually.
3. The relay has a low consumed 4.4 3.90 Very Positive
voltage.
4. The wire has enough strength to 3.75 3.27 Positive
support the entire wire voltage.
5. The electrical wire is properly 4.45 3.98 Very Positive
sealed.
 33

Table 1.5 The safety of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode using
Thermoelectric.
The table reveals the responses of the participants on a scale of 5 which is in the range of 4.21
– 5.00 on a scale of 5 which means highly acceptable except for the 3rd component which has 3.75
which means it is acceptable. The standard deviation with respect to the mean is also close to each
other which means that the data is clustered near mean. This means that they concur that it is valuably
very positive with respect to the safety of the project air-cooling device of a sedan vehicle during
parking mode using thermoelectric.
Durability Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviation
1. The components are made of 4.45 3.95 Very Positive
metal.
2. The device uses stainless as the 4.4 3.85 Very Positive
frame of its body.
3. The structure of the device is 4.75 4.20 Very Positive
durable.
4. The device has a suitable size to 4.35 3.80 Very Positive
function.
5. The device has a solid frame. 4.85 4.34 Very Positive
Table 1.6 The safety of an Air-Cooling Device of a Sedan Vehicle during Parking Mode using
Thermoelectric.

The table says that the majority of the participants in this study agree that the strength of the
project is at its peak with a mean range from 4.21 to 5.00 on a scale of 5 that can be said as highly
acceptable. Its standard deviation with regards to the mean is more clustered. This exemplifies that
the durability of the project air-cooling device of a sedan vehicle during parking mode using
thermoelectric is very commendable or very positive.
Overall, the results indicate that the participants have a highly positive evaluation of the air-
cooling device of a sedan vehicle during parking mode using thermoelectric in terms of its
functionality, aestheticism, portability, cost-effectiveness, safety, and durability. The majority of the
responses were in the range of 4.21 – 5.00 on a scale of 5, indicating high acceptability, except for a
few components that were rated as acceptable. The standard deviation was close to the mean,
suggesting that the data was relatively clustered. Overall, the study suggests that the air-cooling device
of a sedan vehicle during parking mode using thermoelectric is a valuable and commendable project.
 34

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations based on the result of the study.

5.1 Conclusion

The Design and Development of an Air-Cooling Device of Sedan Vehicle During Parking

Mode Using Thermoelectric was tested for its effectiveness for reducing cabin temperature to the

comfortability of human body in a sedan vehicle during parking mode. The innovation aiming to

address the temperature uncomfortability of the driver and passenger during the car is parking in a hot

area. The innovation emphasized the usage of the device is only for a sedan vehicle.

The owners of a sedan vehicle rated the innovation in the following category: functionality,

aesthetics, portability, cost-effectiveness, safety and durability. In terms of functionality, it has a total

average of 4.37, as it operates effectively and it is user-friendly. In aesthetics, it is rated mean 4.26,

because it has a unique design, in portability it rated total mean of 4.36, because the device can be left

unattended while the vehicle is parked. In Cost Effectiveness it is rated mean total of 4.24, because it

is economically in terms of materials and supplies, In Safety it is rated mean total of 4.34, because

wires and relays are properly sealed, while in Durability it is rated mean total of 4.56 because the

frames is made of metal and the design of structure is durable.

 35

5.2 Recommendation

Furthermore improvements of the thesis entitled “ Design and Development of an Air-Cooling

Device of Sedan Vehicle During Parking Mode Using Thermoelectric in terms of functionality,

aesthetics, portability, cost-effectiveness, safety and durability are recommended as follows:

1. The researcher should use solar panels in supplying the electricity of the device so that the

battery will not drain faster.

2. The researcher should design and developed more presentable and the device should have

proper place.

3. Further study is recommend to improve the effectiveness of the device.

 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Thermoelectric device

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[4] Aklilu Tesfamichael Baheta et.al (2019) Thermoelectric Air-Conditioning System:
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[6] Hsiang-Sheng Huang et.al (2009) Thermoelectric water-cooling device applied to
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[7] Jihui Yang, Francis R. Stabler (2009) Automotive Applications of Thermoelectric
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[8] Wei Hei et.al (2013) Theoretical and experimental investigation on a thermoelectric
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[9] Jinsheng Xiao et.al (2012) Thermal design and management for performance optimization
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[10] Yang Cai et.al (2019) Thermoelectric cooling technology applied in the field of
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 37

[16] Y. Lu et.al (2019) Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric
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[22] Andre Luis Foroni Casas et.al (2016) Effects of Temperature Variation on the Human
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44BUSAFs9WFCXnclMWlqBXHANaik7m5FR12FEO4Lg1boqfK9JulUQ46itG2AlXu1M8u
 38

APPENDIX A

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AIR-COOLING DEVICEOF SEDAN VEHICLE DURING

PARKING MODE USING THERMOELECTRIC

Evaluation of Acceptability of the Project

Name: __________________________
(Optional)

RATINGS:
5 - Very highly acceptable

4 - Highly acceptable

3 - Moderately acceptable

2 – Slightly acceptable

1- Not acceptable

INSTRUCTIONS: Please check the box below the numbers.

5 4 3 2 1

I. FUNCTIONALITY

1. The device is simple to operate.

2. The device is movable.

3. The device is effective in air humidifier.

4. The device is easy to maneuver.

5. The accuracy of the temperatures output

TOTAL

II. AESTHETICS

1. The device has an unique design

2. Components of the device are mounted properly

 39

3. The device is provided with a compatible design in the vehicle

4. The appearance of the device is pleased to look

5. Design of the project is presentable

TOTAL

III. PORTABILITY

1. It can easily transfer from one place to another.

2. The device can be attach in an average size of vehicle

3. The device can be left behind while on parking

4. The device use relay

5. The device has a light indicator

TOTAL

IV. COST EFFECTIVENESS

1. The circuit is economical in terms of materials and supplies

2. The device can be constructed by instructors and students

3. The device is constructed in low cost

4. The total cost of production is worth the output shown

5. The materials are cheap but high in quality

TOTAL

V. SAFETY

1. The device is safe to operate

2. Can be operated automatically and manually

3. The relay has low consumed on voltage

4. The wire has enough strength to support the entire wire voltage

5. The electrical wire is properly sealed

TOTAL
 40

VI. DURABILITY

1. The components are made of metal

2. The device uses stainless as the frame of its body

3. The structure of the device is durable

4. The device has a suitable size to function

5. The device has a solid frame

TOTAL
 41

Appendix B

Bill of Materials

Quantity Unit Description Unit cost Total Cost

(₱) (₱)
4 sets 12V 349 1396

thermoelectric

peltier, fan,

heat sink,

4 pcs 12V Fan 55 220

1 pcs Thermo 209 209

Control

1 pcs Relay 30 30

1 pcs Switch 40 40

2 pcs Alligator Clip 24.50 49

1 pcs Fuse 90 90

1 pcs Battery

2 mtrs Wire 60 120

1 pcs Stainless 3000 3000

Frame

1 mtrs Insulator 60 60

roofing sheets

1 mtrs Soldering led 30 30

1 pcs Electrical tape 30 30

TOTAL: 5274
 42

CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Art Vincent F. Edulsa

Address: Zone 8-A Cugman, Cagayan de Oro City
Date of Birth: April 04, 2000
Place of Birth: Agora Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Height: 167.64 cm
Weight: 78 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines

High School: Lapasan National High School SY: 2016-2017

Elementary: Cagayan de Oro Holy Infant School SY: 2012-2013

 CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Nico G. Malaran

Address: Buena Oro Macasandig Cagayan de Oro City
Date of Birth: May 31, 2001
Place of Birth: Cagayan de Oro City
Height: 164.65 cm
Weight: 58 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines

High School: Cagayan de Oro National High School SY: 2016-2017

Elementary: South City Central Elementary School SY: 2012-2013

43
 CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Freilkyan A. Cabanlit

Address: Barra Opol, Misamis Oriental
Date of Birth: June 9, 2000
Place of Birth: Dominorog Talakag Bukidnon
Height: 162 cm
Weight: 52 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Born Again Christian

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines

High School: Lapasan National High School SY: 2018-2019

Elementary: Bacolod Central School SY: 2011-2012

44
 CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Scottie Joshua E. Kotico

Address: Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Date of Birth: April 10, 2000
Place of Birth: Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Height: 166 cm
Weight: 65 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Born Again Christian

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines

High School: Don Carlos National High School

Elementary: Seventh Day Adventist Elementary School, Don Carlos

Bukidnon

45
 CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Amir Anthony L. Nobleza

Address: San Miguel, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon
Date of Birth: May 28,2000
Place of Birth: San Fernando, Pampanga
Height: 175 cm
Weight: 69 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines

High School: Manolo Fortich National High School

Elementary: San Miguel Elementary School

46
47