Fourier Transform Pair

MODULE : III Fourier Transform

The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is defined by
Even Function: If 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function, then𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 1 ∞
𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples: 𝑥 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑒𝑡𝑐., √2𝜋 −∞

Geometrical Meaning The inverse Fourier transform of 𝐹(𝑠) is defined by

𝑎 𝑎 ∞
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
−𝑎 0 √2𝜋 −∞

The Fourier transforms 𝐹(𝑠)of 𝑓(𝑥) and the inverse Fourier transform 𝑓(𝑥) =
Odd Function: If 𝑓(𝑥)is said to be odd function, then 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). 𝐹 −1 {𝐹(𝑠)} are jointly called Fourier transform pair.
2
Examples: 𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.,
Geometrical Meaning Inversion Formula
𝑎
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , then the inversion formula can be
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
∞
−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥0 +) + 𝑓(𝑥0 −) 1
modified as = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑓(𝑥0 +)and
2 √2𝜋 −∞
Modulus Function f(x0 −)denotes the right hand & 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 x0 .
If𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ , then 𝑓(𝑥) can be mathematically written as
−𝑥, −∞ < 𝑥 < 0 Properties of Fourier Transform
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 0<𝑥<∞
Property 1 : Linear Property
If𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) and 𝐹{𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝐺(𝑠) then
Multiplication Division
𝐹{𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑎𝐹(𝑠) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.× 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. Proof :
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.
∞
1
𝐹{𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)} = ∫ {𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)}𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. √2𝜋 −∞
𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛.× 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.
𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. 1 ∞
1 ∞
= 𝑎[ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] + 𝑏 [ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. √2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.× 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛.
𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. = 𝑎𝐹(𝑠) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)

𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. Where 𝐹(𝑠) and 𝐺(𝑠) are the Fourier transforms of 𝑓(𝑥) and g(𝑥) .
𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛.× 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛. = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛. = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑛.
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑛.

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 1
Property 2 : Shifting Property Property 4 :

If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) , then 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) If𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐹{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)

Proof : Proof :
∞
1 ∞ 1
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 By definition, 𝐹{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 √2𝜋 −∞
−∞
∞
1
Put 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖(𝑠+𝑎)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ √2𝜋 −∞
1 𝑖𝑠(𝑡+𝑎)
∴ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 1 ∞
√2𝜋 −∞ But , 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ √2𝜋 −∞
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝐹{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)
√2𝜋 −∞
∞
1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Property 5 : Modulation Property
√2𝜋 −∞
1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) + 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)]
2

Proof :
Property 3 : Change of Scale Property 1 ∞

1 𝑠
The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = |𝑎| 𝐹 ( )where 𝑎 ≠ 0 √2𝜋 −∞
𝑎
∞
1
Proof : ∴ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
√2𝜋 −∞
1 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑎𝑥 −𝑖𝑎𝑥
𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎𝑥)𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 +𝑒
√2𝜋 −∞ But, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑡 ∞
Put 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
𝑎 ∴ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥){𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑥 }𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
2 √2𝜋 −∞
∞
1 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑡(𝑎) 𝑑𝑡] 1 1 ∞
1 1 ∞
𝑎 √2𝜋 −∞ = [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖(𝑠+𝑎)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] + [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖(𝑠−𝑎)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
∞
2 √2𝜋 −∞ 2 √2𝜋 −∞
1
By definition, 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
√2𝜋 −∞ = [𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) + 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)]
2
1 𝑠 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = 𝐹 ( )for 𝑎 > 0 and = − 𝐹 ( ) for 𝑎 < 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑠
⇒ 𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = |𝑎| 𝐹 ( ) where 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 2
 ∞
Property 6 : 1
(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , the convolution of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑑𝑛 √2𝜋 −∞
If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐹{𝑥 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)} = (−𝑖 𝑛 ) {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠 𝑛
Proof :
Proof : ∞
1
1 ∞ By definition, (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √2𝜋 −∞
√2𝜋 −∞
The Fourier Transform of 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 is
By differentiating 𝐹(𝑠) w.r.to 𝑠 under the integral sign, ∞ ∞
1 1
𝑑 1 ∞
𝜕 𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = ∫ [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡] 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) {𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 }𝑑𝑥 √2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
𝑑𝑠 √2𝜋 −∞ 𝜕𝑠 ∞ ∞
1
1 ∞ = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥
(𝑖𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 −∞ −∞
√2𝜋 −∞
∞
Changing the order of integration in R.H.S integral,
1 𝑖𝑠𝑥
= (𝑖) [ ∫ {𝑥𝑓(𝑥)}𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ] 1 ∞ ∞
√2𝜋 −∞ 𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) [∫ 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑 𝑥] 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 −∞ −∞
∴ (−𝑖)𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 𝐹{𝑥𝑓(𝑥)}
Put 𝑥 − 𝑡 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑡
2
𝑑
Also 𝐹{𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)} = (−𝑖) 𝐹[𝑥𝑓(𝑥)] Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 and u varies from −∞ to ∞.
𝑑𝑠
𝑑 1 ∞ ∞
= (−𝑖) [(−𝑖)𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] ∴ 𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) [∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑒 𝑖𝑠(𝑢+𝑡) 𝑑 𝑢] 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 2𝜋 −∞ −∞

𝑑2 1 ∞ ∞
= (−𝑖)2 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 [∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑢 𝑑 𝑢] 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 2 2𝜋 −∞ −∞
𝑑𝑛 1 ∞
1 ∞
In general, 𝐹{𝑥 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)} = (−𝑖)𝑛 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 [ ∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑢 𝑑 𝑢] 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
Convolution of Two Functions = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝐺(𝑠)𝑑𝑡 {∵ 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐹{𝑔(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
The Convolution of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is defined by ∞
1
1 ∞ ∴ 𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ] 𝐺(𝑠)
(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 √2𝜋 −∞
√2𝜋 −∞ ∞
1
= 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠) {∵ 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
√2𝜋 −∞
Convolution Theorem
Hence 𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) and 𝐹{𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝐺(𝑠) , then 𝐹{(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠) where

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 3
 ∞ ∞
Note : By Convolution Theorem,𝐹{𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠) ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑑𝑠
From (1), ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠)𝐹(𝑠)
−1 {𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)}
⇒𝐹 = {𝑓 ∗ 𝑔}(𝑥) −∞ −∞
∞ ∞
∞
−1 {𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)}
1 i. e. ∫ |𝑓(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐹 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
√2𝜋 −∞ −∞
−∞
∞ ∞
Hence ∫ |𝑓(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠
Parseval’s Identity −∞ −∞

If 𝐹(𝑠) is the complex Fourier transform of𝑓(𝑥) , then

∞ ∞ Illustrative Examples
∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠 𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂
−∞ −∞ 1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓|𝒙| > 𝑎
Proof :
Solution:The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is
By convolution theorem𝐹 −1 {𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)} = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 where 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 is the convolution ∞
1
of𝑓(𝑥)and𝑔(𝑥). 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −∞
∞
1 1 𝑎
∴ 𝐹 −1 {𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −∞
√2𝜋 −𝑎
∞ ∞
1 1 𝑎 𝑎
i. e. ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 1 𝑖
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −𝑎 √2𝜋 −𝑎
Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above result, 2𝑖 𝑎
∞ ∞ =0+ ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(−𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 − − −(1) √2𝜋 0
−∞ −∞
√2√2𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑎
Let 𝑔(𝑡) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(−𝑡) ∴ 𝑔(−𝑡) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑡) = [𝑥 (− ) − (− 2 )] = 𝑖 √ [− + 2 ]
√2𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 0 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 0
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅}
𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐹{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐹{𝑓(−𝑡)
1 ∞ 2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑓(−𝑡) = 𝑖 √ [(− + 2 ) − (0 + 0)]
√2𝜋 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠
−∞

Put 𝑡 = −𝑣 in R.H.S integral

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎 − 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎
1 ∞ = 𝑖√ [ 2 − ] = 𝑖√ [ ]
∴ 𝐺(𝑠) = ∫ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑣)𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 𝜋 𝑠2
√2𝜋 −∞
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 ∞ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎 − 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑣)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹(𝑠) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑖 √ [ ]
√2𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 𝑠2

Where ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹(𝑠)is the complex conjugate ofF(s).
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 4
 1 1
F(s) = ∫ (1) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −1
|𝒙| 𝒇𝒐𝒓|𝒙| < 𝑎 1
2. Show that the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { 1
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −1
𝟐 𝒔𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒂+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒂−𝟏
is√ [ ] 1 1
𝝅 𝒔𝟐
= ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0 √2𝜋 −1
Solution:Given |𝑥| = { 1 1
𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0 1 𝑖
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is √2𝜋 −1 √2𝜋 −1
1
1 ∞ 2
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 0
𝑎 1
1 √2√2
= ∫ |𝑥|(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −𝑎 √2𝜋 0
𝑎 𝑎
1
= [∫ |𝑥|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 ∫ |𝑥|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ] 2 1
√2𝜋 −𝑎 −𝑎 = √ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑎
2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 0
√2𝜋 0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 1
= √ [( )]
√2√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑎 𝜋 𝑠 0
= [𝑥 ( )+ 2 ]
√2𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
=√ ( − 0)
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 1 2 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 − 1 𝜋 𝑠
= √ [(𝑎 ( )+ ) − (0 − 2 )] = √ [ ]
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠 𝜋 𝑠2
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒔
𝑭(𝒔) = √ [ ]
𝝅 𝒔
𝟏 ; |𝒙| < 1
3. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Hence deduce that
𝟎 ; |𝒙| > 1 ∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀 𝝅
(𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 ∫ 𝒅𝝀 =
∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀 𝝅 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝝅 𝟎 𝝀 𝟐
(i) ∫𝟎 𝒅𝝀 = (𝒊𝒊) ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 =
𝝀 𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝟐 ∞
1
1 ; |𝑥| < 1 By inversion formula 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = { √2𝜋 −∞
0 ; |𝑥| > 1
The Fourier transform of𝑓(𝑥)is ∞
1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 −𝑖𝑠𝑥
= ∫ √ [ ]𝑒 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞
√2𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 𝑠
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −∞

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 5
 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 2
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
1 2∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜋
= √ ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 0 𝑠
√2𝜋 𝜋 −∞ 𝑠 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 2 𝜋
1 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 =
= ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 0 𝑠 2
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠
Changing 𝑠 to𝑡 , Wehave
1 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑖 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
= ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠 − ∫ [ ] (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 𝜋
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠 𝜋 −∞ 𝑠 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 =
0 𝑡 2
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠 + 0 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝜋
𝜋 0 𝑠 ∫ dt =
𝑡 2 2
∞ 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝜋 − − −(1)
∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 𝑠 2
4.Find the Fourier Transform of
Put 𝑥 = 0 in (1) ∞ 𝟐
𝒂 − |𝒙|; |𝒙| < 𝑎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝝅
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝜋 1 ; |x| < 1 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 (𝐢) ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒕 =
∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(0), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = { , We have f(0) = 1 𝟎 ; |𝒙| > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0 𝟎 𝒕 𝟐
0 𝑠 2 0 ; |x| > 1
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 𝝅
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝜋 (𝐢𝐢 ) ∫ 4
dt =
∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 = 0 𝑡 𝟑
0 𝑠 2
Solution:The Fourier transform of𝑓(𝑥) is
∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀 𝝅
Changing 𝑠 to 𝜆 ∫𝟎 [ ] 𝑑𝜆 = 1 ∞
𝝀 𝟐
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝝅 √2𝜋 −∞
(𝐢𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 ∫ 𝐝𝐭 =
𝟎 𝒕𝟐 𝟐 =
1 𝑎
∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −𝑎
Using Parseval’s identity 𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑖
∞ ∞ = ∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|2 𝑑𝑥 √2𝜋 −𝑎 √2𝜋 −𝑎
−∞ −∞ 𝑎
2
2 = ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0
∞ 1 √2𝜋
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 1 ; −1 < 𝑥 < 1 0
∫ (√ ) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (1)2 𝑑𝑥, {∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = { }
−∞ 𝜋 𝑠 −1
0 ;𝑥 > 1
𝑎
√2√2 2 𝑎
= ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑠 1 √2𝜋 0 𝜋 0
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = (𝑥) =1+1=2
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠 2 −1
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 2
∞
= √ [{(𝑎 − 𝑥) ( )} − {(−1) ( )}]
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜋 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 2 0
−∞ 𝑠

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 6
 𝑎 − |𝑥|; −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
Since f(𝑥) = { ; we have 𝑓(0) = 𝑎 − 0 = 𝑎
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 1 𝑠𝑎 2𝑡 2𝑑𝑡
= √ {[0 − ] − [0 − 2 ]} Put( ) = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠 = ( ) ⟹ 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜋 𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑎 𝑎

4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡) 2
𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒂 ⟹ ∫ [ ] ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑭(𝒔) = √ [ ] 𝜋 0 2𝑡 2 𝑎
𝝅 𝒔𝟐 ( )
𝑎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟐∞
𝝅 4 ∞
𝑎2 2
(𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ⟹ ∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡)] ( 2 ) ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
𝒕 𝟐 𝜋 0 4𝑡 𝑎
𝟎

1 ∞ 2𝑎 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡)
By inversion formula, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑠 ⟹ ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
√2𝜋 𝜋 0 𝑡2
−∞

∞
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡) 𝜋
12 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 ⟹∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑡 =
= ∫ √ [ ]𝑒 𝑑𝑠 0 𝑡2 2
√2𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 𝑠2
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕 𝝅
1 ∞ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 (𝐢𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 ∫ 𝐝𝐭 =
= ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠 𝟎 𝒕𝟒 𝟑
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠2 ∞ ∞
1 ∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑖 ∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 By using Parseval’s identity, ∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [ 𝑠2 ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 − ∫ [ 𝑠2 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 −∞ −∞
𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 −∞
∞ ∞ 2 𝑎
2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 + 0 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠2 −∞ 𝜋 𝑠2 −𝑎

2 𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑎 2
2 ∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) 2
2 ∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑎
= ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠2 𝜋 −∞ 𝑠2 −𝑎

2 𝑠𝑎 𝑎
4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) = 2 ∫ (𝑎 − |𝑥|)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠
𝜋 0 𝑠2 0

𝑠𝑎 2
2
Putx = 0 , we get 4 ∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑎
⟹ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑎 𝜋 0 𝑠2 0
4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑓(0) = ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠0𝑑𝑠 𝑎
𝜋 0 𝑠2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)3
= 2 [− ]
𝑠𝑎
3 0
2
4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑎= ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 (𝑎 − 0)3 2𝑎3
𝜋 0 𝑠2 = 2 [0 − (− )] =
3 3

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 7
 2 1
𝑠𝑎 1
∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 2𝑎3 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = √2𝜋 −1
0 𝑠2 3
1 1
1 𝑖
𝑠𝑎 2𝑡 2𝑑𝑡
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Put ( ) = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠 = ( ) ⟹ 𝑑𝑠 = √2𝜋 −1 √2𝜋 −1
2 𝑎 𝑎
1
2 2
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0
4 ∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡) 2 2𝑎3 √2𝜋 0
⟹ ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋 0 2𝑡 𝑎 3 1
( ) √2√2
𝑎
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
√2√𝜋 0
4 ∞ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛4 (𝑡) 2 2𝑎3
⟹ ∫ ( 16𝑡 4 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋 0 𝑎 3 2 1
𝑎4 = √ ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
16 ∞ 𝑎4 2 2𝑎3
⟹ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋 0 16𝑡 4 𝑎 3 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 1
= √ {(1 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (−2𝑥) ( ) − 2 ( )}
2𝑎3 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 2𝑎3 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3 0
⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋 0 𝑡4 3
2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 2𝑎3 𝜋 𝜋 = √ {[0 − 2 + 3 ] − 0}
⟹∫ 4
𝑑𝑡 = 3
= 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠
0 𝑡 3 2𝑎 3
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 𝜋 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒔 − 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒔
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑭(𝒔) = 𝟐√ [ ]
0 𝑡4 3 𝝅 𝒔𝟑
∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭 − 𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ; |𝒙| < 1 (𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 ∫ ( ) 𝐝𝐭
5. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { and hence evaluate 𝐭𝟑
𝟎 ; |𝒙| > 1 𝟎

∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 − 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 By Fourier inversion formula
(𝐢) ∫ ( 𝟑
) 𝒅𝒕 (𝐢𝐢) ∫ ( 𝟑
) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 ∞
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
Solution :The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is √2𝜋 −∞

∞
1 1 ∞
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 −𝑖𝑠𝑥
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2√ [ ]𝑒 𝑑𝑠
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 𝑠3
1
1 2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 −𝑖𝑠𝑥
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ ]𝑒 𝑑𝑠
√2𝜋 −1 𝜋 −∞ 𝑠3

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 8
 2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ; |𝒙| < 2
= ∫ [ ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 6. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { and hence evaluate
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠3 𝟎 ; |𝒙| > 2
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 2𝑖 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 − 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟐 𝝅
= ∫ [ 3
] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 − ∫ [ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠 𝜋 −∞ 𝑠3 𝟎 𝒕 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 − − −(1) Solution:The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑠 + 0
𝜋 0 𝑠3 1 ∞
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we get, √2𝜋 −∞
∞ 2
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 1
∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(0) = 1 = ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠3 √2𝜋 −2
2 2
1 − 𝑥 ; −1 < 𝑥 < 1 1
Where 𝑓(𝑥) = { ; We have 𝑓(0) = 1 − (0)2 = 1 = ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 √2𝜋 −2
Put 𝑠 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑡 1 2
𝑖 2
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝜋 √2𝜋 −2 √2𝜋 −2
⟹ ∫ [ 3
] 𝑑𝑡 = 1 ⟹ ∫ [ 3
] 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋 0 𝑡 0 𝑡 4 2 2
∞
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 F{f(x)} = ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0
(𝐢𝐢) 𝐓𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 ∫ ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 √2𝜋 0
𝒙 𝟑 𝟐
𝟎 2
√2√2
1 = ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 = in (1) we get, √2√𝜋 0
2
∞
1 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠 1 − 𝑥 2 ; −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑓( ) = ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 , where 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 2
2 𝜋 0 𝑠 3 2 0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = √ ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 1 2 1 3
We have 𝑓 ( ) = 1 − ( ) = 1 − =
2 2 4 4 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 2
= √ {(4 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (−2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )}
3 4 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3 0
= ∫ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠
4 𝜋 0 𝑠3 2
∞ 2 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠
3𝜋 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑠 = √ {(0) − ( )+( ) − 0}
= −∫ [ 3
] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝜋 𝑠 2 𝑠3
16 0 𝑠 2
Changing 𝑠to 𝑥, we get, 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠
∞ = 2√ {( 3 ) − ( )}
−3𝜋 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2
=∫ [ 3
] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
16 0 𝑥 2
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 2√ {( 3 ) − ( )}
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 9
 1 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2 32
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒔 ∫ ( ) . 32. 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑭(𝒔) = 𝟐√ {( )} 𝜋 0 𝑡 3 15
𝝅 𝒔𝟑
∞ ∞
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2 𝜋
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 =
By Parseval’s identity, ∫ |𝐹(𝑠)|2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|2 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑡3 15
−∞ −∞
2
∞
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 2 Self-reciprocal
∫ {2√ [( 3
)]} 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
−∞ 𝜋 𝑠 −2 If the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑠) , then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be self-reciprocal
under Fourier transform.

∞
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 2 2
−𝒙𝟐
2 ∫ 4. ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
0 𝜋 𝑠 3
0
7. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒆−𝒂 , 𝒂 > 0 .Hence Show that 𝒆 𝟐 is self
16 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 2 2 reciprocal under Fourier transform.
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠3 0 Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎
2𝑥2
,𝑎 > 0
2
The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is
= 2 ∫ (16 + 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
∞
0 1
3 2
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 5 8𝑥 √2𝜋 −∞
= 2 (16𝑥 + − )
5 3 0 1 ∞
2𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
32 64 1 2 √2𝜋 −∞
= 2 {32 + − } = 2(32) {1 + − } ∞
5 3 5 3 1 2 𝑥 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑥
2
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑑𝑥
∞ √2𝜋
16 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 8 −∞
⟹ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 64 { } ∞
𝜋 0 𝑠3 15 1 2 𝑥 2 −𝑖𝑠𝑥) − − −(1)
= ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑎 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2 √2𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑠 32 −∞
∫ ( 3
) 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜋 0 𝑠 15 {∵ 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 }
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Put 2𝑠 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑠 = ⟹ 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
2 2 −(𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥) = −((𝑎𝑥)2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥) = − [(𝑎𝑥)2 − +( ) −( ) ]
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 32 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
∫ ( 3 ) = =− [(𝑎𝑥 − ) −( ) ]
𝜋 0 𝑡 2 15 2𝑎 2𝑎
( )
2
𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
1 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 32 =[−(𝑎𝑥 − ) +( ) ]
2𝑎 2𝑎
∫ ( 3
) 64. =
𝜋 0 𝑡 2 15 (1) becomes,

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 10
 −𝑠2
𝑒 4𝑎2 √𝜋 1
= (∵ 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋 )
𝑎√2𝜋 2
∞ 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
1 [−(𝑎𝑥− ) +( ) ] −𝑠2
2𝑎 2𝑎
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 4𝑎2
√2𝜋 −∞ =
∞
𝑎√2
1 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
[−(𝑎𝑥− ) ] ( ) 1
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑎 𝑒 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑎 = in above equation, we get
√2𝜋 −∞ √2

𝑖𝑠 2 ∞ −𝑠2
1 𝑖𝑠 2
= 𝑒 (2𝑎) ∫ 𝑒 [−(𝑎𝑥−2𝑎) ] 𝑑𝑥 − − −(2) 1 4(
1 2
) −𝑠2
√2𝜋 −∞ = 1
𝑒 √2 =𝑒 2
( ) √2
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢 √2
Put𝑎𝑥 − = 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑎 𝑎 −𝑥2 −𝑠2 −𝑥2

Then (2) becomes, Since 𝐹 (𝑒 2 ) =e 2 , the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier

transform.
𝑖𝑠 2 ∞
1 ( ) 2 1 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒔𝟐
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝟖. 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐟𝒆 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒆 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
√2𝜋 −∞ 𝑎
−𝒙𝟐 −𝒔𝟐
−𝑠2 ∞
1 −𝑢2 𝑭 (𝒙𝒆 𝟐 ) = (𝒊𝒔) 𝒆 𝟐
= 𝑒 4𝑎2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑎√2𝜋 −∞
𝑥2
∞
2 −𝑠2
−𝑢2 −𝑢2 Solution:Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 − 2
= 𝑒 4𝑎2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 (∵ 𝑒 is even)
𝑎√2𝜋 0 The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∞
Put 𝑡 = 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 and 𝑢 = √𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = = 1
2𝑢 2√𝑡 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠2 √2𝜋 −∞
∞
2𝑒 4𝑎2 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 −𝑥2 −𝑥2
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 1 ∞
𝑎√2𝜋 2 √𝑡 𝐹 (𝑒 2 )= ∫−∞ e 2 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 √2𝜋
−𝑠2 1 ∞ −𝑥2
∞ +𝑖𝑠𝑥
2𝑒 4𝑎2 −𝑡 −
1 = ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 2 dt √2𝜋 −∞
2𝑎√2𝜋 0
∞
1 1 2 −2𝑖𝑠𝑥)
−𝑠2
∞ = ∫ 𝑒 −2(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − − −(1)
𝑒 4𝑎2 1
−1 √2𝜋 −∞
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2 dt
𝑎√2𝜋 0 Since 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
−𝑠2
𝑒 1 4𝑎2 ∞
1 ∞ 1 1 1
= 𝛤 ( ) {∵ 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝛤 ( ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑢} − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑖𝑠𝑥) = − [(𝑥)2 − 2𝑖𝑠𝑥 + (𝑖𝑠)2 − (𝑖𝑠)2 ]
2 2
𝑎√2𝜋 2 0 2 0
1
= − [(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠)2 +𝑠 2 ]
2

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 11
 1 𝑠2 −𝑥2 −𝑠2 −𝑥2
= − (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠)2 − 𝐹 (𝑒 2 ) =e 2 ⟹𝑒 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier transform
2 2
−𝑥2 1 𝑠2 −𝑥2
1 ∞ − (𝑥−𝑖𝑠)2 −
Now (1) become𝑠 𝐹 (𝑒 2 ) = ∫−∞ 𝑒 2 2 𝑑𝑥 Next to find 𝐹 (𝑥𝑒 2 )
√2𝜋
∞ −𝑠2 𝑑
1 1
(𝑥−𝑖𝑠)2
= ∫ 𝑒 −2 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 By using property, 𝐹(𝑥𝑓(𝑥)) = (−𝑖) [𝐹(𝑠)]
√2𝜋 −∞
𝑑𝑠
1 −𝑠2 ∞ 1 Where 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐹 {𝑓(𝑥)}
(𝑥−𝑖𝑠)2
= 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑒 −2 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥2
√2𝜋 −∞
𝑑 −𝑠2
𝐹 (𝑥𝑒 2 ) = (−𝑖) [𝑒 2 ]
Put 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠
−𝑠2
−𝑠2 ∞ −𝑡2 −2𝑠
1 = (−𝑖)e 2 [ ]
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 − − −(2) 2
√2𝜋 −∞ −𝑠2 −𝑥2 −𝑠2
∞ −𝑡2 = (−𝑖)(−s)e 2 ⟹ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑒 2 ) = (is)e 2
Consider ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡
−∞

Since 𝑓(𝑡)is even function

𝟗. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 > 0. 𝐃𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
∞ −𝑡2 ∞ −𝑡2 ∞
∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 − − −(3) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒕𝒅𝒙 𝝅 −|𝒙|
∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒆 . 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝒆−𝒂|𝒙|
−∞ 0
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒂 ) 𝟐𝒂
𝑡2 2
Put = 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2𝑢 ⟹ 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑑𝑢 and 𝑡 = √2√𝑢 Solution:
2

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = e−𝑎|x|

⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = =
𝑡 √2√𝑢 The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑𝑢 1 1
(3) ⟹ 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 = √2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢2−1 𝑑𝑢 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 √2√𝑢 0 √2𝜋 −∞
1 1 1 ∞
= √2 𝛤 ( ) = √2𝜋 (∵ 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋) 𝐹(𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 √2𝜋 −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
1 ∞
{We know that 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝛤 ( ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 2 0 √2𝜋 −∞
Then (2) becomes, 1 ∞
𝑖 ∞
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑠2 −𝑠2
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 2 √2𝜋 = 𝑒 2
√2𝜋 ∞
2
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0
√2𝜋 0

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 12
 2 ∞ 1 ∞
2 𝑎
= √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √ [ 2 ] 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 0 √2𝜋 −∞ 𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠2)

𝑎 ∞ 1
2 ∞ = ∫ [ 2 ] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑠
= √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝜋 −∞ (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 )
𝜋 0
𝑎 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑎𝑖 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥
= ∫ [ 2 2
] 𝑑𝑠 − ∫ [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑠
2 ∞ 𝜋 −∞ (𝑎 + 𝑠 ) 𝜋 −∞ (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 )
= √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2𝑎 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥
= ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 + 0
𝜋 0 (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥])
2𝑎 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑠 (∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = e−𝑎|x| )
Here 𝑎 = −𝑎 & 𝑏 = 𝑠 𝜋 0 (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )
∞
𝜋 −𝑎|𝑥| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥
2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
∞ ⟹ 𝑒 =∫ [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑠
=√ [ 2 [−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥]] 2𝑎 0 (𝑎 + 𝑠2)
𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 ) 0
Changing 𝑠 to 𝑡
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑥 𝜋 −𝑎|𝑥|
⟹∫ [ 2 2
] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒
(𝑎 + 𝑡 ) 2𝑎
2 𝑒 −∞ 𝑒0 0
=√ [ 2 [−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠∞ + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠∞] − [ [−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠0 + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠0]]] 𝑑
𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 ) (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 ) By using property,𝐹(𝑥𝑓(𝑥)) = (−𝑖)
𝑑𝑠
[𝐹(𝑠)]

(∵ 𝑒 −∞ = 0 , 𝑒 0 = 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1, & 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0) where𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐹 {𝑓(𝑥)}

Taking 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| , we have
2 1
= √ [{0} − { 2 [−𝑎(1) + 0]}]
𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠2) 2 𝑑 𝑎
𝐹 {𝑥𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| } = √ (−𝑖) [ 2 ]
𝜋 𝑑𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 )
2 1
= √ [− 2 [−𝑎 ]]
𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 ) 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )0 − 2𝑎𝑠 2 2𝑖𝑎𝑠
= √ (−𝑖) =√
𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )2 𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )2
2 𝑎
𝐹(𝑠) = √ [ 2 ]
𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑠 2 )
Problems for Practice
By Fourier inversion theorem,
𝑥 2 , |𝑥| < 𝑎
∞ 1. Find the complex Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1 0 , |𝑥| > 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
√2𝜋 −∞

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 13
 2 (𝑎2 𝑠 2 − 2)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑎 2 ∞
𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶ √ ( ) 𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 𝑠3 𝜋 0

Properties of FCT and FST

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
2. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0,𝑥 < 0 Property 1: Linear Property
1 If 𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) and 𝐹𝑐 {𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝐺𝑐 (𝑠) then
𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶
√2𝜋(1 − 𝑖𝑠)2 𝐹𝑐 {𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑎𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) + 𝑏𝐺𝑐 (𝑠)
−|𝑥|.
3. Find the Fourier transform of𝑒 Using Parseval’ s identity, evaluate = 𝑎𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} + 𝑏𝐹𝑐 {𝑔(𝑥)}
∞
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
∫ 2 2
=
−∞ (𝑥 + 1) 4 Property 2
If 𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) is the F.C.T of𝑓(𝑥), then
FOURIER SINE & COSINE TRANSFORMS
1
Fourier sine transforms (FST) 𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = {𝐹 (s + a) + 𝐹𝑐 (s − a)}
2 𝑐
The infinite Fourier sine transforms of 𝑓(𝑥) is defined by
Property 3
2 ∞
𝐹𝑆 {𝑓(𝑥)} = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 If 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠) is the F.S.T of (𝑥) , then
𝜋 0
1
It is also denoted by 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) 𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥} = {𝐹 (s + a) − 𝐹𝑠 (s − a)}
2 𝑠

The inverse Fourier sine transform of 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠) is defined by Property 4

If 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠) is the F.S.T of (𝑥) , then
2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 1
𝜋 0 𝐹𝑠 {𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = {𝐹 (s + a) + 𝐹𝑠 (s − a)}
2 𝑠

Fourier cosine transforms (FCT) Property 5

The infinite Fourier cosine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is defined by
If 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) is the F.C.T of𝑓(𝑥) , then
2 ∞ 1
𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐹𝑠 {𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥} = {𝐹 (s − a) − 𝐹𝑐 (s + a)}
𝜋 0 2 𝑐

It is also denoted by 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) Property 6

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) is defined by If 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) is the F.C.T of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) is F.S.T of 𝑓(𝑥), then
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 14
 1 s 1 s
𝐹𝑐 {𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = 𝐹𝑐 ( ) and 𝐹𝑠 {𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = 𝐹𝑠 ( )
a a a a
2 𝑎
= √ ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Parseval’sidentity for Fourier sine transforms
2 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑎
If 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠)& 𝐺𝑠 (𝑠) are Fourier sine transforms of 𝑓(𝑥)& 𝑔(𝑥)respectively, then = √ (− )0
𝜋 𝑠
∞ ∞
2 1−cos 𝑠𝑎
∫ 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠)𝐺𝑠 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =√ ( )
0 0 𝜋 𝑠

2 ∞
Parseval’sidentity for Fourier cosine transform The F. C. T of 𝑓(𝑥)is𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
If 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠)&𝐺𝑐 (𝑠) are Fourier cosine transforms of 𝑓(𝑥)& 𝑔(𝑥)respectively, then
∞ ∞
2 𝑎
∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠). 𝐺𝑐 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝜋 0

Result 2 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑎 2 sin 𝑠𝑎

=√ ( ) =√
𝜋 𝑠 0 𝜋 𝑠
If 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) are Fourier cosine transform of 𝑓(𝑥)then,
∞ ∞
∫ [𝐹𝑐 (𝑠)]2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝒙, 𝟎<𝑥<1
0 0
2. Obtain the Fourier Sine Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐 − 𝒙, 𝟏 < 𝑥 < 2.
If 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) are Fourier sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥)then, 𝟎, 𝒙>2
∞ ∞
∫ [𝐹𝑠 (𝑠)]2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 2 ∞
0 0 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ The F. S. T of 𝑓(𝑥) is𝐹𝑠 (𝑓(𝑥)) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2
Illustrative Examples 2
𝐹𝑠 (𝑆) = √ [∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝜋
1. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { 0 1
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝑎
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 2
2 ∞ = √ [𝑥 (− )+ ]0 + √ [(2 − 𝑥) (− )− ]1
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ The F. S. T of 𝑓(𝑥)is𝐹𝑠 {𝑓(𝑥)} = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠
= √ [− + 2 + − + 2 ]
2 𝑎 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠
= √ ∫ 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑠
=√ [ 2 − ]
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠2

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 15
 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 2 ∞ 2 sin 𝑠 − scos 𝑠
=√ [ ] = √ ∫ 2√ ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 𝑠2 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑠3

4 ∞ sin 𝑠 − scos 𝑠
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠) = ∫ ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
=√ [ ] 𝜋 0 𝑠3
𝜋 𝑠2
1
Put 𝑥 = , We get
2
𝟐
𝟑. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟏 − 𝒙 , 𝟎<𝑥<1 4 ∞ sin 𝑠 − scos 𝑠 𝑠 1 3
𝟎 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∫ ( 3
) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓 ( ) =
𝜋 0 𝑠 2 2 4
∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒙 𝟑𝝅
𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 ∫ ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = 2 1 1 2 3
𝟎 𝒙 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 Where 𝑓(𝑥) = {1 − 𝑥 , 0<𝑥<1 ; We have𝑓 ( ) = 1 − ( ) =
0 otherwise 2 2 4
Solution:The F.C.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is ∞
sin 𝑠 − scos 𝑠 𝑠 3𝜋
∫ ( 3
) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑠 2 16
2 ∞ 2 ∞ 0
𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
4. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒆−𝒙 . Hence show that
∞
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝝅𝒆−𝒎
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ,𝒎 > 0
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐
2 sin 𝑠𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥 1
= √ ((1 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (−2𝑥) (− 2
) + (−2) (− 3 ))
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 0
2 ∞
Solution:The F.S.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is Fs (𝑓(𝑥)) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2cos 𝑠 2 sin 𝑠 π
= √ ((0 − + ) − (0))
𝜋 𝑠2 𝑠3 Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥

2 2cos 𝑠 2 sin 𝑠 2 ∞
= √ (− + ) = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑠2 𝑠3 π 0

𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒔 − 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒔 2 𝑒 −𝑥 ∞
𝑭𝒄 (𝒔) = 𝟐√ ( ) =√ [ 2 2
(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥)]
𝝅 𝒔𝟑 π (−1) + 𝑠 0

By inversion Formula 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥)) Here 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 𝑠
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 0 2 1
= √ [0 − 2 (0 − (−𝑠))]
π 1 + 𝑠2

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 16
 𝟐 𝒔
𝑭𝒔 (𝒔) = √ ( 𝟐 ) 1 ∞
𝑖 ∞
𝛑 𝒔 +𝟏 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋 −∞
2 ∞ ∞
By inversion formula,𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫0 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 2
𝜋 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 0
√2𝜋 0
∞
2 2 𝑠
=√ ∫ √ ( 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 2 ∞
𝜋 0 π 𝑠 +1 = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑠2 + 1 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥]) Here 𝑎 = −𝑎 & 𝑏 = 𝑠
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞
𝜋 0 𝑠2 + 1 =( [−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥])
2
(𝑎 + 𝑠 )2 0
∞
𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝜋
⇒∫ 2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑥 1
0 𝑠 +1 2 = (0 − [(−𝑎)(1) + 0])
(𝑎2 + 𝑠 2 )
Changing 𝑥 to 𝑚 and 𝑠 to 𝑥in the above result,
𝟐 𝒂
∞
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑥 𝜋𝑒 −𝑚 𝑭(𝒔) = √ ( 𝟐 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝝅 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
0 1 + 𝑥2 2
By Parseval’s Identity
∞ ∞
∫ [𝐹(𝑠)]2 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
5. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| if𝒂 > 0 . Deduce that −∞ −∞
∞
𝟏 𝝅 2 ∞
𝑎2 ∞
2
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐢𝐟 𝒂 > 0. ∫ ( 2 2 2
) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ {𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| } 𝑑𝑥
𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝒂 )𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝜋 −∞ (𝑠 + 𝑎 ) −∞

Solution:The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is 4 ∞ 𝑎2 ∞

2
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 ∫ {𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| } 𝑑𝑥
1 ∞ 𝜋 0 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 0
𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 −∞ 4𝑎2 ∞ 1 ∞
𝒆−𝟐𝒂𝒙 ∞ 1
∫ 2 2 2
𝑑𝑠 = 2 ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒂𝒙 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (− ) =
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| 𝜋 0 (𝑠 + 𝑎 ) 0 2𝑎 0 𝑎
∞
1 ∞ 1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑠 = 3
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 4𝑎
√2𝜋 −∞ 0
∞
1
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| (cos 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 6. Using Parseval’s identity of the Fourier cosine transform, evaluate
√2𝜋 −∞

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 17
 ∞
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙 𝟏, |𝒙| < 𝑎
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝐢𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| , 𝐚 > 0 2 ∞
𝟎 𝒙(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝑎 > 0 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 ∞
Solution: The F.C.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥2
𝜋
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2

2 𝑎 2 ∞ −𝑥2
= √ ∫ 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

2 sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑎 2 sin 𝑠𝑎 2 ∞ −𝑥2

=√ ( ) =√ ( ) = R. P. of√ ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 = cos 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥}
𝜋 𝑠 0 𝜋 𝑠 𝜋 0

2 ∞ 2 ∞ −𝑥2
The F. C. T of 𝑔(𝑥)is𝐺𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = R. P. of√ ∫ 𝑒 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

2 ∞ 2 𝑎 2 ∞ 1 2
= √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √ = R. P. of√ ∫ 𝑒 −2(𝑥 −2𝑖𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝜋 0
By Parseval’s Identity,
2 ∞ 1 2 2 −𝑠2
∞ ∞
= R. P. of√ ∫ 𝑒 −2(𝑥 −2𝑖𝑠𝑥+(𝑖𝑠) ) 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠)𝐺𝑐 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋 0
0 0

∞
2 sin 𝑠𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑎
−𝑠2 2 ∞ 1(𝑥−𝑖𝑠)2
∫ √ ( )√ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = (− ) =𝑒 2 𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 √ ∫ 𝑒 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑠 𝜋 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑎 0 𝜋 0
0 0
Put 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥

2𝑎 ∞ sin 𝑠𝑎 1 2 −𝑠2 2 ∞ (𝑡)2

∫ ( 2 2
) 𝑑𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎 ) =𝑒 2 𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 √ ∫ 𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 0 𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎 ) 𝑎 𝜋 0
∞
sin 𝑠𝑎 𝜋 2 ∞ 𝑡2 ∞
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎 ) 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎 2 ) 2𝑎 But ∫ 𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢
0 0 √2 √𝑢
Changing 𝑠to𝑥, we get 2
𝑡 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∞
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝜋 Where = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = = Where 𝑡 = √2 √𝑢
∫ (
2
) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎 ) 2 𝑡 √2 √𝑢
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) 2𝑎
0 ∞
1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
√2 0
−𝒙𝟐
𝟕. 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭𝒆 𝟐 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟 − 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦. 1 1
= 𝛤
Solution:The F.C.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is √2 2
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 18
 1 √𝜋
= √𝜋 = 𝑑I 2 a
√2 √2 ⇒ =√ ( 2 )
𝑑𝑠 π a + s2

2 a 2 1
∴ 𝑰 = √ ∫( 2 ) ds = a√ ∫ ( 2 ) ds
π a + s2 π a + s2

2 −𝑠2 √𝜋 −𝑠2
∴ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = 𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 √ 𝑒 2 =𝑒 2
𝜋 √2 2 1 s 2 𝑠
= 𝑎√ . tan−1 ( ) + A = √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐴
−𝑥2 −𝑠2 −𝑥2
π a a 𝜋 𝑎
Since F.C.T of 𝑒 2 is 𝑒 2 , the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2 is self-reciprocal under the
When s= 0 , 𝐼 = 0 ∴ 𝐴 = 0
Fourier Cosine transform.
2 𝑠
−𝒂𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − − −(2)
𝒆 𝟏 𝜋 𝑎
𝟖. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 . 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐅. 𝐒. 𝐓 𝐨𝐟 .
𝒙 𝒙
2 ∞
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 2 s
Solution:The F.S.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is Fs (𝑓(𝑥)) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ Fs ( ) = √ tan−1 ( )
π 𝑥 π a
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
Here𝑓(𝑥) = Put 𝑎 = 0 in (2) ,
𝑥

2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 1 2 2 π
𝐼=√ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − − −(1) Fs ( ) = √ tan−1 ∞ = √ ( )
𝜋 0 𝑥 𝑥 π π 2

Differentiating (1) w.r.to 𝑠,we have 1 π

∴ Fs ( ) = √
𝑥 2

𝑑I 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜕 𝒆−𝒔𝒂 𝟏
=√ ∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝟗. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝒙)𝐢𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐢𝐬 . 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝𝑭−𝟏
𝒔 { }.
𝑑𝑠 π 0 𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝒔 𝒔
∞
2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ By inversion Formula, 𝐹𝑠−1 {𝐹𝑠 (𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 2 ∞ 𝜋 0
=√ ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
π 0 𝑥 π 0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
Given 𝐹𝑠 (𝑠) =
𝑠
2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ∞ 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
=√ ( 2 (−𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥)) ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
π a +s 2 0 − − −(1)
𝜋 0 𝑠

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 19
 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 0 𝑠
2 ∞
Differentiating (1) ,w.r. to 𝑥 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑑𝐼 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 2 ∞
= ∫ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝜋 0 𝑠 𝜋 0 2 𝑎
=√
𝜋 𝑠 + 𝑎2
2

2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 ∞
=
[ 2 2
(−𝑎 cos 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑠𝑥] 2 ∞
𝜋 𝑎 +𝑥 0 By inverse F. C. T𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝜋 0
𝑑𝐼 2 𝑎
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
2 ∞ 2 𝑎
2 𝑎 =√ ∫ √ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝐼= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑥2
2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 2 ∞ 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐴 {∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )} 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 (∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
𝜋 𝑎 2
𝑎 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝜋 0 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
∞
Put 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑓(0) = 0 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝜋 −𝑎𝑥 1
𝑒 =∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
2𝑎 0 𝑠 + 𝑎2
But from (1), 𝑓(0) = 0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝜋 −𝑎𝑥
∴𝐴=0 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒
2
𝑠 +𝑎 2 2𝑎
0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 2 𝑥
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹𝑠−1 { } = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝒔 𝜋 𝑎 Changing 𝑠 to 𝑥 and 𝑥 to 𝑚 We get
Put 𝑎 = 0 in the above result, ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑥 𝜋 −𝑚𝑎
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒
1 2 2 π 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹𝑠−1 { } = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ = ( ) = 1
𝑠 𝜋 𝜋 2
1 𝟏
∴ 𝐹𝑠−1 { } = 1 𝟏𝟏. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝑠 𝒙
Solution:
10. Find the Fourier cosine transform of 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 and hence deduce that The F.S.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒙 𝝅 −𝒎𝒂
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 2 ∞ 2 ∞1
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 Fs (𝑓(𝑥)) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π 0 π 0 𝑥
2 ∞ Let 𝑠𝑥 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑠𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ The F. C. T of 𝑓(𝑥)is𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 20
 2 ∞𝑠 𝑑𝜃
𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠 2
=√ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − [(𝑥 − ) + ] = − (𝑥 − ) +
π 0 𝜃 𝑠 2 4 2 4

2 ∞ 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠2
2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝜋 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜋 Now (1)become𝑠 𝐼 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥− 2 ) + 4 𝑑𝑥
=√ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = √ ( ) (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ) 𝜋 0
π 0 𝜃 π 2 0 𝜃 2

π 2 ∞ 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠2
=√ = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥− 2 ) 𝑒 4 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 0

𝟐
𝟏𝟐. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟𝒆−𝒙 2 𝑠2 ∞ 𝑖𝑠 2
= 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒 4 ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥− 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:The F.C.T of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝜋 0

𝑖𝑠
2 ∞ Put 𝑥 − = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = √ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝑠2 ∞ 2
−𝑥 2 𝐼 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒 4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − − −(2)
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝜋 0

2 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝐼 = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Put𝑡 2 = 𝑢 ⟹ 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 and 𝑡 = √𝑢 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = =
𝜋 0 2𝑡 2√𝑢

2 ∞ 2 2 𝑠2 ∞ 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = √ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒 4 ∫ 𝑒 −u
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2√ 𝑢

2 ∞ 2 2 𝑠2 ∞ 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑅. 𝑃√ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒 4 ∫ 𝑒 −u
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2√ 𝑢
𝑠2
2 ∞ 2 2 𝑒 4 ∞ −u − 1
= 𝑅. 𝑃√ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
𝜋 0 𝜋 2 0
𝑠2
2 ∞ 2 2 𝑒4 ∞ 1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 √ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥 −𝑖𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − − −(1) = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ ∫ 𝑒 −u 𝑢2−1 𝑑𝑢
𝜋 0 𝜋 √2√2 0

1 𝑠2 1
Since 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
2 2 = 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒4𝛤( )
2𝜋 2
1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
(𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥) = − [(𝑥)2 − 2 𝑥 + ( ) − ( ) ]
2 2 2 2
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 21
 ∞ ∞
1 1
[We know that 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝛤 ( ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢]
0 2 0

1 𝑠2 1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 √ 𝑒 4 √𝜋 (∵ 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋)
2𝜋 2
1 𝑠2
= 𝑒4
√2
2 1 𝑠2
Therefore F. C. T of𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑒− 4
√2

Problems for Practice

∞
𝑑𝑥
1. Using Fourier cosine transform method, evaluate ∫
0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑏2)

𝝅
𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶
𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃)
𝑥 2, 0 < 𝑥 < 1
2. Find the Fourier sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥 >1

𝟐 (𝟐 − 𝒔𝟐 )𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒔 − 𝟐
𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶ √ ( )
𝝅 𝒔𝟑

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 22
 PART –A DEC 2016
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
1. State chance of scale property on Fourier transforms.
PART – A MAY 2017 1
2. Find the infinite Fourier sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥
1. If F(S) is the Fourier transform of f(x) , Prove that 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)] =
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) PART –B
1
2. Find the Fourier sine transform of . 1 − |𝑥| |𝑥| < 1
𝑥 1. Find the Fourier Transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { and hence
0 |𝑥| > 1
PART –B ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 4 𝜋
deduce that ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑡 3.
1 |𝑥| < 2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence find 2. Find the infinite Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = hence deduce the
0, |𝑥| > 2 𝑥
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 1
∫0 𝑑𝑥. And ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱. infinite Fourier sine transform of .
𝑥 𝒙𝟐 𝑥
2𝑥2 −𝑥2
2. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎 ,𝑎 > 0 3. (i) Find the Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎
2𝑥2
, 𝑎 > 0 .Hence Show that 𝑒 2
∞ 𝑑𝑠
3. Evaluate ∫0 using Fourier transform . is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.
(𝑠 2 +1)(𝑠 2 +4)

PART-A DEC 2015

PART – A MAY 2016 1. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) , Prove that 𝐹{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} =
1 𝑠
1. State Fourier Integral theorem. 𝐹 ( )where 𝑎 ≠ 0
|𝑎| 𝑎
2. Find the Fourier transfom of a derivative of the function f(x)→ 0 as x→ ∞ 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
2. Evaluate ∫0 using Fourier transform.
(𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑠 2 +𝑏 2 )
∓∞.

PART –B PART-B

1. Find the fourier sine and cosine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1. (i) Find the Fourier sine integral representation of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 0.Hence deduce the integrals ∫0 𝑑𝑠 and ∫0 𝑑𝑠.
𝑎2 +𝑠 2 𝑎2 +𝑠 2
𝒆−𝒂𝒙 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑥
−𝑥2
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of the function ,𝒙 > 0
𝒙
2. (a)Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2 in (−∞, ∞).
1 − |𝑥| , |𝑥| ≤ 1
3. (b) Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − |𝑥|if |𝑥|< 1 and hence 2. (i) Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence
0, |𝑥| > 1
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡
find the value of ∫0 dt. evaluate i)∫0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 𝑡4

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 23
 (ii) Verify the Convolution theorem for Fourier transform 𝑓(𝑥) = 3. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| , 𝑎 > 0 and hence deduce that
2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 2 2𝑎𝑠
F{𝑥𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| } = 𝑖√
𝜋 (𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )2

PART-A MAY 2015 ∞

4. Solve for 𝑓(𝑥) from the integral equation ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝛼
1. If 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) , then 𝐹{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠)
2. Find the Fourier Sine transform of
1 PART-A MAY 2014
𝑥
1
1. Find the Fourier sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
PART-B
2. State the Fourier integral Theorem
1 |𝑥| < 𝑎
1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence find PART-B
0, |𝑥| > 𝑎
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝝅 1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| , 𝑎 > 0 and hence deduce that
∫0 𝑑𝑥. Using Parseval’s identity Prove that ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐭 =
𝑥 𝒕𝟐 𝟐
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑡 𝜋 2 2𝑎𝑠
(i) ∫0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| (ii) F{𝑥𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| } = 𝑖√ ,
𝛼 2 +𝑡 2 2𝛼 𝜋 (𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )2

2𝑥2 −𝑥2
2. (i) Find the Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎 , 𝑎 > 0 .Hence Show that 𝑒 2

1, 0 ≤ 𝑠 < 1
is self reciprocal under Fourier transform. ∞
2. Solve 𝑓(𝑥) from the integral equation ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {2, 1 ≤ 𝑠 < 2
(ii) Find the Fourier Cosine transform of 𝑥 𝑛−1 0, 𝑠 ≥ 2
1
3. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) =
√|𝑥|

∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
PART-A DEC 2014 4. UsingParsevals identity, Evaluate i)∫0 (𝑎2 +𝑥 2 )2
ii) (𝑎2 where 𝑎 > 0
+𝑥 2 )2
𝑖𝑠𝑎
1. Prove that 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝐹(𝑠)
1, |𝑥| < 1 PART-A DEC 2013
2. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, |𝑥| > 1
1. Define self reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform
PART-B
2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 2. Prove that 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)]
1. Show that the transform of 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑒 −𝑠 by finding the Fourier
2𝑥2
PART-B
transform of 𝑒 −𝑎 ,𝑎 > 0
1 − 𝑥 2 |𝑥| < 1
−𝑎𝑥 1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence show that
2. Find the F.S.T and F.C.T of 𝑒 , 𝑎 > 0 and hence deduce the inversion 0, |𝑥| > 1
Formula ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠−𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 3𝜋 ∞ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 𝜋
i) ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = ii) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠3 2 16 𝑥6 15
∞ 𝑑𝑥
2. Using Fourier cosine Transform evaluate ∫0 (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )2

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 24
 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
3. Find the function whose Fourier sine transform is ,a > 0
𝑠

PART-A MAY-2013
𝑎𝑥
1. Find the Fourier sine Transform of 𝑒
1 𝑆
2. If 𝐹[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐹(𝑠), Prove that F[𝑓(𝑎𝑥)] = 𝐹 ( )
𝑎 𝑎

PART-B
1 |𝑥| < 𝑎
1. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence find
0, |𝑥| > 𝑎
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫0 𝑑𝑠
𝑥

2. Verify convolution theorem under Fourier Transform for

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
2 ⁄2
3. Obtain the Fourier Transform of 𝑒 −𝑥 .

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Professor of Mathematics,(SASL),VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY, Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh. India Page 25