Sejarah dan

Perkembangan
Mikrobiologi
THEN AND NOW
apt. Nisa Isneni Hanifa, M.Sc.
Learning
outcome Mahasiswa mampu memahami sejarah dan perkembangan
ilmu mikrobiologi.
• Menjelaskan pendahuluan mikrobiologi
• Menjelaskan tiga domain kehidupan dan sejarah
pengklasifikasian
• Menjelaskan peran mikroorganisme dalam kehidupan
• Menjelaskan penemuan mikroorganisme dan penggunaan
antibiotik pertama
• Menjelaskan perkembangan mikrobiologi modern

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 1 Pendahuluan Mikrobiologi

2 Sel mikroorganisme

Present 3 Evolusi dan Domain Kehidupan

ation 4
Peran Mikroorganisme dalam
kehidupan

Outline 5 Sejarah Penemuan Mikroorganisme

6 Perkembangan Mikrobiologi Modern

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 What Is
Microbiology about
and Why Is It
Important?

The science of microbiology is all about microorganisms and how they work.
Microbiology is also about diversity and evolution of microbial cells

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 Bacteriology

Immunology Virology

MICROBIOLOGY
Parasitology
Mycology

Protozoology Phycology

Microbiolog
 HOW SMALL IS
MICROORGANISM…?
Microbial cell
structure
Heliobacterium modesticaldum
(Bacteria, cell is about 1 μm in
diameter)

Thermoproteus neutrophilus
(Archaea, cell is about 0.5
mm in diameter)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(Eukarya, cell is about 8 μm in
diameter)

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 Evolusi dan Domain Kehidupan

Phylogenic
Tree of Life
Taxonomy System…

Mid 1700 – Carl Linnaeus grouped living things in 2 kingdom…

Animalia and Plantae
1969 – Robert Whitteker proposed new taxonomy. He grouped
living things in 5 kingdom
– Monera
– Protista
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Animalia
1977 – Carl Woese and Ralph Wolf proposed 6 groups of kingdom… plus Archae
Further studies about cellular and mollecular characteristic…
Today organisms are divided to 3 large domain…
– Bacteria
– Archaea
– Eukarya
LEVEL OF CLASSIFICATION…

Domain – Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Kingdom
Phylum or Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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Naming System…

▪ Binomial Nomenclature…

Staphylococcus aureus
Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo), (coccus) indicates
spherical shape, and the golden color of the colonies (aur-).

Eschericia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s
habitat–the large intestine or colon.
How We Use Microorganism Now
In 3 subject areas

Bioremediation Using living organism to remedy

an environmental problem

Genetic Engineering Manipulating the gene of organism to make

new products or to enhance the production of
some drugs

Biotechnology Production of foods, drugs and vaccines

using living organism

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 Microbiology in Historical Context

Aristoteles
Philosopher and Scientist

Early civilization believe that some form of life could arise

from vital forces present in non living or decomposing
matter.
But eventually that theory disproved by Louis Pasteur (live
giving living things)

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 History
Microorganism

1590 1668 1765Lazzaro

Zacharias Janssen Francesco Redi Spallanzani
Developed microscope Microorganism did not Tested Redi’s theory
spontaneusly appear
.

Robert Hooke Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Discovered fungi (spores of mold) 🡪 This was The first person to see bacteria
the first known description of microorganisms 🡪 “Wee Animalcules”

1665 1676

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 Continue…

1864 1876 1928

Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Alexander Fleming
Founded pasteurization technique Koch’s Postulate Discovered Penicillin.

Joseph Lister Richard Petri

Founded first antiseptic Microorganism growing
technique

1867 1887

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 Wee
Animalcules

Fruiting
Structure of
molds
Louis Pasteur
1822-1895

Showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage

Disapproved spontaneous generation of
microorganism
Developed pasteurization
Developed first rabies and anthrax vaccines

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Pasteur’s
Experiment

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Robert Koch
1843-1910

Established Koch Postulate

Identified the cause of anthrax, TB and Cholera
Developed pure culture methode

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Koch’s
Postulates

Koch’s postulates for proving cause and

effect in infectious diseases.

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Sir. Alexander
Fleming
He Discovered Penicillin in 1928
Awarded Nobel Prize in 1945
And Died in 1955

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The War of Antibiotics

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Modern
Microbiolog
y and
Genomics
Many advances in microbiology today are fueled
by genomics, the mapping, sequencing, and
analysis of genomes. New methods for DNA
sequencing and improved computational
capacities have unleashed huge amounts of
genomic data for attacking problems in medicine,
agriculture, and the environment.

The new subdisciplines such as transcriptomics,

proteomics, and metabolomics; these explore
the patterns of RNA, protein, and metabolic
pathway expression in cells.
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TERIMAKASIH

Reading Materials :

Brock Biology of Microorganism, Unit 1 , Chapter 1 and 2