LECTURE GS

DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep Foundation is introduced when the load from the structure cannot be sustained by
shallow foundation, as a result a deeper foundation will be needed. Thus, the deeper
the foundation goes the lesser the load from the structure becomes . There are three
major type of deep foundation(L>B).
i. Pile foundation
ii. Well-foundation
iii. Drilled shafts or Caissons.
Pile Foundation
The loads associated to pile foundation are:
i. vertical load
ii. Horizontal load
iii. Combination of vertical and horizontal

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There are different types of pile based on their performance and they are:

End bearing piles. If the contribution of 𝑄𝑏 is more, the pile is called end bearing pile
(EBP). This type of pile is generally in sandy soils or poor soils.

Friction Piles
The contribution of 𝑄𝑓 is more (soft clay)

Vertical load- i) compression, ii) Tension or uplift.

Generally, piles are used to support compression load and the tension load are
generally used for tall building loads.

Horizontal load foundation is used for Retaining walls.

Laterally loaded pile: if the Horizontal load acts perpendicular to the pile axis
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Inclined load or Batter piles: piles are driven at angle.

It is used to carry inclined and horizontal load (Foundation for retaining wall, bridge,
abutments, and wharves.

Compaction piles: they are short piles used for compaction.

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Types of Piles based on material of construction.

a. Material of construction: timber pile, steel pile, concrete pile and

composite pile.

b. Cross-section pile: circular, square, I-section, H-section and hexagonal

etc.
c. Shape pile: cylindical, Tapered, Under-reamed

d. Based on the load transfer:

End bearing pile, friction pile, Tension, Lateral loaded pile, Compression.

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 e. Based on the method of forming:
Precast, Prestressed, Cast-in-situ etc.
f. Based on the method of installation:
Driven pile, Bored pile, Jetted etc.
g. Based on Displacement:
Displacement pile and non-displacement piles
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Pile Load Capacity in Compression

i. Static pile load formula
ii. Pile load test
iii. Pile driving formula.
iv. Correlation with penetration test data

Static Pile Load Formula (Compression)

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑓
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑏 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
𝑄𝑓= 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑓 𝑄𝑏 ≫ 𝑄𝑓 → 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐼𝑓 𝑄𝑓 ≫ 𝑄𝑏 → 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

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 𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎̅𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐵 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝜎̅ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎̅𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

𝜎̅ = 𝛾𝐿
𝜎̅𝑁𝑞 ≫ 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

Since 𝜎̅𝑁𝑞 is much greater than 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 in deep foundation. Therefore, 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
will be neglected and the equation becomes.
𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎̅𝑁𝑞

For granular soil 𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝜎̅𝑁𝑞, 𝑎𝑠 𝑐 ′ = 𝑐 = 0

For a clay soil, ∅𝑢 = 0, 𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐

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𝑄𝑏 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 , where: 𝐴𝑏 − 𝐶⁄𝑠 area of the pile base 𝐴𝑏 = 𝜋𝐷 ⁄4

𝑄𝑓 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 , where: 𝑓𝑠 = unit skin friction resistance

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 − 𝑤𝑝

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Skin friction(𝑓𝑠 ) (Granular soil/sandy soil)

𝑓𝑠 = 𝜎ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿
Where: 𝛿 = angle of friction between the pile and soil
𝜎ℎ = 𝑘𝜎
̅̅̅𝑣
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑄𝑓 = 𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑣) 𝐴𝑠 = (𝑘𝜎
̅̅̅𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿)𝐴
𝑣 𝑠

𝜎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒.
̅̅̅
𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 + (𝑘𝜎
̅̅̅𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿)
𝑣 𝐴𝑠 − 𝑤𝑝

Critical depth concept

The critical depth of a pile depends on ∅′ value and the diameter of pile D. Critical depth
may vary from about 15D in loose sand to medium sand to 20D in dense sand.

How to calculate k values for the different pile material

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 + (𝑘𝜎
̅̅̅𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿)
𝑣 𝐴𝑠

Material 𝛿 k
Loose Dense Sand
Steel 200 0.5 1.0
concrete 0.75∅ 1 2
timber 0.67∅ 1.5 4
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 qub = σ
̅Nq

∅ + 400
∅c = → drive pile (soil will be compacted)
2
If ∅ > 400 , due to driving of pile, ∅ value will reduce. In this case instead of using
∅, ∅c should be used.
Some code considers the 0.5γBNγ in addition to σ
̅Nq .

qub = σ
̅Nq + 0.5γBNγ

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 qub = σ
̅Nq

∅ + 400
∅c = → drive pile (soil will be compacted)
2
If ∅ > 400 , due to driving of pile, ∅ value will reduce.
IS code considering the 0.5γBNγ in addition to σ
̅Nq .

qub = σ
̅Nq + 0.5γBNγ
n

∴ Q u = Ab (1⁄2 DγNγ + PD Nq ) + ∑ k 𝑖 PDi tanδi Asi

i=1

where:= Ab − C⁄s area of the pile base,

D= diameter of pile,
Nγ and Nq= bearing capacity factors depending on angle of internal friction

PD = effective overburden pressure at pile tip.

i=any layer between 1 to n layers in which pile is installed and it contributes to
positive skin friction
k 𝑖 = coefficient of earth pressure applicable in ith layer of soil. it depends on the
soil strata, type of pile, spacing of pile and its method of construction. For driven
pile in loose to dense sand (300 𝑡𝑜 400 ), k 𝑖 value in the range of 1 to 1.5 may be
used.

PDi = effective overburden pressure for ith layer

δi = angle of wall friction between soil and pile in ith layer(may be taken as ∅)

Asi = surface Area of pile shaft at ith layer

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Piles in Clay
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
If the weight of the pile is considered, the formulae become:

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑏 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 − 𝑤
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑢𝑏 𝑁𝑐

𝑓𝑠 = 𝛼𝑐𝑢
Where: 𝑐𝑢𝑏 = undrained cohesion at the base of the pile.

𝑁𝑐 = bearing capacity factor for circular and square 𝑁𝑐 = 9 (Skempton)

Pile must go at least 5D inside the bearing strata.

𝛼 = 𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑐𝑢 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑐𝑢𝑏 × 𝑁𝑐 × 𝐴𝑏 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
= 𝑐𝑢𝑏 𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑏 + 𝛼𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑠

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 Consistency 𝛼
Bored piles Driven Cast-in-situ
Soft to very soft 0.7 1.0
Medium stiff 0.5 0.7
Stiff 0.4 0.4
Stiff to hard 0.3 0.3
Ranjan and Rao 2003

Note: The bored pile in sand has a point bearing or tip resistance (q pu) is ½ to 1/3 of the
value of the driven piles. In case of bored pile in sand, the lateral earth pressure
coefficient can be calculated as: 𝐾 = 1 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅. The value of K varies from 0.3 to 0.75
(average value of 0.5). the 𝛿 value is equal to ∅ for bored piles excavated in dry soil and
a reduced value us considered if slurry has been used during excavation.

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Critical depth concept
Depend on the ∅′ value and diameter of the pile. The critical depth may vary from
about 15D in loose to medium sand to 20D in dense sand.