PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1ST SEM PRELIMS
COVERAGE: KINDS OF QR DESIGN, QR ACROSS DIFF. FIELDS, VARIABLES
Practical Research 2
Kinds of QR Design
NOTE: QR = Quantitative Research
RESEARCH DESIGN
The overall strategy that you choose in order to
integrate the different components of the study in
a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you
will effectively address the research problem.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Allows the researcher to control the situation
It allows the researcher to answer the question,
"What causes something to occur?"
Allows the researcher to identify cause and effect
relationships between variables and to distinguish
placebo effects from treatment effects.
CLASSES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Controls for both time-related and group-related
threats.
Two or more differently treated groups and random
assignment to these groups.
The researchers have control over the experimental
treatment and the power to place subjects in
groups
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The researcher can collect more data, either by
scheduling more observations or finding more
existing measures.
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
the chance failure of random assignment to
equalize the conditions by converting a true
experiment into this kind of design, for purposes of
analysis.
Pakisabi po if may mali. Thank you and do well !
September 19 2023 7:20 - 8:00
11C Salinas, Lizbeth Lhen L.
INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN
Employs multiple measures before and after the
experimental intervention
It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that
has only one pretest and one posttest
Users of this design assume that the time threats
such as history or maturation appear as regular
changes in the measures prior to the intervention.
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A designs with the least internal validity
One type of pre-experiment, the single group, pre-
test-post-test design, measures the group two
times, before and after the intervention.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
External variables are introduced.
The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor
is the setting controlled
Researchers collect data without making changes or
introducing treatments
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Main purpose is to observe, describe and
document aspects of a situation as it naturally
occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point
for hypothesis generation or theory development
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
SURVEY
Creswell, 2003 - used when the researcher intends
to provide a quantitative or numeric description of
trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by
studying a sample of that population
BIVARIATE CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
Obtain scores from two variables for each subject,
then use them to calculate a correlation coefficient.
The term bivariate implies that the two variables
are correlated (variables are selected because they
are believed to be related).
PREDICTION STUDIES
Use correlation co-efficient to show how one
variable (the predictor variable) predicts another
(the criterion variable).
MULTIPLE REGRESSION PREDICTION STUDIES
The over-all prediction in an equation that adds
together the predictive power of each identified
variable.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1ST SEM PRELIMS
COVERAGE: KINDS OF QR DESIGN, QR ACROSS DIFF. FIELDS, VARIABLES
EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN
Used to investigate causal relationships. They
examine whether one or more pre- existing
conditions could possibly have caused subsequent
differences in groups of subjects.
COMPARATIVE DESIGN
involves comparing and contrasting two or more
samples of study subjects on one or more variables,
often at a single point of time.
Specifically, this design is used to compare two
distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes
such as knowledge level, perceptions, and
attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
EVALUATE RESEARCH
seeks to assess or judge in some way providing
information about something other than might be
gleaned in mere observation or investigation of
relationships.
METHODOLOGICAL
the implementation of a variety of methodologies
forms a critical part of achieving the goal of
developing a scale-matched approach, where data
from different disciplines can be integrated
QR Across Diff.
Fields
ANTHROPOLOGY
Many discoveries in this field like human behavior
in the society, racial conflicts and human evolution
have given enormous contributions to the
improvement of human life.
COMMUNICATION
Researchers are often interested in how an
understanding of a particular communication
phenomena might be generalized to a larger
population.
MEDICINE
This tends to be predominantly observational
research based on surveys or correlational studies.
Experimental research designs may enhance the
quality of medical education.
Pakisabi po if may mali. Thank you and do well !
September 19 2023 7:20 - 8:00
11C Salinas, Lizbeth Lhen L.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
The output of this research focuses on how human
behavior relates with another people and also the
individual differences that may affect human
relations.
EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY
Many educational principles in understanding
human behavior are the offshoot of this research
SOCIAL SCIENCE
The method employed in this type of quantitative
social research are mostly typically the survey and
the experiment.
Variables
A characteristics or attribute of an individual or an
organization that can be measured or observed and
that varies among people or organization being
studied.
THE NATURE OF VARIABLES AND DATA
NOMINAL VARIABLES
Represents categories that cannot be ordered in
any particular way.
These are variables whose data are non-numeric
labels that do not reflect quantitative information
ORDINAL VARIABLES
Represents categories that can be ordered from
smallest to greatest.
It refers to variables where there is a meaningful
order or categories but there is no measurable
distance between categories
INTERVAL VARIABLES
Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers.
It is a variable whose data values are ranged in a
real interval and can be as large as from negative
infinity to positive infinity.
RATIO VARIABLES
Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed
range of numbers when there is an absolute zero.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1ST SEM PRELIMS September 19 2023 7:20 - 8:00
COVERAGE: KINDS OF QR DESIGN, QR ACROSS DIFF. FIELDS, VARIABLES 11C Salinas, Lizbeth Lhen L.

KINDS OF VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that probably cause influence or affect
outcomes.
They are invariably called treatment, manipulated,
antecedent or predictor variables

DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that depend on the independent variables;
they are the outcomes of the influence of the
independent variable.

INTERVENING OR MEDIATING VARIABLES

“stand between” the independent and dependent
variables and they show the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.

CONTROL VARIABLES
Special type of independent variables that are
measured in a study because they influence the
dependent variable.
Researchers use statistical procedures (analysis of
covariance [ANCOVA]) to control these variables

CONDOUNDING VARIABLES
Those that are not actually measured or observed
in a study. They exist but their influence cannot be
directly detected in a study.

EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES RELATED TO A

PHENOMENON
• Phenomenon: Climate Change
• Examples of variables related to climate change:
1. Sea level
2. temperature
3. The amount of carbon emission
4. the amount of rainfall

Pakisabi po if may mali. Thank you and do well ! 3/3