SEPTEMBER 19, 2023

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 – 1ST SEMESTER PRELIMS EXAMINATION 12C Daligdig, Queen Carol

LESSON 1.1: UNIT OF MEASUREMENT DERIVED UNITS

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (SI)  Derived units are depend to base units.

+ Based on the seven fundamental quantities and are
 MEASUREMENT expressed from the product of two or more base units.
 process of assigning a quantity to describe a property
of an object by comparing it with a standard. Derived unit
Derived Special
Symbol in terms of
Quantity Name
 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM base units
Volume V m3
- standard system of measurement for the Speed,
fundamental quantities (Systeme International) v m s-1
Velocity
- established in 1960. Force Newton N kg m s-2
- Also called Metric System Enegry, kg m2 s-2 or
Joule J
work Nm
Heat
J/K kg m2 s-2 K-1
Typical Unit Capacity
Quantity Symbol
Symbol (7 SI base unit) Electric
Coulomb C As
Time t Second s Charge
Length l, x, r Meter m
Mass m Kilogram kg CONVERSION OF UNITS EXAMPLES:
Electric current l, i Empere A
Conversion of units is essential to make the units within an
Temperature T Kelvin K
equation consistent. A given quantity is multiplied by a
Amount of n Mole mol
substance conversion factor, arranged accordingly to cancel the
Luminous lv Candela cd unwanted unit and to get the desired one.
intensity (light)
1) Suppose you want to convert 5.0 inches to centimeter given
that 1 inch is equivalent to 2.54 centimeters.
PREFIXES USED WITH SI UNITS
 Prefixes are added to the base units to make the value of
the unit smaller or larger.
- Prefixes for powers of ten used with the SI units.

POWER PREFIX ABBREVIATION The unit “inch” is placed in the denominator so that it cancels
10-24 Yocto y the unit from the original value
10-21 Zepto z
10-18 Atto a 2) Suppose you want to convert 55 meters to kilometers.
10-15 Femto f  From the table of prefixes, 1 kilometer is equal to 10^3
10-12 Pico p meters.
10-9 nano n
10-6 Micro µ
10-3 Mili m
10-2 Centii c
10-1 Deci d
The values in the numerator and the denominator of the
103 Kilo k conversion factor can be interchanged to get the desired unit.
106 Mega M
109 Giga G The unit “kilometer” is placed in the denominator to cancel
1012 Tera T the original unit
1015 Peta P The desired unit “meters” remains
1018 Exa E
1021 Zetta Z
1024 Yotta Y

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 3) A common housefly is 5.0 mm long. How long is it in 2) 0.6951 = 6.951 x 10-1
meters? 3) 0.00596 = 5.96 x 10-3
4) 50. = 5 x 101
mm to m 5) 3800 = 3.8 x 103
1 mm = 0.001m 6) 1.80 = 1.80 x 100
7) 1 trillion = 1 x 1012
0.001m
5.0mm = (5.0mm)( ) = 5 x 10^-3 or 0.005 8) 13,365 = 1.3365 x 104
1𝑚𝑚
9) 0.0000063 = 6.3 x 10-6
Answer: 10) 1659036 = 1.659036 x 106
The housefly is 5.0✕10^-3 m or 0.005 m long.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
4) A three-story building is 10 feet tall. How high is it in
meters?  the number of digits in a value, often a measurement, that
contribute to the degree of accuracy of the value.
ft to m
1ft = 0.3048m 1) All non-zeroes number are significant.

0.3048𝑚
10ft = (10ft)( ) = 3.048𝑚  33.2 has 3 significant num.
1𝑓𝑡
 596.35 has 5 significant num.
Answer:
The building is 3.048 m high. 2) Zeroes between two non-zeroes digits are
significant.

5) A car is traveling in the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) at  2051 has 4 significant num.
a speed of 35 km/h. Is the driver exceeding the speed limit  9023034 has 7 significant num.
of 17 m/s?
3) Leading zeroes are NOT SIGNIFICANT.
Answer:
 0.59 has 2 significant num.
 0.5 has 1 significant num.
 0.00320 has 3 significant num.

6) A medium-sized truck has a mass of 544 slug. What is its 4) Trailing zeroes (nasa huli) are NOT
mass in kilograms? SIGNIFICANT.

Slug to kg  92.000 has 2 significant num.

1 slug = 14.5939kg  0.977900 has 4 significant num.
 979070 has 5 significant num.
14.5939𝑘𝑔
544 slug = ( ) = 7939.0816𝑘𝑔
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 5) All zeroes to the right are NOT SIGNIFICANT.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION  20 has 1 significant num.

 29350 has 4 significant num.
 used to make extremely large or small numbers more
manageable. Example:
Suppose that the price of diesel at a particular station is Php
The power-of-ten Notation 158.25 per gallon. Assume that a driver has Php 350.00 to buy
Standard: 1.23 x 106 diesel. Knowing the conversion factor from gallons to liters, the
driver argued that he could buy 10 L of gasoline with his money.
Decimal:
 (LEFT TO RIGHT) To the right = negative  1 gal = 3.786 L.
 (RIGHT TO LEFT) To the left = positive 10 L =
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙
= 2.64 𝐿
3.786 𝐿

[e.g.,] 350 √158.25 gal = 2.21𝑔𝑎𝑙

1) 1, 1 0 0 0 = 1.1 x 104 Liters = 2.21 gallons × 3.786 L/gallon = 8.37 liters.

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LESSON 1.3 : UNCERTAINTIES AND DEVIATIONS IN
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
- MEASUREMENT is quantifying a property of an object.
 suppose you want to measure the thickness of this book.
 WHAT UNIT OF MEASUREMENT WILL YOU USE?
(what instrument/ equipement)
- vernier caliper

How do we describe a good measurement?

Error: difference between the true value and the measured

value.

Uncertainty: net effect of error; quantifies the doubt that

exists in any reported value of the measurement.

A. HIGH ACCURACY – LOW PRECISION

- How close you are to the actual value.
B. HIGH PRECISION – LOW ACCURACY
- Dependes on the person measuring.
C. LOW ACCURACY – LOW PRECISION
- Measures how close result are to the true or known
D. HIGH PRECISION – HIGH ACCURACY
value.
- Near to the exact value.
 Does high accuracy means high precision?
- No, high accuracy does not necessarily mean high precision,
although the two concepts are related.

 Does high precision means high accuracy?

- No, high precision does not necessarily mean high accuracy.

- results can be misleading

THE PRECISION OF A DIGITAL DEVICE

- How consistent out results are regardless of
I. The voltage of a battery can be measured using a
proximity to actual or target.
- Precision is dependent of accuracy. multimeter.
- Measures how close results are to one another.
II. Measuring the thickness of a book once may result in low
- High Precision: dikit dikit.
accuracy.

III. Measuring the thickness of a book multiple times

may increase accuracy.

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 ARITHMETIC MEAN ( X̄ ) Solution:
Calculate the total mass from the average and the number of
 Also known as average mean. trials:
 it gives an estimate of the ‘true’ value. Average Mass = (Mass in Trial 1 + Mass in Trial 2 + Mass in
Trial 3) / 3
Sum of all x-value. 1.117 g = (1.125 g + 1.067 g + Mass in Trial 3) / 3
mean
Multiply both sides of the equation by 3 to isolate Mass in
Trial 3:
3 * 1.117 g = 1.125 g + 1.067 g + Mass in Trial 3
Number of all x-value.
Subtract the sum of the masses from the left side of the
a) In a physics laboratory activity, you are tasked to
equation to find Mass in Trial 3:
measure the mass of a cup of water. You were able to
Mass in Trial 3 = (3 * 1.117 g) - (1.125 g + 1.067 g)
get five readings as follows: 2.5 kg, 2.6 kg, 2.5 kg, 2.4
Mass in Trial 3 = 3.351 g - 2.192 g
kg, and 2.6 kg. What is the average mass?
Calculate Mass in Trial 3:
c
Mass in Trial 3 = 1.159 g
2.5 kg + 2.6 kg + 2.5 kg + 2.4 kg + 2.6 kg = 12.6 kg
 So, the mass of the steel in the third trial is approximately
Now, divide the sum by the number of readings (which is 5)
1.159 grams.
to find the average mass:
d) In one of the laboratory activities, the distance
Average Mass = (Sum of Readings) / (Number of Readings)
traveled by a toy car was measured five times. The
Average Mass = 12.6 kg / 5
distances measured in the first four trials are 1.50 m,
1.75 m, 1.30 m, and 1.50 m. If the average distance
Average Mass = 2.52 kg
is 1.48 m, what is the distance traveled by the car in
the fifth trial?
 So, the average mass of the cup of water is 2.52 kilograms.
Solution:
b) While the car was moving, seven readings of its Calculate the total distance from the average and the number
speed were recorded using the speedometer. The of trials:
readings are 25 m/s, 27 m/s, 30 m/s, 35 m/s, 26 m/s, Average Distance = (Distance in Trial 1 + Distance in Trial 2 +
28 m/s, and 24 m/s. What is the average speed of Distance in Trial 3 + Distance in Trial 4 + Distance in Trial 5) / 5
the car? 1.48 m = (1.50 m + 1.75 m + 1.30 m + 1.50 m + Distance in
Trial 5) / 5
Solution:
25 m/s + 27 m/s + 30 m/s + 35 m/s + 26 m/s + 28 m/s + 24
Multiply both sides of the equation by 5 to isolate Distance in
m/s = 195 m/s
Trial 5:
5 * 1.48 m = 1.50 m + 1.75 m + 1.30 m + 1.50 m + Distance in
Now, divide the sum by the number of readings (which is 7)
Trial 5
to find the average speed:
Subtract the sum of the distances from the left side of the
Average Speed = (Sum of Readings) / (Number of Readings)
equation to find Distance in Trial 5:
Average Speed = 195 m/s / 7
Distance in Trial 5 = (5 * 1.48 m) - (1.50 m + 1.75 m + 1.30 m +
1.50 m)
Average Speed ≈ 27.9 m/s
Distance in Trial 5 = 7.4 m - 6.05 m
 So, the average speed of the car is approximately 27.9
Calculate Distance in Trial 5:
meters per second.
Distance in Trial 5 = 1.35 m
c) The mass of a sample of steel was measured three
 So, the distance traveled by the car in the fifth trial is 1.35
times in a digital balance. Its average mass is 1.117 g.
meters.
The first trial reads 1.125 g while the second trial
acquired 1.067 g. What is the mass of the steel in the
third trial?

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 STANDARD DEVIAITON
MEASUREMENT TIPS TO REDUCE UNCERTAINTY
 It indicates how different a specific value is from the average
of the whole set.  Follow the instructions in using the instrument and taking
care of it. Calibrate measuring instruments and use the
calibration corrections given.
 Use experienced staff and training for measurement when
using a new device.
 Check or validate software if needed.
 Choose the best-measuring instruments and use calibrations
facilities with the smallest uncertainties.
 Check measurements by doing it repeatedly or letting other
people repeat it from time to time.
ESTIMATED STANDARD DEVIATION  Use rounding off correctly in your calculations.
 Check calculations especially when you copy them from one
 Estimated when the data set is small.
Result of the ith place to another.
measurement  Always record your measurements and calculations. Write
the readings right after measuring

1. RANDOM ERROR
Standard deviaiton Mean of the
(FAULT BY HUMAN)
Number of all x-value set of values
 Error that occur randomly and affect measurements
a) Different people were made to accurately measure in an unpredictable manner conditions or apparatus.
the length of the hall. The set of readings is as follows:  Occur when repeated measurements prouduce
26 m, 0.028 km, 27.5 m, 29 m, 31 m, 0.033 km, and 2 randomly diffrent results.
650 cm. What is the standard deviation of this set of  Probability of the measured value being too high or
values in m?
toolow.
Solution:  Random errors cannot be eliminated but can be
reduced by repeat trials.

SOURCES OF RANDOM ERROS:

 Changes in environment during experiment (such as

temperature)
 Observer misinterpreting the reading.
 Insufficient data (no repeat trials)

2. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
(FAULT BY INSTRUMENT/ EQUIPMENT)

 ERROR THAT AFFECT ALL MEASUREMENTS IN THE

SAME WAY.
 IT CAUSES THE MEASURED VALUES TO BE
CONSISTENLY HIGHER OR LOWER THAN THE
ACCEPTED VALUE.
 THEY CANNOT BE REDUCED BY CONDUCTING
REPEAT TRIALS.

SOURCES OF RANDOM ERROS:

 Imperfect instrument calibration.

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 Environmental interference (such as air, friction or gravity)
 Observation error (such as parallax)

 The apparent shift in position when viewed at

different angle.

VECTOR REPRESENTATION
eyes
 Represent by an arrow
o TAIL – indicates the starting point
o ARROWHEAD – end point (direction)

WEEK 2: VECTORS AND VECTOR ADDITION

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

 Any quantity in physics that has MAGNITUDE ONLY

 Number values with Units
VECTOR APPLICATION
SCALAR EXAMPLE MAGNITUDE
Speed 35 m/s
Distance 25 meters
Age 16 years old
I. ADDITION: When two (2) vectors point in the
SAME direction, simply add them together.
 Any quantity in physics that has BOTH MAGNITUDE  When vectors are added together they should be
AND DIRECTION
drawn head to tail to determine the resultant or sum
MAGNITUDE AND vector.
VECTOR EXAMPLE
DIRECTION  The resultant goes from tail of A to head of B.
Velocity 35 m/s, North
Acceleration 10 m/s2, South
a) A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m
Displacement 20 m, East
east. Calculate his displacement relative to where
EXAMPLE he started.
QUANTITY CATEGORY
5m Scalar quantity
30 m/s, East Vector quantity
5mi., North Vector
20 degrees Celcius Scalar
256 bytes Scalar
4000 calories Scalar

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II. SUBTRACTION: When two (2) vectors point in the
OPPOSITE direction, simply subtract them.
 Aligning vectors head to tail and then drawing the
resultant from the tail of the first to the head of the last.
a) A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m west.
Calculate his displacement relative to where he
started.

b) A football coach paces back and forth along the

sidelines during a close rivalry game. The coach
moves from position A to B to C to D.

 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

c) Jen drives her scooter 7 km north. She stops for

lunch and then drives 5 km east. What was her
displacement?

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d) On his fishing trip Justin rides in a boat 6 km south.
The fish aren’t biting so they go 4 km west. They
then follow a school of fish 1 km north. What RIGHT TRIANGLE
distance did they cover? What was their
displacement? soh

cah

toa

e) A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east

then 20 meters north. Frustrated, he wanders
another 12 meters west then 6 meters south.
Calculate the bear's displacement.

 To find the value of the angle we use a Trig function

called TANGENT.

tan θ = (opp/adj)
we use reverse
θ=tan-1 (opp/adj)
click *shift* tan para sa negative
= tan-1 (160/120)

= tan-1 (4/3) or 1.33, N of E

a) Suppose a person walked 65 m, 25 degrees East of

North. What were his horizontal and vertical
components?

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