Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
MACHAKOS UNIVERSITY
1. TITLE PAGE
ENGINEERING
REPORT
2. DECLARATION
I, HUMPHREY K MASHETI, do hereby declare that this report is my original work and to the
best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted for any degree award in any University or
Institution.
Signed___________________________________
Date _____________________________________
HUMPHREY K MASHETI
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would wish to render my gratitude to my university supervisor, DR. MWANIKI for the great
support and direction that he extended, not to mention all the contribution he made towards
I also extend a lot of appreciation to field supervisor, MR. DAN CHEMNWO who ensured that
all facilities necessary for the industrial attachment exercise were at my disposal. Thanks to the
team I was patched with. All their directions, explanations, technical and intellectual support
I thank my parents for the emotional and financial support they have given me. Finally, I
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Executive Summary
The industrial attachment program at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County provided
a comprehensive learning experience in the field of electrical engineering. This executive
summary encapsulates the key highlights and insights garnered throughout the attachment
period.
The attachment program aimed to achieve several objectives, including understanding the
organizational structure and functions of the Electrical Department, learning about the operation
and maintenance of electrical systems, observing safety protocols and regulations in electrical
works, and contributing to enhancing operational efficiency within the department.
In conclusion, the industrial attachment at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County
served as a valuable learning opportunity, fostering an appreciation for the practical aspects of
electrical engineering and the complexities of public sector utilities. The experiences gained and
lessons learned are poised to contribute to future endeavors in the field, with a commitment to
professionalism, safety, and excellence.
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The Industrial Attachment Program serves as an integral component of academic curricula,
bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in real-world settings.
This report encapsulates the experiences, observations, and insights gained during the attachment
period at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County.
The Electrical Department plays a pivotal role within the county's infrastructure, responsible for
the design, installation, maintenance, and management of electrical systems across various public
facilities. As a participant in the attachment program, the primary objective was to gain practical
exposure to the intricacies of electrical engineering practices within a governmental framework.
This introduction sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of the organizational structure,
functions, and operational dynamics of the Electrical Department. Furthermore, it outlines the
objectives of the attachment program and delineates the scope of activities undertaken to achieve
these goals.
Through this report, a comprehensive understanding of the challenges, innovations, and best
practices prevalent within the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County will be elucidated. It
is anticipated that the insights gleaned from this attachment experience will not only enrich
academic learning but also contribute to the continuous improvement and efficiency
enhancement of the department's operations.
With a commitment to professionalism, safety, and excellence, the journey embarked upon
during the industrial attachment program at the Electrical Department promises to be a fulfilling
and enlightening endeavor.
CHAPTER 2
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1. Design and Installation: Planning and designing electrical systems for new county
projects and overseeing the installation process to ensure compliance with safety and
regulatory standards.
The attachment program provided an opportunity for participants to gain practical experience
and insights into the day-to-day operations of the Electrical Department, as well as to contribute
to enhancing its efficiency and effectiveness in delivering electrical services to the community.
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4. Observe Safety Protocols: Understand and adhere to safety protocols and regulations in
electrical works, including the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe
handling of electrical equipment, and precautions to prevent accidents and injuries.
By achieving these objectives, I aimed to enhance their knowledge, skills, and competencies in
electrical engineering, while also making meaningful contributions to the operations and goals of
the Electrical Department.
During the industrial attachment at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County, I was
assigned various duties and responsibilities aimed at providing practical exposure and
contributing to the department's operations. Some of the key duties assigned included:
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By actively engaging in these assigned duties, the I gained valuable hands-on experience,
enhanced their technical skills, and contributed to the overall functioning and effectiveness of the
Electrical Department.
CHAPTER 3
encompasses several key aspects, including the achievements, challenges, learning outcomes,
and overall contributions made during the attachment. Here's an evaluation based on these
aspects:
Transmission poles
Transmission poles are the most visible component of the Electricity transmission system. Poles
support high-voltage conductors (cables that transmit the electricity, otherwise known as lines)
above the ground and separate them from other lines, buildings, and people. Poles vary in design
and dimensions. The transmission poles are lattice steel between 33.5 and 46 meters tall. A
minimum of 30-metre right-of-way is needed for the area around the poles and the spans
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Conductors are the cables on the transmission poles that carry the Electricity to substations. The
county have varying designs of poles and lines depending mainly on the voltage being carried.
Conductors are constructed primarily of twisted metal strands, but newer conductors may
incorporate ceramic fibers in a matrix of aluminum for added strength with lighter weight.
The right-of-way for a transmission corridor includes the land set aside for the transmission line
and associated facilities, and land set aside for a safety margin between the line and nearby
structures and vegetation. Having the safety margin helps avoid the risk of fire and other
accidents. The right-of-way width needed for transmission lines ranges from 30 meters to 65
Vegetation that could pose a danger to a transmission line or tower is removed inside the right-
of-way and outside the right-of-way if it could come too close to lines and poles. On the right-of-
way, low-growing vegetation is allowed to grow after construction and subsequently maintained
at an optimum level.
Access Roads
Access is needed to the transmission tower sites for both line construction and maintenance. road
Grading and clearing vegetation may be required for access construction. Roads are usually
murram. Access roads can be permanent or temporary depending on the need during construction
and land use. On most rights-of-way, permanent access roads provide a way to repair and
maintain the poles and line and are available for emergencies.
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In farmland and other areas where the existing land use is not compatible with a permanent
access road, The county uses temporary access roads during construction, then removes the roads
CONDUCTORS
Overhead power transmission lines/ Conductors are classified in the electrical power industry by
I. Low voltage – less than 1000 volts, used for connection between a residential or small
II. Medium Voltage (Distribution) – between 1000 volts (1 kV) and to about 33 kV, used for
AAC cable is widely used in overhead electric power transmission lines and distribution system
with various grade voltages in Kenya. It is one of the main products to form electrified wire
network. AAC - All Aluminum Conductor is made up of one or more strands of hard drawn 1350
Aluminum Alloy. Because of its relatively poor strength-to-weight ratio, AAC has had limited
use in transmission lines and rural distribution because of the long spans utilized. However, AAC
has seen extensive use in urban areas where spans are usually short but high conductivity is
required. The excellent corrosion resistance of aluminum has made AAC a conductor of choice
in coastal areas.
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An overhead transmission line has groups of conductors running parallel to each other, carried
on line supports. An electric transmission line conductor has four parameters: which are series
parameters are symbolized as R, L, C, and G, respectively. These are uniformly distributed along
the whole length of the line and representation of these parameters at any point on the line is not
possible. These are usually expressed as resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance per
kilometer.
The first three parameters depend upon material used and physical dimensions of the conductor.
Shunt conductance, which is mostly caused by leakage over the insulators, is always neglected in
a power transmission line. The leakage loss in a cable is uniformly distributed over the length of
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the cable, whereas it is different in case of overhead lines. In overhead lines, it is limited only to
the insulators and is very small under normal operating conditions, hence, it is neglected.
1. Achievements:
maintenance activities.
Safety gears
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2. Challenges:
development.
3. Learning Outcomes:
operational efficiency.
profession.
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4. Contributions:
safety inspections.
In conclusion, the attachment period at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County was a
valuable learning experience that provided practical exposure, enhanced skills, and contributed
attachment was successful in achieving its objectives and preparing I for future endeavors in the
Recommendations
Based on the evaluation of the attachment period at the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu
County, the following recommendations are proposed to further enhance the effectiveness and
efficiency of future attachment programs and contribute to the continuous improvement of the
department:
protocols, and departmental procedures. These programs should include both theoretical
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instruction and hands-on practical exercises to bridge the gap between academic
guidance, support, and mentorship throughout the attachment period. Mentors can offer
valuable insights, share practical experiences, and facilitate the transfer of knowledge and
feedback sessions can help identify areas of strength and areas for improvement in the
to further enhance their skills and stay abreast of emerging trends and technologies in the
reward innovative solutions that contribute to the department's goals and objectives.
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initiatives to raise awareness about electrical safety, energy conservation, and sustainable
practices. This not only benefits the community but also provides attachées with valuable
for students. This will help bridge the gap between academia and industry, foster talent
By implementing these recommendations, the Electrical Department of Uasin Gishu County can
further enhance the effectiveness of its attachment program, empower attachées to develop into
skilled professionals, and contribute to the overall success and sustainability of the department's
operations.
REFERENCES
H. Wayne Beaty and Donald Fink. (2018). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers.
McGraw-Hill Education.
Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku. (2019). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits.
McGraw-Hill Education.
H. Zhang, J. Liu, and Y. Fu. (2021). "A Review of Smart Grid Technologies and Applications."
10.1109/TII.2020.2992921
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M. A. El-Kady and R. B. Kaner. (2013). "Graphene for Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Beyond."
https://www.nrel.gov/research/re-electricity.html
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). (2023). "IEEE Xplore Digital Library."
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
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