INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

CHEMISTRY

On the topic -EVAPORATION RATE OF DIFFERENT

LIQUIDS

Session – 2023-2024

SUBMITTED BY- ASUTOSH MOHANTY

Class- XI E

Under the guidance of –

Dr. Sambit Kumar Mishra

Department of Chemistry

DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL Sector-6, C.D.A., Cuttack

 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON CHEMISTRY FOR
SESSION 2023-2024

TOPIC:
DETERMINATION OF RATE OF EVAPORATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

SUBMITTED BY ASUTOSH MOHANTY XI E

D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL C.D.A SECTOR-6, CUTTACK.

FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

LAID DOWN BY
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE)
FOR CLASS XI ANNUAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAM.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR 2023-2024

 DR. SAMBIT KUMAR MISHRA, DEPARTMENT
CHEMISTRY
D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, C.D.A SECTOR-6 CUTTACK-
753014

Bonafide Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “DETERMINATION OF

EVAPORATION RATE OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS” prepared by
ASUTOSH MOHANTY XI (E) is in accordance to the topic allocated
to him.
This project is submitted for the fulfillment of
terms and conditions laid down by CBSE for Class XI Chemistry
practical exam 2023 2024. It embodies the original work done by
him under the supervision and able guidance of his teacher Dr.
Sambit Kumar Mishra Department of Chemistry, DAV PUBLIC
SCHOOL, CDA 6, CUTTACK

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT SIGNATURE OF TEACHER

 Declaration

I, ASUTOSH MOHANTY of Class XI (E) of D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL., C.D.A

SECTOR-6, CUTTACK do hereby solemnly declare that the project
DETERMINATION OF EVAPORATION RATE OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
submitted for Chemistry practical paper for the session 2023-2024
consists of original work done by me under the supervision and
guidance by my chemistry teacher.

Dr. Sambit Kumar Mishra ASUTOSH MOHANTY

Class-XI (E)

Department of Chemistry D.A.V Public

School C.D.A sector-6, Cuttack
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to Express my heartfelt gratitude to my Chemistry

teacher, Dr. Sambit Kumar Mishra for his constant
encouragement, valuable, supportable guidance and his sincere
inspiration, without which this project would not have been
possible. I am also grateful to my parents and friends who
provided their valuable suggestions for the completion of this
project and encouraged me throughout the tenure of this project.

Date:

Place:

ASUTOSH MOHANTY Class XI Section - E

D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL C.D.A SECTOR-6, CUTTACK.
SERIAL NO. EVENTS PAGE
NO.
1) AIM 6

2) INTRODUCTION 7

3) THEORY 8

4) EXPERIMENT 9

5) OBSERVATION
TABLE
10

6) CONCLUSION 11-12

7) GRAPH 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
8)
 AIM

TO DETERMINE THE RATE

OF EVAPORATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
 INTRODUCTION
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous
phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in
the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such
molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of
molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive
forces and escapes into gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules
which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic
energy of the molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic
energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will
have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase
of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until
whole of the liquid evaporates.
 THEORY
1. RATE OF EVAPORATION
A liquid surface area and temperature affect its rate of evaporation. Evaporation rate also
depends upon the type of liquids, since liquids are made up of different molecules and differ
in the amount of attraction that exists between the molecules.

2. SURFACE AREA AND TEMPRATURE

Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a liquid's surface area allows more molecules
or atoms to leave the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example same
amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table than it is left in the cup. Higher
temperature also increases the rate of evaporation. At higher temperature molecules or
atoms have a higher average speed. And more particles are able to break free on liquid's
surface

3. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Most liquids are made up of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why
some liquids evaporates faster than others. Attractions between molecules arise because
molecules typically have regions that carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric
charges are created because some tons in a molecule are often more electronegative than
the hydrogen atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid
because strong intermolecular attraction holds the molecules in a liquid more tightly. As a
result, liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more than those with strong
intermolecular forces this is the reason why gasoline evaporates faster than water. The
stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state the more energy that
must be input in order to evaporate them.
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF EVAPORATION
 NATURE OF LIQUID

The magnitude of intermolecular forces of attraction in the liquid determine the rate of
evaporation to a great extent . Weaker the intermolecular forces , faster the rate of
evaporation.

 TEMPRATURE

Rate of evaporation is affected by temperature. As the temperature of air is

increased, its capacity to hold moisture also increases. Any increase in air
temperature raises the temperature of liquid at the evaporation source which
means that more energy is available to the liquid molecules for escaping from
liquid to a gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly proportional to the
temperature of evaporating surface. Warmer the evaporating surface, higher the
rate of evaporation.

 AIR PRESSURE

Rate of evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric pressure exerted on the

evaporating surface. Lower pressure on open surface of the liquid results in the
higher rate of evaporation.

 RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Rate of evaporation is closely related with the relative humidity of air. Since the
moisture holding capacity of air at a given temperature is limited, drier air
evaporates more liquid than moist air. In other words, higher the vapour
pressure, lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that
evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than in winter and at night.

 DENSITY

The higher the density of the liquids, slower the liquid evaporates.
 DESCRIPTION OF LIQUIDS INVOLVED IN EXPERIMENT

1. ACETONE:-

Acetone is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂CO. It is the simplest and
smallest ketone. It is a colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a
characteristic pungent odor. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an
important organic solvent in industry, home, and laboratory.

Formula: C₃H₆O

Boiling point: 56 °C

Density: 784 kg/m³

Molar mass: 58.08 g/mol

Melting point: -95 °C

Appearance – Colourless volatile liquid with fruity odour and pungent .

Uses -> Acetone are a primary ingredient in many nail polish removers. It breaks
down nail polish, making it easy to remove with a cotton swab or cloth.

>For the extraction of essential oils.

>Dissolving Agents: Acetone is a good solvent for fats, oils, plastics, and natural
rubber. Acetone is used to make paints thinner and dissolve waxes out of cloth.

>Preparation of Explosives: Acetone can be made from sodium bicarbonate (baking

soda) and red phosphorus. Since both acetone and sodium bicarbonate are very
volatile, a violent explosion will result if the ingredients come in contact with fire or a
spark.

>In addition, Acetone is sometimes added to gasoline as an additive to make it burn

more smoothly.
2. PETROL
Petrol is a fossil fuel that's very flammable and smells bad. It's
available in multiple variants and is used in spark-ignited
combustion engines point on the octane rating scale.
Molar mass: 114.23 g/mol
Formula: C8H18
Boiling point: 99 °C
Density: 690 kg/m³
Uses - >Derived from petroleum, lubricants are used in many
types of machines in almost all the industries. Lubricants are
used in all kinds of vehicles and industrial machines to reduce
friction
>Petroleum is used in the production of ammonia, which is used
as a source of nitrogen in agricultural fertilizers.
>Petroleum by-products are used by many chemical companies
as raw materials. They are used in the manufacture of chemical
fertiliser, synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber, nylon, plastics, pesti-
cides and insecticides, perfumes, and dyes, paints, among others
3. kerosene
Kerosene, or paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which
is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel in aviation
as well as households.
Molar mass- 200gm/mol
Formula - C12H26C15H32
Boiling point – 300°C
Density – 840 kg/m3
Appearance- pale yellow or colorless liquid
Uses - >Kerosene is used as a fuel for jet engines, domestic
heaters and furnaces, and oil lamps. It's also used as a fuel
component for some rocket engines.
>Kerosene can be used as a solvent for greases and insecticides.
>Kerosene can be used to coat fruits and vegetables to
keep them fresh.
4. ETHANOL
Ethanol is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃CH₂OH. It is an
alcohol, with its formula also written as C₂H₅OH, C₂H₆O or EtOH, where Et stands
for ethyl. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic
wine-like odor and pungent taste. Wikipedia

Formula: C₂H₆O

Boiling point: 78.37 °C

Molar mass: 46.068 g/mol

Density: 789 kg/m³

Melting point: -114.1 °C

Appearance - Clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic pleasant odour and

burning taste.

Uses ->Cleansing agent for skin surface

> Remove Sticky Residue

>Deep clean spectacles

>Clean Gardening Tools

>Remove Permanent Marker

 Experiment
AIM-To determine evaporation rate of different liquids.

REQUIREMENTS- Petri dish, syringe, stopwatch, liquids like-

Acetone

Petrol

Kerosene

Ethanol

PROCEDURE-
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B, C and D.
2. Using the syringe, suck 10ml of each liquid separately and then pour
them into 4 petridishes and cover them with cover plates.
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch

OBSERVATION-
PETRIDISH VOLUME(initial) Volume(remaining) V2-V1 Rate of
evaporation(ml/s)
A Acetone 50 ml 10 ml 40 ml 0.2ml/s
B Ethanol 60 ml 15 ml 45 ml 0.3ml/s
C Petrol 70 ml 25 ml 45 ml 0.25ml/s
D Kerosene 80 ml 30 ml 50 ml 0.4ml/s
CONCLUSION-

Thus from the above experiment it can be inferred

that-
Rate of evaporation of Acetone- 0.2 ml/s
Rate of evaporation of petrol-0.3ml/s
Rate of evaporation of kerosene-0.25ml/s
Rate of evaporation of ethanol-0.4ml/s
 EVAPORATED VOLUME vs TIME GRAPH
>Liquids in the Petri dish are observed till time limit of 1 hour at
different time intervals and graphs are plotted accordingly
 BIBLIOGRAPHY-
1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM
2. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
3.NCERT CHEMISTRY PART 2
4. WWW.CBSE.NIC.IN
5. WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM