MODULE

SECOND Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

MIDTERM
MODULE 2

I. COURSE CODE/ TITLE: GEE 105: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

TOPICS Time Frame

A. Communication and Globalization
B. History of English Language

III. COURSE OUTCOMES:

1. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication
2. Trace back the history of English language

IV. ENGAGEMENT: Read and Analyze the following:

LESSON 2

A. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, institutions, and
governments of different nations. A process produced by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology.

How essential is communication in globalization?

In globalization, business communication is important because it opens multiple platforms to

convey and receive messages effectively. It can also help build effective relationships from personal
contact, body language and proximity.

Since globalization involves integration of the world's culture, economy, and infrastructure through
the transnational investment, rapid proliferation of communication and information technologies, and the
impacts of free-markets on local, regional, and national economies; therefore, it needs effective
communication to make it possible.

What is then the impact of communication on society and the world?

Communication fosters education, trade and relationships. It also promotes cultural exchange and
conflict resolution. Communication allows people to express themselves, leading to social and
psychological well-being.

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 One significant effect of globalization to the world is the development of languages used in
different regions of the world. The language we are using now does not merely emerge in a single period
of time but a significant connection of diverse cultures and people of multiple areas.

B. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Old English (5th to 11th Century)

Albert Baugh, a notable English professor at the University of Pennsylvania, noted in his published
works that around 85% of Old English is no longer in use; however, surviving elements form the basis of
Modern English language we use today.
Old English can be further subdivided into the following:

 Prehistoric or Primitive (5th to 7th Century) – available literature or documentation referencing

this period is not available aside from limited examples of Anglo-Saxon runes;

 Early Old English (7th to 10th Century) – this period contains some of the earliest documented
evidence of the English language, showcasing notable authors and poets like Cynewulf and
Aldhelm who were leading figures in the world of Anglo-Saxon literature.

 Late Old English (10th to 11th Century) – can be considered the final phase of the Old English
language which was brought about by the Norman invasion of England. This period ended with
the consequential evolution of the English language towards Early Middle English.

Early Middle English

It was during this period that the English language and grammar, started evolving with particular
attention to syntax, “the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a
language”. While the British government and its wealthy citizens Anglicized the language, Norman and
French influences remained the dominant language until the 14th century.
An interesting fact to note is that this period has been attributed with the loss of case endings that
ultimately resulted in inflection markers being replaced by more complex features of the language. Case
endings are “a suffix on an inflected noun, pronoun, or adjective that indicates its grammatical function.”

Late Middle English

During the 14th century a different dialect (known as the East-Midlands) began to develop around
the London area.
Geoffrey Chaucer, a writer known as the Father of English Literature and author of the widely
renowned Canterbury Tales, was often heralded as the greatest poet of that particular time. It was through

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his various works that the English language was more or less “approved” alongside those of French and
Latin, though he continued to write up some of his characters in the northern dialects.
It was during the mid-1400s that the Chancery English standard was brought about. The story
goes that the clerks working for the Chancery in London were fluent in both French and Latin. It was their
job to prepare official court documents and prior to the 1430s, both the aforementioned languages were
mainly used by royalty, the church, and wealthy Britons. After this date, the clerks started using a dialect
that sounded as follows:
gaf (gave) not yaf (Chaucer’s East Midland
dialect) such not swich
theyre (their) not hir
As you can observe, the above is starting to sound more like the present-day English language we
know. If one thinks about it, these clerks held enormous influence over the manner of influential
communication, which ultimately shaped the foundations of Early Modern English.

Early Modern English

The changes in the English language during this period occurred from the 15th to mid-17th
Century, and not only a change in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar but also the start of the English
Renaissance.
The English Renaissance has much quieter foundations than its pan-European cousin, the Italian
Renaissance, and sprouted during the end of the 15th century. It was associated with the rebirth of
societal and cultural movements, and while slow to gather steam during the initial phases, it celebrated the
heights of glory during the Elizabethan Age.
It was William Caxton’s innovation of an early printing press that allowed Early Modern English to
become mainstream. The Printing Press was key in standardizing the English language through
distribution of the English Bible.
Caxton’s publishing of Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (the Death of Arthur) is regarded as
print material’s first bestseller. Malory’s interpretation of various tales surrounding the legendary King
Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, in his own words, and the ensuing popularity indirectly
ensured that Early Modern English was here to stay.
It was during Henry the VIII’s reign that English commoners were finally able to read the Bible in a
language they understood, which to its own degree, helped spread the dialect of the common folk.
The end of the 16th century brought about the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible, and
though it didn’t make a markable impact, it played an important role in the continued development of the
English language, especially with the English-speaking Catholic population worldwide.
he end of the 16th and start of the 17th century would see the writings of actor and playwright,
William Shakespeare, take the world by storm.
Why was Shakespeare’s influence important during those times?
Shakespeare started writing during a time when the English language was undergoing serious
changes due to contact with other nations through war, colonization, and the likes. These changes were
further cemented through Shakespeare and other emerging playwrights who found their ideas could not
be expressed through the English language currently in circulation. Thus, the “adoption” of words or
phrases
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from other languages were modified and added to the English language, creating a richer experience for
all concerned.
It was during the early 17th century that we saw the establishment of the first successful English
colony in what was called The New World. Jamestown, Virginia, also saw the dawn of American English
with English colonizers adopting indigenous words, and adding them to the English language.
The constant influx of new blood due to voluntary and involuntary (i.e. slaves) migration during the
17th, 18th and 19th century meant a variety of English dialects had sprung to life, this included West
African, Native American, Spanish and European influences.
Meanwhile, back home, the English Civil War, starting mid-17th century, brought with it political
mayhem and social instability. At the same time, England’s puritanical streak had taken off after the
execution of Charles I. Censorship was a given, and after the Parliamentarian victory during the War,
Puritans promoted an austere lifestyle in reaction to what they viewed as excesses by the previous
regime. England would undergo little more than a decade under Puritan leadership before the crowning of
Charles
II. His rule, effectively the return of the Stuart Monarchy, would bring about the Restoration period which
saw the rise of poetry, philosophical writing, and much more.
It was during this age that literary classics, like those of John Milton’s Paradise Lost, were
published, and are considered relevant to this age!

Late Modern English

The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th and early 20th-
century saw the expansion of the English language.
The advances and discoveries in science and technology during the Industrial Revolution saw a
need for new words, phrases, and concepts to describe these ideas and inventions. Due to the nature of
these works, scientists and scholars created words using Greek and Latin roots e.g. bacteria, histology,
nuclear, biology. You may be shocked to read that these words were created but one can learn a
multitude of new facts through English language courses as you are doing now!
Colonialism brought with it a double-edged sword. It can be said that the nations under the British
Empire’s rule saw the introduction of the English language as a way for them to learn, engage, and
hopefully, benefit from “overseas” influence. While scientific and technological discoveries were some of
the benefits that could be shared, colonial Britain saw this as a way to not only teach their language but
impart their culture and traditions upon societies they deemed as backward, especially those in Africa and
Asia.
The idea may have backfired as the English language walked away with a large number of foreign
words that have now become part of the English language e.g. shampoo, candy, cot and many others
originated in India!

English in the 21st Century

If one endeavors to study various English language courses taught today, we would find almost no
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immediate similarities between Modern English and Old English. English grammar has become
exceedingly

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refined (even though smartphone messaging has made a mockery of the English language itself) where
perfect living examples would be that of the current British Royal Family.

A brief chronology of English

55 BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar Local

inhabitants
AD 43 Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain speak
Celtish
436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete

449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins

450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions Old

English
1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England

c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English Middle

English
1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools

1362 English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the
first time

c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales

c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins

1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press Early
Modern
1564 Shakespeare is born English

1604 Table Alphabetically, the first English dictionary, is published

1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established

1616 Shakespeare dies

1623 Shakespeare's First Folio is published

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A brief chronology of English

1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London

1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary

1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence

1782 Britain abandons its colonies in what is later to become the USA

1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary Late

Modern
1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded English

1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published

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 MODULE
SECOND Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024
MIDTERM
MODULE 3

I. COURSE CODE/ TITLE: GEE 105: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

TOPICS Time Frame

C. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural
Settings
1. Culturally sensitive and Bias-free language
2. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
Language

III. COURSE OUTCOMES:

1. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images (sensitivity to gender, race,
class, etc.)
2. Compose a song or poem promoting a culturally sensitive and bias-free language
3. Perform a creative media presentation incorporating the types of language registers in a
multicultural setting.

IV. ENGAGEMENT: Read and Analyze the following:

LESSON 3: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

A. CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE

1. Race and Ethnicity

Racism is a form of discrimination against a person or a person of a different race. Race is
an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the language used and to refer to
race, as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in English for the Professions, “only if it is relevant to what
you have to say”. Words that reinforce stereotypes and that imply all people of a particular race or
ethnic group are the same should be avoided. For example, “Naturally, the Asian students won the
math contest”, the word “naturally” reinforces stereotype or generalization that Asians have
superior aptitude in math.
Next, one must attune to the current terminology by which racial and ethnic groups refer to
themselves. For example, for a long time “Native American” has been considered politically correct

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 term for the indigenous peoples of the Americas, over the label “Red Indian”. In Philippines,
Filipinos of Chinese ancestry use to describe their identity: from Tsino to Chinoy, to Filipino
Chinese.
It is also important to be sensitive to religion when referring to various ethnic groups.
Assumptions should not be made that stereotype a race, nationality, or ethnic group with a specific
religion. For example, not all Arabs are Muslims, not all Indians are Buddhist, and not all Filipinos
are Roman Catholics.

2. Gender and Sexual Orientation

Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. One should
favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased words.
Examples:
Sexist terms Gender-neutral terms
Man-made Manufactured, synthetic, artificial
Layman’s term Ordinary terms
Chairman Chairperson
Stewardess Flight attendant
Manpower Labor
Woman lawyer or male nurse Lawyer or nurse

Gender-biased statement:
“Each student should submit his term paper by Monday.”

Restatement: “Each student should submit a term paper by Monday.”

Plural construction: “Students should submit their term papers by
Monday.” Use of “you”: “You should hand in your term paper by Monday”.

Other gender-related terms may have to do with gender orientation or sexual orientation. It
is important to be sensitive to new attitudes about homosexuals, transsexual, and transgender
people. For example, most ay people prefer the term “gay” to the more clinical “homosexual” as a
label and “lesbian” for gay women.
Again, as a matter of principle, one should refer to societal groups in the way that members
of these groups prefer to be referred to. Note also that terminology in this area is developing and
that not everyone agrees.

3. Social Class
Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because
of their social class. An example is the American term “white trash” which is a racial slur for white
people, usually from the rural southern United States, coming from a lower social class inside the
white population. White trash people have a connotation of danger, criminal, unpredictable and
without respect for authority. So as the terms “preppie” and “yuppie” which connotes not just
wealth but arrogance.
In the Philippines, the term “conyo”, which used to describe young people from the upper
class who speak an idiosyncratic mix of English and Tagalog, connotes vanity and consciousness
about social status. The term “jologs” or “jejemon”, as used as reference to an idiosyncratic
spelling or writing style, is used to describe persons who look poor and out of style.
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 Sample Classist language: Replacement:
Owning class The upper class, the privileged class
Underclass The less privileged
Squatters Informal settlers

4. Age
Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming
that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups. It is
important to refer to a person’s age only when the information is pertinent to what is being
discussed. When referring to a generic group, one should also ask their subjects what wordings
they prefer: do they wish to be called “older persons” or “senior citizens”? Do they prefer the label
“youths”, “teenagers”, or “young people”?
Lastly, according to the American Psychological Association, writers should be specific
when referring to males and females in terms of their age: females 18 years or older are women,
not girls. “Girls” refers to those in high school or younger (under 18). The same is true for boys and
man.

5. Disabilities
Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness.
Impairment – a psychological condition
Disability – the consequence of an impairment
Handicap – the social implication of a disability; a condition or barrier imposed by a society,
the environment or oneself
Limp – is an impairment in which a leg or foot is damaged or stiff.
Finally, when referring to people with disabilities, the focus should be on the person, not the
condition (Arinto, 2009)
Sample of Discriminatory terms: Replacements:
Retards Mental retarded
The blind People with visual impairments
Cancer patients People being treated for cancer
Confined to a wheelchair Uses a wheelchair
AIDS victim Person with AIDS
Abnormal atypical

B. VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Spoken Language – is a language produced by articulated sounds produced with vocal tract.
Written Language - is a representation of spoken or gestural language by means of a writing
system such as letters, symbols, and codes.

VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE:
a. Pidgin:
A pidgin is a new language develops when speakers of different languages need to communicate
but don't share a common language. The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular

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language (called the 'lexifier'). An early 'pre-pidgin' is quite restricted in use and variable in structure. But
the later 'stable pidgin' develops its own grammatical rules which are quite different from those of the
lexifier. Once a stable pidgin has developed, it is generally learned as a second language and used for
communication among people who speak different languages. Examples are Nigerian Pidgin and
Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu).
b. Creole:
A pidgin learned as first language or mother tongue of a child is called a creole. Like a pidgin, a
creole is a distinct language which has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, the lexifier,
but has its own unique grammatical rules. Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is not restricted in use, and
is like any other language in its full range of functions. Examples are Gullah, Jamaican Creole and
Hawai`i Creole English.
Simply, a creole is an established form of pidgin, where a language developed from
communicating over two or more languages is taken up by a culture as a native language. Aspects that
make a creole different to pidgin or dialects is that it has unique rules with a full range of functions, and
may be taught as a mother tongue. Examples of English-developed creoles include Gullah in South
Carolina and Georgia and Nigerian Creole. The Louisiana Creole, which derives from French but is used
by Americans so may be interspersed with English.
Keep in mind that the words 'pidgin' and 'creole' are technical terms used by linguists, and not by
speakers of the language. For example, speakers of Jamaican Creole call their language 'Patwa' (from
patois) and speakers of Hawai`i Creole English call theirs 'Pidgin.'
c. Regional dialect:
A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular
area or region of a country. Some of it have been given traditional names which mark them out as being
significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. Some examples are 'Hillbilly
English' (from the Appalachians in the USA) and 'Geordie' (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK).
Regional dialects are varieties of language that emerge based on regionally specific use.
There are many examples within the UK alone, from the broad differences between the English
spoken in the North and South to the more specific, localized dialects, such as those spoken in certain
cities, some of which have their own names (with Scouse from Liverpool, Geordie in Newcastle and
Brummie in Birmingham to name just a few)
Varieties of dialects in the Philippines includes Cebuano, Waray-waray, Ilocano, Kapampangan,
Hiligaynon, Tagalog, Bisaya, etc.
d. Minority dialect:
Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use
as their identity. This is called a minority dialect. Examples are African American Vernacular English in
the USA, London Jamaican in Britain, and Aboriginal English in Australia.
e. Indigenized variety:

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 Indigenized varieties are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual
populations. The differences from the standard variety may be linked to English proficiency, or may be
part of a range of varieties used to express identity. For example, 'Singlish' (spoken in Singapore) is a
variety very different from standard English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India.
f. Jargon
Jargons are the words and phrases that emerge to cover ideas within a specific community, often
when specialist terminology is required, for example technical terms in a profession or sport. Sometimes,
specialist activities require new terminology. Somehow, jargon can be seen as negative, when it is use
to separate others from a conversation or to create a superior appearance (as is commonly associated
with business jargon).
g. Slang
Similar to jargon, slang is the language that develops within a subgroup to describe new ideas,
or to assign new words to existing ideas to develop a sense of identity. Jargon typically refers to
specialisms while slang is more typically associated with social groups, for example the language of a
younger generation. Extreme forms of slang may be used specifically to disguise conversation, such as
rhyming slang.

TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS:

There are five language registers or styles. Each level has an appropriate use that is determined
by different situations. Appropriate language register depends upon the audience (who), the topic (what),
purpose (why) and location (where).
1. Static Register or Frozen
This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. e.g., the Pledge of Allegiance, the
Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble to the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws.
2. Formal Register
This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language usually
follows an accepted format. It is commonly impersonal and formal. Language is more serious in tone and
professional. A common format for this register is speeches. e.g., sermons, rhetorical statements and
questions, speeches, pronouncements made by judges, announcements.
3. Consultative Register
This is a standard form of communications. Communicators engage in a mutually accepted
structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. It
is also two- way communication and a professional discourse. e.g., when strangers meet, communications
between a superior and a subordinate, doctor & patient, lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher &
student, counselor & client
4. Casual Register

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 This is an informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are
normal in this communication. e.g., buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and blogs, and letters to
friends.
5. Intimate Register
This communication is private and more personal. It is used for close family members or intimate
people. e.g., husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent & children.

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