ERGONOMICS AND FACILITIES PLANNING

FOR THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

HM 157 (SY 2024) – Prelim Handouts
Introduction to Ergonomics
Ergonomics originates from the Greek word “ergon” which means
work and “nomics” which means laws. It’s essentially the “laws of
work” or the science of making the work environment fit the
worker.

Ergonomics is a way of designing workstations, work practices, and

work flow to accommodate the capabilities of workers. Ergonomic
design reduces risk factors known to contribute to occupational
ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as sprains and cumulative
trauma disorders (CTDs).

Implementing ergonomic solutions can make employees more

comfortable and increase productivity. Important because when
you’re doing a job and your body is stressed by an awkward
posture, extreme temperature or repeated movement your
musculoskeletal system is affected.

Goal of ergonomics is to reduce to work hazards. A hazard is

defined as a physical work environment that can harm your body.
Ergonomics hazards include working in awkward or uncomfortable
postures and using excessive force
Scope of Ergonomics
1. Design of Man-Machine Systems: A man-machine system is a system where, in
relation to one or more computers, devices or facilities, one or more
workmen/humans operate. Productive systems as well as utility systems, such as a
post office or firefighting system or a pharmacy, etc., may be such systems.
Ergonomics is used to adjust such systems so as to provide the user of the device
with maximum job satisfaction and comfort and minimal physiological and mental
load.

2. Design of Consumer Goods and Service Systems: In the design of consumer

products, ergonomics is applicable, starting from the design of the tooth brush
and other items such as dinning set; sofa set; kitchen ware, table and shoes etc.
Similarly, it should also be economically sound for protective equipment such as
safety goggles, adverse weather and space clothing. gloves, crash helmets,
firefighting and industrial hazard protection and appliances.

3. Design of Working Environment: The multiple factors related to ergonomics,

such as human lighting resistance, emissions, noise heating and ventilation should
be taken into account when designing a proper working environment for
the workforce/workers at work. At each stage right design up to real usage or
actual operation, this factor should be taken into account. The area is infinite and
applicable. Ergonomic research should be conducted on all environmental
considerations, such as workbench architecture, public transport, road networks,
city and country planning, workers, neighborhoods, airports, etc.
Principles Ergonomics
1. Work in neutral postures Cooking

Stove
2. Reduce excessive force
Prep
3. Keep everything in reach Prep Table
Table

Washing
4. Work at proper height Preparation

5. Reduce excessive motions

6. Minimize fatigue and static load Refrigerator

Sink

7. Minimize pressure joints Prep

Table
Storing
8. Provide clearance
Major Areas of Ergonomics
1. Physical ergonomics looks at how human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and
biomechanical characteristics relate to physical activity. This includes:
• working postures
• manual handling
• repetitive movements
• musculoskeletal disorders
• workplace layout and environment

2. Psychological ergonomics studies mental processes (e.g. perception, cognition, memory, reasoning
and emotion) and how people interact with products, systems and environments. This includes:
• mental workload
• attitudes
• decision-making
• stress
• human-computer
• motivation interaction
• pleasure
• human reliability
• cultural differences
Major Areas of Ergonomics
3. Organizational ergonomics is about optimizing the
organizational structures, policies and processes of socio-
technical systems. This includes:
• Communication
• working time patterns
• work design
• co-operative work
• staff resource
Ergonomics Risk Factor
1. Risk factors inherent in the worker
2. Risk factor inherent in the task
3. Risk factor inherent in the
environment Workers come in all
shapes and sizes, each with unique
attributes that present certain
ergonomic risk factors.
Factors that increase the risk of an injury. Risk for
developing MSDs increases for workers who must:
✓ Repeat the same motion throughout their workday
✓ Do their work in an awkward position
✓ Use great deal force to perform their jobs
✓ Repeatedly lift heavy objects
✓ Face a combination of these risk factors Level of risk
depends on how long a worker is exposed to these
conditions; how often they are exposed and level of
exposure.
Poor Ergonomics Negative Impact on Health
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
When there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of
the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders can result. MSDs affect the muscles, nerves, blood
vessels, ligaments and tendons. Workers in many industries and occupations can be exposed to risk
factors at work, such as lifting heavy items, bending, reaching overhead, pushing and pulling heavy
loads, working in an awkward body postures and performing the same or similar task respectively.
Exposure to these known risk factors for MSDs increases a worker’s risk of injury.

MSDs represent a wide range of disorders that can differ in severity from mild periodic symptoms to
severe chronic and debilitating conditions. Below is a list of examples:
✓ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
✓ Tendinitis
✓ Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
✓ Fibromyalgia
✓ Rotator cuff injuries
✓ Epicondylitis
✓ Trigger Finger
✓ Muscle strains and low back injuries
Risk Factors Contributing to MSDs
Awkward and static postures–assuming positions that place stress on
the body, such as prolonged or repetitive reaching above shoulder
height, kneeling, squatting, leaning over a counter, using a knife with
wrists bent or twisting the torso while lifting.

Repetitive motions–performing the same motion or series of motions

continually or frequently for an extended period of time

Forceful exertions–the amount of physical effort required to perform a

task (such as heavy lifting, pushing or pulling), handle merchandise, or
maintain control of equipment tools.

Pressure points and contact stress–pressing body or part of the body

(such as the hand) against hard or sharp edges or using the hand as a
hammer.

Vibration–segmental affecting the hands and arms and whole-body

vibration from standing or sitting in vibrating environments.
FACILITIES PLANNING AND ERGONOMICS
Facilities Planning – Determines how the hospitality and tourism
industry establishment’s resources best upkeep and maintain the
achievement of it’s goal and priorities.

Facilities Location – Refers to the placement of the different facility

elements relatives to the needs of the employees, guests, suppliers, and
other stakeholders, together with the other facilities it interfaces.

Facility Design – A specification and creation of facility to materialize

facility system, layout, and handling system should be in place.

System Analysis – The discipline devoted to the structure and roles of

the work system that simplify processes such as work environments and
facilities.

Human Factors and Ergoonmics (HFE) – Refers to the relationship

between people, technology and the factors that effect relationship.
Hospitality and Tourism Facilities
Hotel– Refers to a full-service accommodation with reception and guest
rooms generally offering private facilities with onsite restaurant and
room and bar services.

Resort– Refers to a full service accommodation located in more natural,

relaxed environment with reception and guest rooms generally offering
private facilities with onsite restaurant and room and bar services.

Tourism Enterprises – A facilities, services and attraction involved in

tourism, such as but not limited to travel and tour services; tour and
transport services.

Restaurant – Any establishment offering refreshments and / or meals to

the public.

Department Store – Refers to a store that sells or carries several lines or

merchandise that organized into separate sections to promote services,
accounting and control.
Hospitality and Tourism Facilities
Shop – Refers to a small retail establishment offering a line of goods and
services

Sports and recreational club / center – refers to any establishment

offering sports and recreational facilities to tourist and general public.

Museum – An institutional establishment where a collection of valued

objects and artifacts on history and culture, arts and sciences are
displayed on exhibition for the general public.

Training Center – Refers to any establishment that offers one or more

training programs for tourism manpower development and is equipped
with training facilities, equipments and institutional staff.
Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Design – It is a process of creating a plan and specifications for making or producing an object or
space for implementation to addressee a specific goal or provide a solution to a particular
problem.

Elements of Visual Design

1. Line
2. Color
3. Shape & Forms
4. Texture
5. Light
6. Pattern
Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Elements of Visual Design

1. Line – It is a series of point that create motion. It determines a certain position and direction in
space.
1. Straight Sturdy and masculine; it belongs to architectural; it has its mood.
2. Vertical – Express the spirit of the gotic; it proud and exalted; it is inspirational.
3. Horizontal – Represents the horizon of the seascape; it is calm and peaceful, it is repose.
4. Diagonal – Symbolize the flight of geese; it is vigorous or even angry; it is action.
5. Curve Line – More subtle than the straight line; it is graceful and sensitive; it is feminine;
represent architecture that caters to the emotional rather than the physical.

2. Color – Colors are part of the surroundings, both in nature and in manmade environment.
They are integral parts of a human’s sensory perception and can effect one’s emotions because
of the symbolism through association and synthesis.
Hues of the Spectrum

Primary Colors – are commonly known as

blue, red and yellow.

Secondary Colors – are commonly knows are

green, violet and orange.

Tertiary Colors – are the combinations of the

following red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-
green, blue-violet and red-violet.
5 Color Schemes

Complementary Spilt Complementary

Are colors that are located Refers to a color and the two
opposite each other in the color colors besides its complementary
wheel. (Yellow and Violet) (Yellow, blue-violet, red-violet)

Monochromatic
Utilizes one color
indifferent hues or tones

Analogous Triads
are the three colors or more colors are related to the use of the
beside each other in the color wheel. three colors.
Psychological Significance of Colors
RED Power, Excitement, Strength, Passion, Energy

GREEN Health, Hope, Nature, Growth, Freshness, Prosperity

YELLOW Optimism, Warmth, Happiness, Creativity, Friendliness

ORANGE Confidence, Warmth, Innovation, Friendliness, Energy, Bravery

BLUE Trust, Loyalty, Dependability, Logic, Serenity, Security

VIOLET
PINK Imaginative, Passionate, Transformation, Balance, Creativity

VIOLET Wisdom, Luxury, Wealth, Spiritual, Sophistication, Royalty

BROWN Serious, Earthiness, Reliability, Authenticity, Warmth, Support

WHITE Cleanliness, Clarity, Purity, Simplicity, Freshness

BLACK Sophistication, Security, Power, Authority, Substance

Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Form & Shapes – The primary elements of form are points and
lines that create the shape of an object, room, or edifice.

1. Circle - A circle is a plane figure bounded by one curved

line, and such that all straight lines drawn from a certain
point within it to the bounding line, are equal.

2. Cylinder - A cylinder has traditionally been a three-

dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear
geometric shapes.

3. Sphere - A sphere is symmetrical, round in shape. It is a

three dimensional solid, that has all its surface points at
equal distances from the center.
Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Texture – This refers to the quality of the surface treatment. the visual or tactile surface
characteristics and appearance of something

Fabric and Cloth Glass & Liquid Metal Organic and Fur

Paper Glass & Liquid Stone Wood

Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Light – visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by
the human eye. the sensation aroused by stimulation of the visual
receptors.

3 Basic of Light

1. Ambient lighting - General or ambient lighting is intended to light up

a room in its entirety. It provides a uniform level of illumination
throughout the space independently of other lighting sources.
2. Task lighting - Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out
in a given space such as reading, cooking, computer work. A brighter
light is required in a smaller focal point of the room for these sorts of
tasks.
3. Accent lighting - Accent lighting is used mainly to focus on a specific
point of interest or to achieve a desired effect. This type of lighting
gives the impression of a larger room. It is more frequently used to
highlight an architectural feature, a plant (in outdoor layout), a
sculpture, or a collection of objects.
Principle of Interior and Exterior Design
Pattern – A pattern is an arrangement of lines or shapes, especially a design
in which the same shape is repeated at regular intervals over a surface.

5 Common Patterns

Complex – It as composition of several crisscrossing lines that gives intricacy

to the design.

Vertical Lines – They are used to add height in a small room.

Horizontal Lines – They can give a sense that the space is beiger or shorten
the height of the tall room.

Floral – It is a design that shows general and accent lighting.

Motifs – They are pattern normally related to an architectural style.

Animal Prints – These are not limited to fur or skin; they can also be a
stylized representation of animals.
Visual Design Principle in Architecture
1. Balance – It is a natural attempt to balance and equalize things.

2. Rhythm and Movement – A design directed and controlled similar to

creating music.

3. Emphasis – The process of establishing a specific element that would

draw the attention of the viewers.

4. Proportion and Scale – The reverberate relation of each part of the

whole and the scale to the size of the elements that makes up the
design composition.

5. Contrast – A composition of design to intensify the difference

elements of the structures.

6. Unity – Pertains to the harmonious combination of parts in a

composition.

7. Character- The principle grows from the function of the structure and
the consideration of all the creative principles of the composition.
 Sample Logo / Vision & Mission

Mission
To make daily easier
by providing modern
convenience.

Vision Mission
Our vision is to be To be the preferred bank in every market we serve.
the best retailer of
Vision
convenience for
To be the leading Philippine bank and financial services
emerging markets. company that empowers customers to achieve their goals and
aspirations, combining our entrepreneurial spirit, international
perspective, and intense customer focus to deliver a
personalized banking experience that is easy, straightforward,
and convenient, while taking pride in building long-term
relationships and finding better ways to deliver offerings of the
highest standard.
Sample Logo / Vision & Mission
Mission
To educate and empower its
customers on their choice of
food and products that
promote health living.
Vision
To be the supermarket of
choice known for fresh and
healthy food, clean hygienic
stores, competitive prices,
and excellent customer
service..
Mission
To inspire and nurture the
human spirit — one person, one
cup, and one neighborhood at a
time.
Vision
To establish Starbucks as the
premier purveyor of the finest
coffee in the world, while
maintaining our
uncompromising principles
while we grow.