Department of Mechanical Engineering

Heat & Mass Transfer LAB

Experiment 4

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir. Talha Khan

SUBMITTED BY:
Ali Jawad Naqvi
2019-ME-127
Section-C

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
 LAHORE
EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVE:
“To examine the Temperature Profile and determine the rate of Heat Transfer from Radial Steady
Conduction through the wall of Conductor”

INTRODUCTION:
Conduction is the transfer of energy from more energetic particles to adjacent less energetic particles as
a result of interactions between the particles. In solids, conduction is the combined result of molecular
vibrations and free electron mobility. Metals typically have high free electron mobility, which explains
why they are good conductors.
In the previous experiments, we learnt how heat is transferred through simple and composite bar along
with the variation of cross-sectional area of the bar. Now we will be investigating temperature profile
and rate of heat transfer through radial steady conduction along the wall of conductor. The bar is
heated by applying power to it. A series of thermocouples are attached to detect the temperature of
the Radial Cylinder at different locations.

THEORY:
1. FOURIER’s LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION:
The Fourier’s law states that:
"The heat flux resulting from thermal conduction is proportional to the magnitude of the
temperature gradient and opposite to it in sign". For a unidirectional conduction process this
observation may be expressed as:
( Area)(Temperaturedifference )
Rate of heat conduction ∝
T h ickness
T 1−T 2 ΔT
Q̇=kA =−kA
Δx Δx
In the limiting case Δx → 0 , the equation above reduces to the differential form,
dT
Q̇=−kA
dx
Where,
Q = heat flux,
k = Thermal Conductivity

Negative sign is given to satisfy Thermodynamics 2 nd Law i.e., heat must flow downhill on the
temperature scale.

2. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k):

Thermal Conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in
terms of Fourier’s law for heat conduction. In general, thermal conductivity is a tensor property.

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 It is a property that depends on temperature but not on too extent. For gases, k increases with
temperature due to collision as result vibration increase.

3. HEAT TRANSFER RATE q̇ :

There are two methods for finding the heat transfer rate:

STANDARD METHOD:

∫ drd (kr dT
dr )
=0 … …(i)

dT
kr =c
dr
dT c
r =
dr k
dT
r =c1
dr
1
dT =c1 . dr
r
Taking Integration on both sides,
1
∫ dT =c 1 r ∫ dr
T (r )=c 1 lnr +c 2 … … ( ii )
Applying B.Cs to find constants:
At r = r1, T = T1
At r = r2, T = T2
T 1=c 1 ln r 1+ c2 … … … (a)
T 2=c 1 ln r 2+ c 2 … … … ( b )
For solving c1 and c2,
( T 1−T 2 )
c 1=
ln
()
r1
r2
( T 1 −T 2 )
c 2=T 1− ln r 1
r
ln 1
r2()
Thus Eq (ii) leads to:
( T 1−T 2 ) lnr ( T 1−T 2 ) ln r 1
T =T 1− + … … ( iii )

()
r
ln 2
r1 ()
r
ln 2
r1
Now, Heat transfer through the pipe of Length L:
dT
q=−KA … …(iv)
dr
Differentiating Eq (iii) with respect to r:

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 dT −1 ( T 1−T 2)
= … …( v )

()
dr r r2
ln
r1
Put A = 2πrL & Eq (v) in Eq (iv), we get:
(T 1−T 2) (T 1−T 2)
q= =
1 r R cc
ln ⁡( 2 )
2 πKL r1

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:

As the Heat transfer through the pipe of Length L is given by:

dT
q=−KA … …(i)
dr
Here A is the surface area of the cylinder and,
Surface Area of Cylinder=A=2 πrL
Now, Eq (i):
dT
q=−K (2 πrL)
dr

(
q 1
2 πkL r )
dr =−dT
r2 T2
q 1
∫
2 πkL r r
dr =−∫ dT
1 T 1

q
2 πkL
[ ln r 2−ln r 1 ]=− [T 2−T 1 ]
q
2 πkL
ln
r2
r1 ()
=T 1−T 2

(T 1−T 2)
q= × 2 πKL
r2
ln ⁡( )
r1
Also,
r2
)
ln ⁡(
r1
Rth =
2 πKL

APPARATUS:
1. Display and Control Unit
2. Temperature Sensors (Thermocouple and Multimeter)
3. Heat Conduction Apparatus
4. Cylindrical Brass Bar (Inner Radius = 4 mm, Outer Radius = 55 mm)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make sure that the main switch is turned off.

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 2. Take the Cylindrical brass sample and mount it in the radial heat conduction module.
3. Allow a fair amount of cold water to flow through the test unit.
4. Select an intermediate position for the heater power control and allow sufficient time (10 min.)
for a steady state condition to be achieved.
5. The input powers are given from 10W to 25W.
6. Record the temperature (T) at T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and the input power reading on the
wattmeter (Q).
7. Repeat the procedure for other input powers keeping the equilibrium temperature below 100 o C.
After each change, allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions.
8. Plot the temperature profile along the length of the core.
9. Compare the experimental and theoretical values of heat transfer rate and find the percentage
error.

OBSERVATIONS:
Inner Radius = Ri = 4 mm
Outer Radius = Ro = 55 mm
Length of the cylinder = L = 3 mm
Thermal conductivity coefficient (For Brass) = k = 110 W/m.K

Distance x
0.004 0.014 0.024 0.034 0.044 0.054
(m)
No. of
Obs. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Qexp .
Watt (W)
Celsius (℃ )

1 10 38 34 33 33 32 32

2 15 39 37 36 34 33 32

3 20 43 39 37 36 34 33

4 25 46 39 37 36 34 33
Table 1: Temperature Values of Different Sensors at different Powers

T 1−T 6
Qtheo . = ×(2 πKL)
Qexp . r2
ln ( )
Percentage Error
Obs. r1

(W) (W) %

1 10 5.5376 44.6

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 2 15 6.3286 57.8

3 20 7.9108 60.5

4 25 11.0751 55.7
Table 2: Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Value of Heat Transfer Rate

CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS:

Inner Radius = Ri = 4 mm
Outer Radius = Ro = 55 mm
Length of the cylinder = L = 3 mm
Thermal conductivity coefficient (For Brass) = k = 110 W/m.K

For Q = 10W:
(T 1−T 2)
q= × 2 πKL
r2
ln ⁡( )
r1

Putting the values,

( 38−32 )
q= × 2× π ×110 ×0.003
ln( 0.055
0.004 )
q=5 .5376 W
10−5.5376
Error= ×100=44.6 %
10

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 Graph 1: Between Temperature and Distance with an applied power of 10W

For Q = 15W:
(T 1−T 2)
q= × 2 πKL
r2
ln ⁡( )
r1

Putting the values,

( 39−32 )
q= × 2× π ×110 ×0.003
ln( 0.055
0.004 )
q=6 .3286 W
15−6.3286
Error= ×100=57.8 %
15

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 Graph 2: Between Temperature and Distance with an applied power of 15W

For Q = 20W:
(T 1−T 2)
q= × 2 πKL
r2
ln ⁡( )
r1

Putting the values,

( 43−33 )
q= × 2× π ×110 ×0.003
ln( 0.055
0.004 )
q=7 .9108 W

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 20−7.9108
Error= ×100=60.5 %
20

Graph 3: Between Temperature and Distance with an applied power of 20W

For Q = 25W:
(T 1−T 2)
q= × 2 πKL
r2
ln ⁡( )
r1

Putting the values,

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 ( 46−33 )
q= × 2× π ×110 ×0.003
ln( 0.055
0.004 )
q=1 1.0751W
25−11.0751
Error= ×100=55.7 %
25

Graph 4: Between Temperature and Distance with an applied power of 25W

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

1. The graph was plotted between the temperatures and radial distance along the direction of heat
flows.
2. As we increase the power (watts) so the temperature also increases.
3. The graphs have been forecasted a radial distance of 1mm from 54mm to 55mm.
4. We are observing some haphazardness. This anomalous behavior is aroused due to the fact that
while doing experiment we did not achieved steady state conditions and recorded the data.

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5. These variations may be avoided by using good quality thermistors, proper heat flow to sink,
giving enough time for each thermistor to reach the thermal equilibrium so that we get most of
the values in steady state of heat flow.
6. The temperature profile along the radial direction in cylindrical coordinates for the case of heat
conduction is a nonlinear graph showing a logarithmic correlation between temperature and
radial distance.

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