(2024) - RS2040 - Whole DSE Handbook (2023-2024)

Functional Anatomy
Laboratory
Handbook 2023-2024
(RS2040)
Anatomy team (RS2040) 2023-2024

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
“Excuse me, can you show me the way to the LEFT VENTRICLE?”
If someone asked you this right now, what would you say? WHERE?? Is that a place? Well,
learning anatomy is a little like studying Geography….
Pretend you are going on a trip and you know that you are going to Paris.
You know that it is in Europe but you don’t know exactly where it is. How will you find it?
Well perhaps you will study a globe or map or book.
Or maybe someone will show you.
Then once you are in Paris you want to find a certain restaurant
but again, you don’t know how to get there.
You could take a taxi there but you really wouldn’t learn how to get there yourself.
You decide to use a map and find it yourself. It took some work but now you KNOW your way
around Paris by yourself!
But do you know your way around the human body? Maybe you’ve heard of some of
the parts like biceps or kidney but you are not sure where they are.
You are going on a trip this semester to learn the geography of the body.
You will get lots of “maps” to study. You will learn landmarks and pathways
and your instructors will always show you the best route for your trip.
If you take the map in hand and find everything for yourself, at the end of the semester when
someone asks you “Excuse me, can you show me the way to the left ventricle?” Then you can say
– of course!
 Functional Anatomy team 2024 2

What are we doing in these labs?
1. Using this manual
This manual is designed to lead you through the identification of important structures for
each lab. Each lab section in this manual contains these basic components:
a) Objectives
These are listed so that you know what you are responsible for achieving in each lab.
At the end of the lab, review the objectives again and see if you have achieved them.
b) Checklists (bony landmarks, connective tissue, muscle & nerve/blood

vessels)
These cover the major structures that you should learn in the lab. Place a tick mark in
the box after you have identified the structure.
c) Clinical applications
Any clinical evaluation requires you to know not just where a structure is located, but
how it works and what happens if it is damaged. These questions are to help you think
in this manner and apply your new anatomy knowledge clinically.
d) Muscle flashcards
These can be completed prior to the lab or during the lab.
Draw (or color) the muscle on the diagram. Fill in the blanks. You can check your
drawing and information with your instructor following the lab.
If you do these weekly, you will have an entire set at the end of term and these will be
useful for the next few years. You can cut them out of the manual and place them on
index cards or laminate and use as a self-quiz to help you study and revise the muscles.
2. Peer Teaching
Each week, there are 4 hours allotted to the anatomy lab. In some of the 14 labs
we utilize PEER TEACHING. The remaining labs you will be expected to do
independent or small-group learning with the instructor’s facilitation .
PEER TEACHING GUIDELINES:

 Students will be divided into groups in the lab – you MUST remain in this group
for the entire semester.
 Each student will be required to be a STUDENT LEADER (SL) in the lab twice
in the semester and will teach their peers the required information for that lab.
 On each of the PEER TEACHING weeks, two STUDENT LEADERS from each
group will:
 first make sure that ALL required readings have been done and complete
all tasks in the manual PRIOR to coming to the lab
come to the first hour of the scheduled lab time to review the structures

being studied on the cadaver, models and skeletons with the lab
instructors
 teach the rest of their group the required material in the lab time
 On each of the PEER TEACHING weeks, if you are NOT a student leader, you
will use the first hour to PREPARE yourself for the lab – to finish or do the
required readings, use your atlas to review muscles, and review the lab tasks.
 HINT: bring your anatomy atlas (pictures) to the lab - it will help you identify
the structures more than the written explanation in your text.
***if you want to LEARN anatomy well – use this time to prepare, not as an
extra lunch hour or to sleep in!***
GUIDELINES FOR STUDENT LEADERS:
A always prepare- before you come to the lab, it will be easier to look at the
specimens and understand it if you have done your readings and tasks.
N never PANIC – you are not alone!! Every lab will have instructors present to
assist you if you forget anything or are unsure of structures
A attempt to share the workload - between the two people – for example,
one does all the bony landmarks and the other does muscles.
T try to be creative – you have models, skeletons, cadavers, books, and other
resources in the lab to teach with, please use them
O on time – we have only one hour for helping you in the lab so please be prompt.
making handouts – is not necessary– you have a lab manual and text already,
M so don’t reproduce them. If you’d like to provide summaries or memory tools for your
group go ahead!
Y your peers – are depending on you to be prepared when you are in the lab (when
you are an SL and when you are not) please….don’t let them down!
Other things to know:

 If you have questions about the content of lab you are responsible about – come
and ASK us before that day.
 You may go to the lab outside of class time if you make arrangements with the
lab supervisor or your instructors.

 There are resources on the web (see page 6-7) to help you learn/prepare – take
a look at them sometime.
3. Assessment
Peer teaching …………………………………………………. 10%

Mid-term test …………………………………………………. 20%
Laboratory test …………………………………………………. 30%
Final Exam …………………………………………………. 40%
100% (Total)
In the laboratory, your instructors

WILL NOT
‘teach’ you the anatomy content from this manual!
They are only there to facilitate your learning and
answer your questions.
Therefore, you MUST prepare prior to the lab EVERY

WEEK! (even when not the Student Leader)
Learning anatomy is hard work – keeping up with your preparations

weekly will help you to learn it properly.

4. Online Resources to help you study:
General Anatomy Web Resources:

http://www.bartleby.com/107/
Anatomy of the Human Body. Henry Gray

The Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body features
1,247 vibrant engravings—many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as
a subject index with 13,000 entries. If you need more detailed explanation on topics,
visit the original source of anatomy knowledge!
http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
Interactive body (basic diagrams with brief descriptions of anatomy)
http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/learnit.htm
Good website for reviewing basics like muscles, nerves, blood vessels, dermatomes etc.
You can quiz yourself too!
Self – Quiz Highly recommend for reviewing!!
http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html
Digital Anatomist Project: Images created from MRI – mostly neuro, but also heart
and knee! Quizzes and interactive images.

Regional Anatomy:
http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html
Digital Anatomist Project: Images created from MRI – mostly neuro, but also heart and
knee! Quizzes and interactive images.

Functional Anatomy (RS2040) Laboratory SCHEDULE 2023-2024
Venue (Lab): FG807-809
TIME Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
am PT (Lab 2) OT (Lab 3) PT (Lab 4) OT (Lab 1)
pm PT (Lab 1): PT (Lab 3) OT (Lab 4) PT (Lab 5) OT (Lab 2)
Functional Anatomy 2023-2024 (RS2040)

Week Laboratory (4 hours)
Date Lecture (2hrs) 1 hour 3 hours
(2024) (6:30 pm-8:30 pm Friday Evening) (Student Leader (Whole Class
Preparation Sessions) Tutorials)
1 Lecture 1:
Lab 1: Introduction of lab rules + Hip Region
15 Jan Hip & Thigh (19 Jan)
2 Lecture 2:
Lab 2: Hip & Thigh Region
22 Jan Knee, Ankle & Foot (26 Jan)
3 Lecture 3:
Lab 3: Knee & Lower Leg
29 Jan Brachial Plexus & Shoulder (2 Feb)
4
Nil Lab 4: Ankle & Foot
5 Feb
Lunar New Year Break (10 Feb – 18 Feb 2024)
5 Lecture 4: Lab 5: (FULL Lab: 4 Hours)
19 Feb Spine (23 Feb) Surface Anatomy I: Lower Extremity
6 Mid –Term Test
Lab 6: Shoulder & Arm
26 Feb (1 Mar 2024; 6:30-8:30 pm)
7 Lecture 5:
Lab 7: Shoulder Girdle & Brachial Plexus
4 Mar Elbow (8 Mar)
8 Lecture 6:
Lab 8: Elbow & Forearm
11 Mar Wrist & Hand (15 Mar)
9 Nil
Lab 9: Wrist & Hand
18 Mar
10 Nil Lab 10: (FULL LAB: 4 Hours)
25 Mar Surface Anatomy II: Upper Extremity
11 Nil
Lab 11: Spine (Cervical & Lumbar Spines)
1 Apr
12 Nil Lab 12: Thoracic Spine & Organs
8 Apr (Heart+Lung)
13 Nil Lab 13: (FULL LAB: 4 Hours)
15 Apr Surface Anatomy III: Head, Spine & Trunk
29 Mar 2024 (Fri) & 1 April 2024 (Mon) are Easter Holidays:
Affected Class: 2 OT classes and 1 PT class
4 Apr 2024 (Thurs) is Ching Ming Festival

Affected Class: 2 PT classes and 1 MPT class

REQUIRED READINGS
[Moore KL, Dalley AR. Agur AMR (2018) Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer]
Topic Bones& Joints Muscles & Soft Blood Vessels & Surface Anatomy
Tissues Nerves & Clinical
Applications
667-678 704-709 691-698 699-700
Lecture 1:Hip & Thigh 785-793 721-731 710-715 701-703
554-561 731-736 715-716
Lab 1: Buttock & Pelvis 717-721
736-739
Lab 2: Hip & Thigh 740-742
561-564
678-684 746-751 742-746 684-690

Lecture 2: Knee, Ankle & Foot 793-817 751-761 749-753 762-763
768-773 761-762 763-767
Lab 3: Knee & Lower Leg 773-781 781-783
783-784
Lab 4: Ankle & Foot 818-828
Lab 5: Surface Anatomy I: Lower Extremity
141-147 158-160 160-166 151-157

Lecture 3: Brachial Plexus & Shoulder 263-277 167-176 183-196 176-182
196-200
Lab 6: Shoulder & Arm 283-287
Lab 7: Shoulder Gridle & Brachial Plexus
Lab 10: Surface Anatomy II: Upper Extremity

72-81 116-123 104-106 81-85
Lecture 4: Spine 95-103 305-309 128-130 106-115
291-301 408-415 415-418
Lab 11: Spine (Cervical & Lumbar Spines) 536-540 540-543
Lab 12: Thoracic Spine & Organs
Lab 13: Surface Anatomy III: Head, Spine & Trunk
147-151 201-206 206-209 209-214

Lecture 5: Elbow 278-283 215-227 228-234 234-240
241-249 249-256 256-262
Lecture 6: Forearm & Hand 287-288
Lab 9: Wrist & Hand
Lab 10: Surface Anatomy II: Upper Extremity

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LAB 1: HIP REGION 12
LAB 2: HIP & THIGH REGION 17
LAB 3: KNEE & LOWER LEG 22
LAB 4: ANKLE & FOOT 26
LAB 5: SURFACE ANATOMY I: LOWER EXTREMITY 30
LAB 6: SHOULDER & ARM 35
LAB 7: SHOULDER GRIDLE & BRACHIAL PLEXUS 39
LAB 8: ELBOW & FOREARM 43
LAB 9: WRIST & HAND 46
LAB 10: SURFACE ANATOMY II: UPPER EXTREMITY 50
LAB 11: SPINE: CERVICAL & LUMBAR SPINES 54
LAB 12: THORACIC SPINE & ORGANS 60
LAB 13: SURFACE ANATOMY III: HEAD, SPINE AND TRUNK 65
SUPPLEMENTARY I: SAMPLE QUESTIONS 68
SUPPLEMENLARY II: HEAD & CRANIAL NERVES 70
SUPPLEMENLARY III: EYE, EAR, NOSE & MOUTH 74
FLASH CARDS 78

Lab 1: Hip Region
OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this laboratory, the student will be able to
1. identify the bony landmarks of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
2. identify the soft tissues and ligaments surrounding the pelvis
3. identify the nerve and blood supply of the posterior and lateral hip and thigh
region
4. identify the posterior and lateral muscles producing movement at the hip joint
5. apply this knowledge to basic clinical questions
1. BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Below is a checklist of PELVIC bony landmarks that you should identify on a
skeleton or model in this lab.
ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS ACETABULUM

 Body of ilium  Body of ischium  Body of pubis  Acetabular fossa
 Ala  Ramus of  Contribution  Acetabular notch
 3 gluteal lines ischium to obturator  Lunate surface
 iliac fossa  Ischial foramen  Acetabular
 iliac tuberosity tuberosity  Pubic crest labrum
 Crest of ilium  Ischial spine  Pubic  Contributions
 Anterior  Contribution to tubercle from ilium,
superior iliac greater sciatic  Superior ischium and pubis
spine (ASIS) notch ramus
 Anterior  Lesser sciatic  Inferior
inferior iliac notch ramus
spine (AIIS)
 Post. Superior
iliac spine
(PSIS)
 Post. Inferior
Iliac spine
(PIIS)
 Greater sciatic
notch

Label the following bony landmarks on the ANTERIOR VIEW of the pelvis below:
acetabulum iliac fossa iliac crest ASIS AIIS
pubic crest pubic symphysis pubic tubercle iliopectineal prominence
inferior pubic ramus superior pubic ramus obturator foramen
Label the following bony landmarks on the POSTERIOR VIEW of the pelvis below:
ala of ilium ischial spine ischial tuberosity PSIS PIIS
lesser sciatic notch greater sciatic notch ramus of ischium

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES & LIGAMENTS
CONNECTIVE TISSUES PELVIC LIGAMENTS

 pubic symphysis  interosseus sacroiliac
 obturator membrane  anterior sacroiliac
 posterior sacroiliac
 sacrotuberous
 sacrospinous
 iliolumbar
Label the ligaments on the diagrams below:
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
3. BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY

Identify the MAJOR nerves on the cadaver.
Follow the path of the vessels on the cadaver and identify the muscles/region
supplied by them.
MAJOR NERVES ARTERIES & VEINS

 Sciatic nerve  External iliac artery & vein
 Superior gluteal nerve  Internal iliac artery & vein
 Inferior gluteal nerve  Obturator artery & vein
 Pudendal nerve  Superior gluteal artery
 Nerve to obturator internus  Inferior gluteal artery
 Medial circumflex femoral artery
 Lateral circumflex femoral artery

4. MUSCLES
Identify the following POSTERIOR & LATERAL thigh muscles – on both models
and cadaver.
GLUTEAL MUSCLES POSTERIOR THIGH LATERAL THIGH
 Gluteus maximus  Biceps femoris  Tensor fascia latae
 Gluteus medius  Semitendinosus
 Gluteus minimus  Semimembranosus
 Piriformis
 Obturator internus
 Obturator externus
 Quadratus femoris
 Gemellus superior and
inferior
Memory trick!
One way to remember the 6 lateral rotators of the thigh: “GOGO QP”
G= gemellus superior
O= obturator internus
G= gemellus inferior
O= obturator externus
Q= quadratus femoris
P= piriformis
5. CLINICAL APPLICATION:
1. A patient of yours cannot medially rotate their leg. What structure(s) could
be at fault? (HINT: think of what structure produces movement and what
innervates it)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Your next patient cannot abduct, medially rotate or laterally rotate their
thigh. What structure is most likely at fault – muscle or nerve? Why?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. A taxi driver was involved in a collision which posteriorly dislocated his femur.
List those structures around the injury site that could also be disrupted or
damaged:
______________ _____________ _____________ _____________
______________ _____________ _____________ _____________

4. For the case in Q3, what might be the clinical presentation of this damage?
(HINT: think of what damage to nerves, blood and ligaments will do to the
person’s movement, joint stability and bone health)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Lab 2: Hip & Thigh Region
OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this laboratory, the student will be able to:
1. identify the bones that compose the hip joint and demonstrate the
movements which occur around this joint
2. identify the connective tissue structures surrounding the hip joint
3. identify the nerves and blood vessels supplying the anterior and medial hip
& thigh
4. identify the muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and list the
movements they produce
5. apply this knowledge in answering basic clinical questions
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Review and identify the following bony landmarks and components of the hip:
PELVIC BONES
Review: Identify:
 acetabular fossa  obturator foramen
 acetabular notch  obturator groove
 acetabular labrum  obturator membrane
 articular surface
Below is a checklist of bony landmarks of the FEMUR
PROXIMAL SHAFT DISTAL

 Head of femur  4 surfaces of the  Adductor tubercle
 Fovea capitus shaft  Lateral femoral
 Neck of femur  Spiral line condyle
 Intertrochanteric line  Gluteus tuberosity  Lateral femoral
 Intertrochanteric  Linea aspera epicondyle
crest  Lateral supracondylar  Medial femoral
 Greater trochanter line condyle
 Lesser trochanter  Medial supracondylar  Medial femoral
line epicondyle
 Intercondylar notch
 Tibial surface
 Patellar surface

Label the following bony landmarks on the ANTERIOR VIEW of the femur below:
head of femur neck of femur lateral femoral condyle medial femoral condyle
greater trochanter lesser trochanter medial femoral epicondyle
lateral femoral epicondyle medial supracondylar ridge lateral supracondylar ridge
adductor tubercle intertrochanteric line
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF THE HIP
Identify the following connective tissues around the hip – on both models and
cadaver.
CAPSULE LIGAMENTS FASCIA
 Fibrous capsule  Iliofemoral ligament  Fascia lata
 Retinaculum  Ischiofemoral ligament (iliotibial tract)
 Synovial  Pubofemoral ligament  Femoral sheath
membrane  Ligament of head of  Retinaculum from
femur (ligamentum quadriceps muscles
teres)
 Inguinal ligament

Some Info on Ligaments:
The
iliofemoral
ligament is QUICK FACTS:
shaped like
the letter “Y”  Ligaments join bone to bone.
upside down  They support the joint and limit
excessive motion.
 Ligaments of the hip reinforce the
capsule.
 The ligamentum teres does not
provide support.
Pubofemoral
ligament
ILIOFEMORAL ligament resists this motion:_________________________
ISCHIOFEMORAL ligament resists ______________________________________
PUBOFEMORAL ligament resists:_______________________________________
The function of the LIGAMENTUM TERES is _______________________________
3. MUSCLES:
**(Student Leader): Students should identify the attachments, nerve supply and
actions of the muscles on the cadaver and then complete the muscle flashcards at
the end of this manual.
ANTERIOR THIGH MEDIAL THIGH

 Iliacus  Pectineus
 Psoas major and minor  Adductor brevis
 Sartorius  Adductor longus
 Rectus femoris  Adductor magnus
 Vastus lateralis  Gracilis
 Vastus medialis Review:
 Vastus intermedius  Obturator externus
Memory Trick!
Three tendons of the leg insert onto the medial tibia.
One way to remember the order of their attachment
(from anterior to posterior):
Saying
Sartorius
Gracilis Grace (comes before)
semiTendinosus Tea

4. NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS:
Trace the following major nerves and blood vessels in the thigh on the cadaver:
NERVES BLOOD VESSELS
 Femoral nerve  External iliac artery and vein
 Obturator nerve  Femoral artery and vein
 Saphenous nerve  Profunda (Deep) femoris artery and veins
 Medial and lateral femoral circumflex
arteries and veins
Review the following superficial nerves using the textbook or computer program:
SUPERFICIAL NERVES Landmarks for superficial nerves
 Genitofemoral
 Ilioinguinal
 Lateral cutaneous branch of  Near iliac crest

iliohypogastric
 Cutaneous branches of L1, L2, L3, S1,  Emerging along iliac crest
S2, S3
 Perforating cutaneous  Medial aspect of gluteal fold
 Posterior femoral cutaneous  Near gluteal fold and along
center of posterior surface
 Lateral femoral cutaneous  Lateral aspect of thigh
 Medial femoral cutaneous  Medial lower aspect of thigh
 Cutaneous branch of the obturator  Near medial aspect of thigh
5. REGIONS OF THE THIGH:

Identify the parts of the FEMORAL TRIANGLE:
Part of Femoral Formed from:

Triangle
Base
Medial edge
Lateral edge
Floor
Contents

1. A patient complains of pain in his right hip. During the assessment, he

indicates that it really hurts when extending the thigh (actively or
passively) but not during flexion. The pain is localized to the ANTERIOR
region of the hip. What structure(s) might be at fault?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. A patient has recently fallen and fractured the neck of the femur. List
all structures that could be damaged if the fracture is displaced.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. For all the above structures that could be damaged, suggest a possible
resulting deficit (functional loss or pathological damage).
Structure Damaged Deficit

Lab 3: Knee & Lower Leg
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks of the knee and lower leg
2. identify the connective tissue structures supporting the knee joint
3. identify the nerves and blood vessels supplying the knee and lower leg
4. identify the muscles of the knee and lower leg
1. BONY LANDMARKS
TIBIA FIBULA PATELLA
Proximal End Proximal End  3 borders
 medial tibial condyle  head  apex
 lateral tibial condyle o tibial facet  anterior surface
 intercondylar area o styloid process  posterior surface
(anterior, posterior)  neck  medial facet
 tibial tuberosity  lateral facet
Shaft Shaft
 soleal line of shaft  interosseous border
 vertical ridge
 interosseous border Distal End
 lateral malleolus
Distal End  articular facet for
 medial malleolus talus
 malleolar fossa
Quick fact:
The patella is the largest sesamoid
bone in the body. It is embedded in
the quadriceps tendon.

2. SOFT TISSUES & LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE:
SOFT TISSUES LIGAMENTS

 retinaculum of vastus lateralis  anterior cruciate
 retinaculum of vastus medialis  posterior cruciate
 fibrous capsule  ligamentum patellae
 synovial membrane  lateral collateral
 medial and lateral meniscus  medial collateral
 quadriceps tendon  coronary & transverse ligaments
(of menisci)
Label the following soft tissues and bony landmarks on the

ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR VIEWS of the knee below:
medial meniscus lateral meniscus quadriceps tendon patellar ligament
posterior cruciate ligament lateral collateral ligament medial collateral ligament
fibular head adductor tubercle tibial tuberosity medial tibial condyle


 tibial  Popliteal artery
 common peroneal o Genicular branches
 sural  Anterior tibial artery
 Deep peroneal  Posterior tibial artery
 Superficial peroneal o Fibular artery
 Popliteal vein
o Small saphenous vein
Review the following structures using the texbook and the computer program:
Soft Tissues Nerves
 suprapatellar bursa  Posterior femoral cutaneous
 prepatellar bursa  Lateral sural cutaneous
 infrapatellar bursa  Medial sural cutaneous
 interosseus membrane  Saphenous
4. MUSCLES:
**(Student Leader)
POSTERIOR CALF ANTERIOR LATERAL
COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT
 Gastrocnemius  Flexor hallucis  Tibialis anterior  Peroneus
 Soleus longus  Extensor hallucis longus
 Plantaris  Flexor digitorum longus  Peroneus
 Popliteus longus  Extensor brevis
 Tibialis posterior digitorum longus
 Peroneus tertius
 Extensor digitorum
brevis (on foot)
5. REGIONS OF THE KNEE:

In the table below identify the parts of the POPLITEAL FOSSA:
Part of Popliteal Formed from:
Fossa
Supralateral border
Supramedial border
Inferolateral border
Inferomedial border
Contents

1. A patient slipped in the bathtub and twisted his knee. Now he

feels pain and some instability on the medial aspect of that knee.
Below, classify what structures might be damaged to result in
either pain or instability.
Structures causing pain Structures causing
instability
2. A friend of yours is unable to plantarflex their left foot. List all

possible sources of this problem.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. During a hockey match, an athlete was hit with a stick on the

outside of their leg just inferior to the tibiofemoral joint line. She
now complains of weakness in the movement of dorsiflexion and
eversion of the foot. What structure(s) were most likely damaged?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

Lab 4: Ankle & Foot
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks of the ankle and foot
2. identify the connective tissue and ligaments surrounding the ankle joint
3. identify the nerves and blood vessels supplying the ankle and foot
4. identify the muscles of the foot, list the movements they produce
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Identify the following bony landmarks
TALUS CALCANEUS
 head Superior surface:
o sulcus tali  sulcus calcanei
 neck  sinus tarsi
 body Plantar surface:
o trochlear surface  calcaneal tuberosity
o medial and lateral tubercles Medial surface:
o plantar surface  sustentaculum tali
Lateral surface:
 peroneal tubercle
Identify the following bony landmarks

BONES of MID-TARSAL & FOOT
 Navicular bone and it’s tuberosity
 1 cuboid bone
 3 cuneiforms
 5 metatarsals (identify the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal)
 head, shaft and base of the 5 phalanges
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES & LIGAMENTS:

CONNECTIVE TISSUES LIGAMENTS
 interosseous membrane  medial ligament
 fibrous capsule  lateral ligaments:
 deep fascia of the sole o anterior talofibular ligament
 plantar aponeurosis o posterior talofibular ligament
 extensor retinaculum o calcaneofibular ligament
 flexor retinaculum  plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
 long plantar ligament

Label the following bony landmarks and components of the foot on the diagram below:
navicular calcaneus lateral malleolus tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
cuboid medial malleolus 3 cuneiforms talus
base of the 1st metatarsal
On the diagram below, draw on: On the foot diagram, draw on:
-anterior talofibular ligament -spring and long plantar ligament
-anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
-calcaneofibular ligament

Trace the following major nerves and blood vessels in the ankle and foot in the cadaver:

 Medial plantar  Medial plantar artery
 Lateral plantar  Lateral plantar artery
 Sural  Dorsalis pedis artery
 Saphenous
4. SPECIAL REGIONS:
Complete the diagrams below for the four foot layers:
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4
5. Muscles of the Foot:

**(Student Leader): Summarize the foot muscles nerve supply and action:
MUSCLES NERVE SUPPLY ACTION
 Abductor Hallucis
 Flexor digitorum brevis
 Flexor digiti minimi
 Abductor digiti minimi
 Quadratus plantae
 Flexor hallucis brevis
 Adductor hallucis
 Lumbricles
 Plantar interossei
 Dorsal interossei
Memory trick!
Plantar interossei muscles adduct the toes (PAD)
Dorsal interossei muscles abduct the toes (DAB)
1. A patient has experienced an inversion ankle sprain. What structures could
be damaged?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. For each structure you have listed above, describe a way that you could
confirm the damage to this structure. (HINT: think of how you could
differentiate between a tendon and ligament)
Structure damaged Test or evaluation to confirm damage
3. A patient tells you that the inside of their foot (medial arch) has recently
become very flat and a bit painful. What bones compose the medial arch and
what structures support it?
Bones Supporting structures

Lab 5: Surface Anatomy I: Lower Extremity
OBJECTIVES:
1. distinguish between bony structures and soft tissues in the lower extremity
2. identify the bony landmarks for the lower extremity on their partner
3. palpate the major muscles of the lower extremity
4. find and palpate pulses in the leg and foot
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THIS LAB:
1. Completion of the required readings are a MUST otherwise you will not have
time to finish all elements of this lab in the time allowed.
2. Be properly dressed. Student lab uniform must be appropriate to allow each

person to palpate bony and soft tissue landmarks through the skin NOT
clothing.
3. You will work in pairs or maximum 3 persons at a time. You may be asked to
switch partners periodically throughout the lab. The more practice you have
on different people, the better your skills will be developed for palpation.
4. In this lab you will be expected to review all the points listed and answer the
clinically related questions at the end of each section of the lab.
5. Use the pictures in your text & atlas and skeletons in the room to help you
locate these points, do not just read about them – learn to VISUALIZE them.

REGION Position of Patient / area to palpate
FOOT Patient in supine lying, feet off the edge of the plinth.
 Heads of metatarsals 1-5
 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
 Cuboid
 Medial cuneiform
 Navicular tuberosity
 Locate and palpate the deltoid ligament
 Locate and palpate the anterior & posterior talofibular ligament
 Head of talus
 Calcaneus
-Sustentaculum tali
 Palpate the Achilles tendon
 Palpate the pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery
 Palpate the pulse of the posterior tibial artery
CLINICALLY RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. What attaches to the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What attaches to the navicular and 1st cuneiform?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. What is the clinical significance of the sustentaculum tali?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. What is the function of the spring ligament?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

LOWER LEG Patient in sitting on edge of plinth (feet unsupported)– therapist seating
in front of leg.
 Palpate the gastrocnemius and soleus
 Fibula
-Lateral malleolus
-Fibular head
 Palpate the lateral collateral ligament
 Tibia
-Medial malleolus
-Anterior border
-Tibial tuberosity
 Palpate the medial collateral ligament
 Palpate the patellar tendon
 Palpate the tibiofemoral joint line
 Palpate the three points & borders of the patella and passively glide
the patella medio-laterally and supero-inferiorly
CLINICALLY RELATED QUESTIONS
1. What structures attach onto or close to the tibial tuberosity?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What structures attach onto the fibular head?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

THIGH Patient supine or prone as appropriate.
 Femur
-Femoral condyles
-Adductor tubercle
-Greater trochanter
 Trace and palpate the iliotibial tract from origin to insertion
 Palpate the following muscles both relaxed and contracted:
 Vastus lateralis
 Vastus medialis
 Rectus femoris
 Adductor magnus
 Gracilis
 sartorius
 Biceps femoris
 Semitendinosus/semimembranosus
 Find and palpate the femoral pulse
 Find and palpate the popliteal pulse

1. What part of the adductor group attaches to the adductor tubercle? (be
specific) What is the action of this muscle?
_________________________________________________________
2. What structures attach to or cover the greater trochanter?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. List all the structures that attach to the femoral condyles.

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. A patient complains of pain on the medial aspect of their tibiofemoral joint

line following a football game. List the possible structures at fault that you
could identify by palpation:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

PELVIS  Pubis
-Pubic crest
-Pubic tubercle
 Locate the region of the inguinal ligament (and where possible,
palpate on your partner)
 Outline the femoral triangle on your partner and identify the
structures within it
 Ischium
-Ischial tuberosity (locate on partner in SIDE LYING)
 Identify the location of the sciatic nerve (with partner sidelying
and prone)
 Palpate the gluteus maximus relaxed and contracted from origin
to insertion
 Ilium
-ASIS (partner supine)
-PSIS (partner prone)
-Iliac crest

1. What attaches to the pubic crest?

_________________________________________________________
2. What structures attach to the pubic tubercle?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. What attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

_________________________________________________________
4. What structures attach to the iliac crest?

_________________________________________________________
5. What landmark does the PSIS provide for the clinician?

_________________________________________________________
6. What landmarks can you use to locate the sciatic nerve?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lab 6: Shoulder & Arm
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks for the shoulder and arm
2. identify the soft tissue structures and ligaments of the shoulder and arm
3. identify the blood vessels in the region of the shoulder
4. identify the muscles of the shoulder & arm, list the movements they produce
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Label
REVIEW IDENTIFY
 head  deltoid tuberosity
 anatomical neck  spiral (radial) groove
 surgical neck  capitulum
 greater tuberosity  trochlea
 lesser tuberosity  medial epicondyle
 bicipital groove  lateral epicondyle
o lateral lip  olecranon fossa
o medial lip  coronoid fossa
o floor  radial fossa

2. LIGAMENTS & SOFT TISSUES:
LIGAMENTS SOFT TISSUES

 coracoacromial  glenoid labrum
 coracohumeral  fibrous and synovial capsule
 superior glenohumeral  coracoacromial arch
 inferior glenohumeral
 middle glenohumeral
 transverse humeral
Draw the ligaments of the shoulder on the diagram below:

Quick fact:
The ligaments of
the glenohumeral
joint reinforce
all aspects of
the joint capsule
except the
inferior portion.
This means that
the joint is
susceptible to
dislocation in
which direction?
3. BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES
Review the following nerves and vessels, tracing their path down the arm.
BLOOD VESSELS NERVES
 anterior circumflex A  Axillary nerve (C5-C6)
 posterior circumflex A  Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
 brachial artery  Radial nerve (C5-T1)
 Median nerve (C6-T1)
 Ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
Identify the following structures using the texbook and the computer
program:
Blood Vessels Soft Tissues
 anterior circumflex A  subscapular bursa
 posterior circumflex A  subacromial bursa

4. MUSCLES
**(Student Leader)
MUSCLES of the ARM SCAPULAR MUSCLES
 Biceps brachii  Pectoralis major & minor
 Brachialis  Supraspinatus
 Coracobrachialis  Infraspinatus
 Triceps brachii  Subscapularis
 Anconeus  Teres major & minor
 Deltoid
 Rhomboid major & minor
 Latissimus dorsi
 Serratus anterior
 Trapezius
 Levator scapulae
5. CLINICAL QUESTIONS
1. A rugby player injured his right shoulder in a scrum. He feels that the joint
is now “loose and weak feeling” when compared to the left. Below, list the
static and dynamic structures which help to provide stability to the
glenohumeral joint.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. A construction worker has come to you with severe pain in his right shoulder.
Every time he lifts his arm above his head to hammer or weld, he has sharp pain
that is located at the anterior aspect of his shoulder. He is unable to hold his
arm above his head for very long because his arm feels too weak to hold in this
position. You notice that the muscle bulk of his right shoulder looks less compared
to the left.
What are the main problems for this patient in this case?
a)_________________________________________________________
b)_________________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________________
For each of the problems listed above, suggest what structure(s) may be
damaged.
a) __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Lab 7: Shoulder Girdle & Brachial Plexus
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks for the shoulder girdle
2. identify the soft tissue structures and ligaments supporting the shoulder girdle
3. identify the blood vessels in the region of the shoulder girdle and the nerves, in
particular the brachial plexus
4. identify the muscles of the shoulder girdle, list the movements they produce
5. identify unique regions of the shoulder girdle
1. BONY LANDMARKS
CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS

BONY LANDMARKS BONY LANDMARKS BONY LANDMARKS
 acromial end  subscapular fossa  head
 shaft  scapular spine  anatomical neck
 conoid tubercle  supraspinous & infraspinous  surgical neck
 trapezoid line fossae  greater tuberosity
 sternal end  lateral, medial and superior  lesser tuberosity
borders  bicipital groove
ARTICULATIONS  suprascapular notch o lateral lip
 Acromioclavicular (AC)  inferior and superior angles o floor
 Sternoclavicular (SC)  glenoid cavity o medial lip
 infraglenoid tubercle
 supraglenoid tubercle ARTICULATIONS
 acromion  glenohumeral
 acromial angle
 coracoid process

 sternoclavicular  articular disc of sternoclavicular joint
 interclavicular  fibrous & synovial capsule of SC and AC
 costoclavicular joint
 superior acromioclavicular
 coraco-clavicular

**(Student Leader)
 brachiocephalic trunk BRACHIAL PLEXUS
 subclavian artery & vein  Ventral roots:
 axillary artery & vein o C5-T1
 brachial artery & vein  Trunks:
 radial artery & vein o Superior (C5 & C6)
 ulnar artery & vein o Middle (C7)
 dorsal carpal arch o Inferior (C8 & T1)
 superficial palmar arch  Divisions:
 deep palmar arch o 3 anterior (sup, middle, inf)
o 3 posterior (sup, middle, inf)
 Cords:
o Lateral (ant division of sup & middle
trunk)
o Posterior (all post divisions)
o Medial (ant division of inf trunk)
 Major Terminal branches:
o Axillary nerve (C5-C6)
o Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
o Radial nerve (C5-T1)
o Median nerve (C6-T1)
o Ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
o Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
o Suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)
o Lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7)
Find these using the o Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
texbook and the computer o Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
program: o Long Thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
Branches of axillary artery: o Upper Subscapular nerve (C5)
 superior thoracic A o Lower Subscapular nerve (C6)
 acromiothoracic A
 lateral thoracic A
 subscapular A
Quick fact:
 posterior circumflex A The 3 cords of the brachial
 anterior circumflex A plexus are named RELATIVE to
the axillary artery. That
means that the posterior cord
is found BEHIND the artery, the
medial cord is medial to it and
the lateral cord is lateral to
the artery.

4. MUSCLES (Review)
SCAPULAR MUSCLES REVIEW

 Levator scapula  Pectoralis major
 Serratus anterior  Pectoralis minor
 Trapezius
 Supraspinatus  Latissimus dorsi
 Infraspinatus  Rhomboid major
 Subscapularis  Rhomboid minor
 Teres minor
 Teres major
 Deltoid
Memory Trick:
The serratus anterior is sometimes
known as the “fencer’s muscle” as
the main action is to protract the
scapula – which is what action
fencers do when thrusting their
sword forward.
Another memory trick:

The rotator cuff is composed of four scapular muscles
which rotate the humerus and insert into it (like the
cuff on a shirt).
S You can remember the insertion order on the greater

Ss I and lesser tuberosities by the acronym: SIT Ss
T
(Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
Head of humerus

5. REGIONS
Complete the chart below for the axilla- write what structures compose each
region of the axilla.
REGION STRUCTURES
Apex
Base
Medial Wall
Lateral Wall
Posterior Wall
Anterior Wall
1. A patient is unable to perform the movement of protract and retraction.
What structures could be contributing to this functional loss? (HINT: think
of muscles and nerves as well as other structures that contribute to
movement)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. A winged scapula results from an injury to what nerve and what muscle?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. A friend of yours tripped and hit their shoulder against a post. They now
complain of pain around the anterior part of the acromion and coracoid. What
structures could be damaged in this region?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks for the elbow and forearm
2. identify the soft tissue structures and ligaments of the elbow and forearm
3. identify the blood vessels in the region of the elbow and forearm
4. identify the muscles of the elbow and forearm, list the movements they produce
5. identify unique regions of the elbow
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Label:
RADIUS ULNA
PROXIMAL PROXIMAL
 head  olecranon process
 neck  coronoid process
SHAFT  trochlear notch
 radial tuberosity  radial notch
 3 surfaces:  ulnar tuberosity
anterior, posterior  supinator fossa &
& lateral crest
DISTAL SHAFT
 styloid process  3 surfaces: anterior,
 ulnar notch posterior & medial
 dorsal tubercle DISTAL
 carpal articular  head
surface  ulna styloid process

 radial collateral ligament  fibrocartilaginous articular disc (at
 ulnar collateral ligament distal radioulnar joint)
 anular ligament  interosseous membrane
 articular cartilage

Draw the ligaments of the elbow on the diagram below:

 brachial artery  Radial nerve
 radial artery o Superficial and deep branch
 ulnar artery  Median nerve
 common interosseous o Anterior interosseous N
artery  Ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
 anterior interosseous A
 posterior interosseous A
 cephalic V
 median cubital V
 basilic V
 median antebrachial V
4. MUSCLES
FLEXORS
**(Student Leader)
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
 Pronator teres  Flexor pollicis longus
 Flexor carpi radialis  Flexor digitorum profundus
 Palmaris longus  Pronator quadratus
 Flexor carpi ulnaris
 Flexor digitorum
superficialis

EXTENSORS
**(Student Leader)
SUPERFICIAL DEEP
 Extensor carpi radialis longus  Supinator
 Extensor carpi radialis brevis  Extensor indicis
 Extensor digitorum  Abductor pollicis longus*
 Extensor digiti minimi  Extensor pollicis longus*
 Extensor carpi ulnaris  Extensor pollicis brevis *
 Brachioradialis
*will be covered in next lab
5. SPECAL REGION: CUBITAL FOSSA

Complete the chart below for this region
BOUNDRIES COMPOSED OF:
Superior border
Medial border
Lateral border
Floor
Roof
Contents of the fossa
1. Your patient had an accident which resulted in the medial condyle of the
humerus to be fractured and displaced. What structures could have been
damaged as a result of this injury?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. A patient is unable to fully extend their elbow. List what could be contributing
to this decreased range of motion.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Lab 9: Wrist & Hand
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks for the wrist and hand
2. identify the soft tissue structures and ligaments of the wrist and hand
3. identify the blood vessels in the region of the wrist and hand
4. identify the muscles of the wrist and hand, list the movements they produce
1. BONY LANDMARKS
CARPALS METACARPALS PHALANGES
PROXIMAL ROW Note the base, shaft & head on  3 phalanges on 4
 pisiform all metacarpals and the fingers: proximal,
 triquetral following articulations: middle and distal
 lunate  1st MC: trapezium  each phalange has
 scaphoid
 2nd MC: trapezium, base, shaft, head
trapezoid, capitate & 3rd
DISTAL ROW
 trapezium MC Articulations:
 trapezoid  3rd MC: capitate, 2nd & 4th  proximal
 capitate MC interphalangeal (PIP)
 hamate  4th MC: capitate, hamate,  distal interphalangeal
3rd & 5th MC (DIP)
 5th MC: hamate and 4th MC
Articulations:
 Radiocarpal (RC)
 carpometacarpal (CMC)
 metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
Memory Trick: Also:

To remember the two rows of carpal The trapeziUM
bones say this rhyme, (from medial to Rhymes with THUMB
lateral)
(this bone articulates
“ Physical Therapists Love Sounds
with the 1st MC)
That They Can’t Hear”


 collateral ligaments of the MCP,  flexor retinaculum
PIP and DIP  extensor retinaculum
 deep transverse metacarpal  palmar aponeurosis
 dorsal & palmar interosseous  synovial sheaths of flexor tendons
(joining carpals)  carpal tunnel

Observe the contributions of the radial Trace the course of these nerves in the
and ulnar artery to: hand:
 Superficial palmar arterial & venous  Median
arches  Ulnar
 Deep palmar arterial & venous  Radial
arches
 Digital arteries
 Dorsal venous network

 Venae comitantes
4. MUSCLES
**(Student Leader)
OUTCROPPING MUSCLES THENAR MUSCLES
 Extensor pollicis longus  Flexor pollicis brevis
 Extensor pollicis brevis  Abductor pollicis brevis
 Abductor pollicis longus  Opponens pollicis
 Adductor pollicis
HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES INTRINSIC HAND MUSCLES

 Flexor digiti minimi  Lumbricals
 Abductor digiti minimi o Two medial
 Opponens digiti minimi o Two lateral
 Interossei
o 3 palmar
o 4 dorsal

5. SPECIAL REGION: CARPAL TUNNEL
Complete the chart below for this region
BOUNDRIES COMPOSED OF:

Medial border
Lateral border
Roof
Floor
Contents
(what goes through
the tunnel)
Quick fact:
The only nerve to enter UNDER the
carpal tunnel is the MEDIAN nerve.
ANATOMICAL SNUFFBOX
Draw on the diagram below the boundaries and contents of the anatomical
snuffbox.

1. A relative of yours has cut their forearm and it damaged the median nerve.
What kind of motor dysfunction and functional loss would you expect to see?
Forearm:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Wrist/Hand:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Functional loss:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. When a person fractures the scaphoid bone, it often takes longer to heal than
any other bone in the wrist. Why is this so? (HINT: think of what contributes
to the proper healing of a fracture)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. A patient is unable to make a tight fist with their hand. List below all the
structures which could be damaged resulting in an ineffective grip.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lab 10: Surface Anatomy III:
Upper Extremity
OBJECTIVES:
2. distinguish between bony structures and soft tissues in the upper extremity
3. identify the bony landmarks for the upper extremity on their partner
4. palpate the major muscles of the upper extremity
5. find and palpate pulses in the arm and hand
 Completion of the required readings is a MUST otherwise you will not have
 Be properly dressed. Student lab uniform must be appropriate to allow each

clothing.
 You will work in pairs or maximum 3 persons at a time. You may be asked to
 In this lab you will be expected to review all the points listed and answer the
 Use the pictures in your atlas and skeletons in the room to help you locate
these points, do not just read about them – learn to VISUALIZE them.

HAND & Patient in supine lying or sitting.
WRIST  Heads of metacarpals 1-5
 Carpal bones:
 Capitate
 Lunate
 Trapezium (tubercle)
 Scaphoid
 Hook of hamate
 Pisiform
 triquetral
 Palpate the pulse of the radial artery

 Palpate the pulse of the ulnar artery

1. What structures attach to the hook of hamate?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

FOREARM Patient in sitting –arm supported on plinth
 Ulna
 Ulnar styloid process
 Head of ulna
 Olecranon
 Radius
 Dorsal tubercle
 Radial styloid process
 Head of radius
 Palpate the medial collateral ligament
 Palpate the lateral collateral ligament
 Palpate the triceps and biceps tendons
 Palpate the radiohumeral joint line
 Palpate the brachial artery
 Palpate the muscles of the forearm- try to elicit a muscle
contraction that isolates the individual muscles as much as possible.

1. What purpose does the dorsal tubercle of the radius have?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

2. A patient complains of pain around the radial head. Other than that structure,
list what other structures could be causing the pain that you could palpate:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Most hinge-type joints have collateral ligaments (elbow, knee, fingers, toes).
However, the wrist is an exception. Can you come up with a reason of why
there are no collateral ligaments on the wrist?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

UPPER ARM Patient supine or prone as appropriate.
 Humerus
 Medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
 Bicipital groove
 Lesser tuberosity
 Greater tuberosity
 Head of humerus
 Palpate the following muscles both relaxed and contracted:

 Biceps
 Triceps
 Brachialis

1. What structures attach to the bicipital groove?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. List all structures which attach to the lateral epicondyle.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. A friend of yours tells you that they are having difficulty flexing their
arm forward. What could be causing this weakness?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

SCAPULA &  Scapula
CLAVICLE Medial and lateral borders
o
o Inferior angle
o Acromial angle
o Acromial process
o Spine of scapula
o Coracoid process
 Muscles of the scapula:
o Supraspinatus
o Infraspinatus
o Teres major
o Teres minor
 Clavicle
o Acromioclavicular joint
o Sternoclavicular joint

1. An athlete has been diagnosed with damage to her rotator cuff. How will
you determine exactly which of the four muscles is the one that is most
damaged?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What structures attach to the coracoid process?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Lab 11: Spine: Cervical & Lumbar Spines
OBJECTIVES:

1. identify the bony landmarks for the typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
2. identify the soft tissue structures and ligaments surrounding lumbar spinal
segments
3. identify the nerves and blood vessels in the region of the cervical, thoracic and
lumbar spine
4. identify the muscles of the lumbar spine, list the movements they produce
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Identify the following bony landmarks and components of the spine:
1.1 Bony Landmarks (Cervical Spine)

Label:
Cervical spine & joints
Typical vertebral characteristics:
C1
 Anterior arch
 Anterior tubercle
 Posterior arch
 Posterior tubercle
 Lateral mass
C2
 Odontoid process
C3-6
 Foramen transversarium
 Bifid spinous process
C7
 Long, non-bifid spinous process
Joints:
 Altlanto-occipital
 Atlanto-axial (3 joints)

1.2 Bony Landmarks (Lumbar Spine)
TYPICAL VERTEBRAE Characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae

 Body  Large kidney-shaped vertebral body
 Vertebral arch  Triangular / oval shaped vertebral foramen
 Pedicles  Square shaped spinous process, horizontal
 Laminae
 Spinous process
 Transverse process
 Superior articular process
 Inferior articular process
 Vertebral canal
Label the diagrams below:

2. LIGAMENTS & SOFT TISSUES OF SPINE
2.1 Ligaments & Soft Tissues (Cervical Spine):
LIGAMENTS
 apical
 alar
 cruciate
 ligamentum nuchae
2.2 Ligaments & Soft Tissues (Thoracic & Lumbar Spine):
SPINAL LIGAMENTS SOFT TISSUES

 iliolumbar  intervertebral disk
 supraspinous  nucleus of disk
 interspinous  thoracolumbar fascia
 intertransverse
 ligamentum flavum
 anterior longitudinal
 posterior longitudinal

Label the diagrams below:
3. NERVES & VESSELS

Identify the following nerves and vessels on the cadaver and using the texbook and the
computer program:
3.1 Nerves & Vessels (Cervical Spine)

computer program:
VESSELS NERVES
 vertebral artery  nerve roots C2-C8
 internal carotid artery  accessory nerve
 external carotid artery
 internal jugular vein
 external jugular vein
3.2 Nerves & Vessels (Lumbar Spine)

Identify on the cadaver or model:
 recurrent meningeal or sinu-vertebral nerve
 lumbosacral plexus

4. MUSCLES
4.1 Muscles (Cervical Region)

**(Student Leader)
CERVICAL MUSCLES
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Scalenes
o Anterior
o Middle
o Posterior
 Splenius cervicis
 Splenius capitis
 Longus colli
 Platysma
4.2 Muscles (Lumbar Region)

**(Student Leader)
POSTERIOR MUSCLES ANTERIOR MUSCLES
Deep Layer (Transversospinalis) Deep Layer
 Multifidus  Quadratus lumborum
 Rotatares
 Semispinalis Superficial Layer
Intermediate layer (Erector Spinae)  Rectus abdominus
 Longissimus  Internal oblique
 Spinalis  External oblique
 Iliocostalis
Superficial layer
 Latissimus dorsi
QUICK FACT:
If you put your hands in your pockets, the direction
your hands are pointing is the same as the direction
of the external oblique muscle fibers.
The internal oblique’s fibers run in a direction 90 to
the external oblique

5.CLINICAL QUESTIONS
5.1 Clinical Questions (Cervical Spine)
1. Your grandmother has limited side flexion of her neck to the left. What could
be the possible causes of this?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. A patient of yours was involved in a car accident. They experienced “whiplash”

(a rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head into flexion/extension).
Now they are feeling a lot of dizziness whenever they move their head. Also
they feel pain radiating into their arms. What is the cause of these two
symptoms?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.2 Clinical Questions (Lumbar Spine)
1. A patient has pain in their lumbar spine. They experience pain while they
extend or rotate.
a) List below the structures that contribute to lumbar extension and rotation.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b) Including those structures you listed above, what could be causing the pain?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Lab 12: Thoracic Spine & Organs
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the bony landmarks for the typical thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs and
associated joints
2. identify the muscles of the thoracic spine, list the movements they produce
3. identify the blood and nerve supply to the thoracic wall apply this knowledge in
answering basic clinical questions
4. identify the thoracic organs and explain their function
5. identify the major blood and nerve supply to the thoracic organs
1. BONY LANDMARKS
Identify the following bony landmarks and components of the thoracic spine & cage:
Thoracic spine & joints Thoracic cage
Typical vertebral characteristics: Sternum:
 heart shaped body  manubrium
 long spinous process  body
 costal facets on the vertebral body  xiphoid process
(two: one superior and one inferior)
 manubriosternal joint (sternal angle)
 costal facets on the transverse
 costal notches
processes
Ribs:
Identify the following joints:
 costovertebral  head
 costotransverse  neck
 costochondral  tubercle
 sternocostal  shaft – costal angle and groove
Label the diagrams:

2. MUSCLES
**(Student Leader)
Muscles of Rib Cage
 External intercostal
 Internal intercostal
 Innermost intercostals
 Levator costarum
 Transverse thoracis
3. NERVES & VESSELS

computer program:
 Typical intercostals nerves

 Lateral cutaneous branches
 Anterior cutaneous branches
ARTERIES VEINS
 Thoracic aorta  Superior vena cava
 Posterior intercostal  Azygos and Hemizygos veins
 Subcostal  Posterior intercostals
 Subclavian artery  Right subclavian vein
 Internal thoracic  Internal thoracic
1. A patient has limited rotation in their back. What part of the spine is this limitation
likely originating from? Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Your patient is experiencing sharp pain at the level of T5. It hurts when they take a
deep breath and also when you palpate on the right side of T5. List all possible
sources of the pain.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

5. THORACIC ORGANS
LUNGS
Identify the following parts of the lung and pleura:
**(Student Leader)
Components of lung Pleura Nerves & Vessels
Lobes:  Visceral  pulmonary artery
 R: superior, middle,  Parietal  pulmonary vein
inferior  phrenic nerves
 L: superior, inferior
Fissures:
 R: horizontal, oblique
Quick fact:
 L: oblique
Did you know that the
Surfaces:
pulmonary artery is the only
 Costal
artery in the body that
 Mediastinal
carries NON-oxygenated
 Diaphragmatic
blood?
Borders:
 Anterior, inferior &
posterior
Hilum:
 Primary bronchus
 Pulmonary artery & vein
Other features:
 Trachea & Bronchi
 Cardiac notch
 Lingula
Label the diagram below:

HEART
Identify the following parts of the heart and accompanying vessels:
**(Student Leader)
Components of heart Pericardium & Cardiac vessels
Great vessels: Cardiac Vessels:
 Ascending Aorta and arch of aorta “Circle”:
 brachiocephalic trunk  R coronary artery
 L & R common carotid  L coronary artery
 L & R subclavian
 Pulmonary Trunk “Loop”:
 L & R Pulmonary arteries  Anterior interventricular artery
 L & R Pulmonary veins  Posterior interventricular artery
 Inferior Vena Cava
 Superior Vena Cava Nerves:
 L & R brachiocephalic vein  L & R Vagus (CN X)
 L & R Phrenic nerve
Surfaces:
 Anterior (sternocostal)
 Pulmonary
 Diaphragmatic
Quick fact:
Borders:
Brachium means “arm”
 Right, inferior, left, superior
Cephalic means “head”
Chambers:
So the BRACHIO CEPHALIC
 Right Atrium (RA)
vessels supply the arm and head.
 Right Ventricle (RV)
 Left Atrium (LA)
 Left Ventricle (LV)
Valves:
 Tricuspid (between RA & RV)
 Mitral (between LA & LV)
 Pulmonary valve (between RV and
pulmonary trunk)
 Aortic valve (between LV & aorta)

DIAPHRAGM
Note the diaphragm muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen.
List the attachments of the diaphragm and it’s main function:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
On the cadaver, identify the following components of the diaphragm:

Thoracic diaphragm Diaphragmatic nerves & vessels
 Central tendon  Superior phrenic arteries
 Right and left crus  Inferior phrenic arteries
 Caval foramen
 Esophageal hiatus  Phrenic nerves
 Aortic hiatus  Intercostals nerves T5-11
Three structures pass through the diaphragm from the thorax to the abdomen
and are shown in the diagram below:
Inferior vena cava
Memory Trick
T8 I
T10 E
Esophagus
T8
T12 A
T10
Aorta
T12
Another Memory Trick:

Nerve supply of the diaphragm:
“C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive!”

Lab 13: Surface Anatomy III:
Head, Spine & Trunk
OBJECTIVES:
1. distinguish between bony structures and soft tissues in the spine & trunk
2. identify the bony landmarks for the spine & trunk on their partner
3. palpate the major muscles of the spine & trunk
1. Completion of the required readings are a MUST otherwise you will not have
2. Be properly dressed. Student lab uniform must be appropriate to allow each

clothing.
3. You will work in pairs or maximum 3 persons at a time. You may be asked to
4. In this lab you will be expected to review all the points listed and answer the
5. Use the pictures in your atlas and skeletons in the room to help you locate
these points, do not just read about them – learn to VISUALIZE them.

TRUNK Patient in supine lying.
 Suprasternal notch
 Sternal angle
 Xiphisternal joint
 Subcostal angle
 Costal margin
 Rib 1
 Rib 2
 Ribs 3-12

VERTEBRAE Patient either leaning forward in sitting or lying prone.
 Count the spinous processes from C1 to L5 and from L5 to C1,
making special note of:
o C1-6
o C7
o T1
o T3
o T7
o L4
o L5
o S1-4
o S2
 Transverse process of C1

1. What structures or landmarks correspond with the following vertebral
levels?
C7: __________________________________________
T3: __________________________________________
T7: __________________________________________
L4/L5: _______________________________________
S2: __________________________________________

SKULL Patient either sitting or lying prone.
 External occipital protuberance
 Superior nuchal line
 Vertex
 Superciliary ridge
 Mastoid process
 External acoustic meatus
 Zygomatic arch
 Hyoid bone

1. What attaches to the external occipital protuberance?
_______________________________________________
2. What attaches to the mastoid process?

_______________________________________________

MUSCLES Patient supine or prone as appropriate.
 Palpate the following muscles of the trunk and spine:
o Latissimus dorsi
o Erector spinae
o Rhomboids
o Levator scapula
o Trapezius
o Teres major
o Serratus anterior
o Pectoralis major
o Pectoralis minor
o Rectus abdominus
o External obliques

1. A patient is unable to perform the movement of rotation of the scapula (which
moves the inferior angle upwards and the glenoid fossa downwards). Which
muscles could be weak?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Supplementary I: Sample Questions
OBJECTIVES:
Overall revision of regional anatomy on upper limb, spine, and lower limb
Question on Upper Limbs (15 marks):
1. A 30-year-old man presents to the Accident and Emergency Department with deep
incised wounds to the posterior aspect of his right arm following a gang fighting. Upon
questioning, he states that the radial side of the dorsal surface of his hand and wrist feels
numb to touch. He is unable to extend his elbow, wrist and thumb too.
(a) Name the structure which was injured (1 mark)
(b) What muscles are likely disrupted, resulting in the inability to extend elbow, wrist
and thumb. (7 marks)
(c) On physical examination you note that weakness in elbow flexion when
comparing with left side. However, he can actually extend the interphalangeal
joints of index to little fingers. Explain these clinical presentations. (7 marks)
Question on Spine (15 marks):
2. A 21-year-old man was involved in a head-on-collision. When removed from his sports
car, he complained of loss of sensation and voluntary movements in his lower limbs.
Upper limb movements also were impaired, particularly in his hands. The patient was
kept warm and immobilized until the ambulance arrived. Using a proper transport
technique (spine board with the head and neck stabilized), the patient was taken to the
emergency department. After examination at the hospital, radiographs of his vertebral
columns were taken and showed severe dislocation of C6 vertebra on C7.
(a) The joints of the cervical region of the vertebral column were found to be
dislocated in this patient. Name the two joints and describe their joint
classifications. (4 marks)
(b) Name the ligaments which contribute to the stability of cervical spine and
describe their locations? (6 marks)
(c) The remaining intact muscles will be strengthened up in the rehabilitation phase.
Name one neck flexor and one neck extensor muscle and describe their
characteristics which include origins, insertions, actions and nerves supply. (5
marks)

Question on Lower Limbs (15 marks):
3. Mr Chan is a 68-year-old man. He had fracture over his (R) neck of femur after slip and fell
2 weeks ago. He underwent (R) total hip replacement in which the incisional site was over
postereo-lateral side of his (R) hip joint.
However, Mr. Chan found difficulties to walk after the surgery, and he felt that his (R) leg
was ‘heavy’ during transfer and walking. Results of post-operative nerve conduction test
showed that Mr. Chan had lesions over the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. (Total marks:
15 marks)
(a) Name all muscles and its corresponding muscle actions supplied by superior gluteal nerve
(5.5 marks)
(b) Name all muscles and its corresponding muscle actions supplied by inferior gluteal nerve
(2.5 marks)
(c) Describe the movement of pelvis of this patient during walking if superior gluteal nerve
is injuried (3 marks)
(d) Describe and explain 3 compensatory strategies usually adopted by patients having
superior gluteal nerve injury? (4 marks)

Supplementary II: Head & Cranial Nerves
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the major features of the cranial vault, brain, & brainstem
2. identify the cranial nerves and list their function
3. identify the major blood supply of the cranium and brain
1. CRANIUM
Identify the following features on the skulls
BONES SUTURES & PROCESSES & FOSSAE

LANDMARKS
VAULT:  Coronal PROCESSES:
 frontal  Sagittal  mastoid process
 occipital  Lamboidal  styloid process
 ethmoid  Squamosal  external occipital
 sphenoid protuberance
 temporal  Pterion  occipital condyles
 parietal  Lambda
 Bregma FOSSAE:
FACIAL:  Vertex  temporal fossa
 mandible  Asterion  anterior cranial fossa
 vomer  middle cranial fossa
 maxilla  posterior cranial fossa
 zygomatic
 nasal
 lacrimal
 palatine

2. REGIONS OF THE CRANIUM
Identify the bones that contribute to the eye, ear and nose.
Bony Orbit Bones, Articulations & Bones of Nasal Region
Foramen of Ear Region
 frontal bone  Temporal bone  Nasal bones
 ethmoid bone  Zygomatic arch  Frontal processes of
 zygomatic bone  Infratemporal fossa maxilla
 maxillary bone  External acoustic  Maxilla
 lacrimal bone meatus  Nasal septum
 sphenoid bone  Mastoid process Perpendicular plate
 supraorbital notch  Styloid process of ethmoid
 infraorbital foramen Vomer
 superior & inferior Temporal-mandibular joint Septal cartilage
orbital fissures (TMJ)  Sphenoid
 Cribriform plate
 Palatine
3. CRANIAL FOSSAE
ANTERIOR MIDDLE POSTERIOR
 crista galli  greater wings of  foramen magnum
 cribriform plate sphenoid  cerebellar fossa
 sella turcica  internal acoustic fossa
 dorsum sella  hypoglossal canal
 anterior & posterior  jugular foramen
clinoid processes
 lesser wings of sphenoid
 optic canals
 superior orbital fissure
 foramen rotundum
 foramen ovale
 foramen spinosum
 foramen lacerum

4. CRANIAL NERVES
Complete the following chart for the cranial nerves:
CRANIAL NERVE SENSORY (S) MOTOR WHAT it FORAMEN it
(M) or BOTH (B) SUPPLIES passes through
CN I Olfactory S
CN II Optic S
CN III Oculomotor M
CN IV Trochlear M
CN V Trigeminal
CN V1 =Ophthalmic B
CN V2 =Maxillary
CN V3=Mandibular
CN VI Abducens M
CN VII Facial B
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear S
CN IX Glossopharyngeal B
CN X Vagus B
CN XI Accessory M
CN XII Hypoglossal M
Memory Trick!! Memory helper:

A rhyme to remember the order And another rhyme to help remember which
of the cranial nerves: is motor (M), sensory (S) or both (B)
I: Oh I: Some
II: Oh II: Say
III: Oh III: Money
IV: To IV: Matters
V: Touch V: But
VI: And VI: My
VII: Feel VII: Brother
VIII: Very VIII: Says
IX: Good IX: Big
X: Vibrations X: Brains
XI: And XI: Matter
 XII: Heat
Functional Anatomy team 2024 XII: More 72
5. BRAIN
Identify the following structures of the brain:
PARTS OF BRAIN MENINGES BLOOD SUPPLY
 Cerebral hemispheres  Dura Branches of INTERNAL
o Temporal lobe o Cerebral CAROTID ARTERY:
o Frontal lobe falx  Middle cerebral
o Parietal lobe o Cerebellar  Anterior cerebral
o Occipital lobe tentorium  Anterior communicating
 Thalamus o Cerebellar  Posterior communicating
 Hypothalamus falx
 Pineal gland  Arachnoid Branches of VERTEBRAL
 Pituitary gland  Pia ARTERY:
 Mamillary bodies  Basilar
 Midbrain  Posterior cerebral
 Pons  Cerebellar arteries
 Medulla oblongata
 Cerebellum DURAL VENOUS SINUSES
 Ventricles  Superior sagittal sinus
o Lateral  Inferior sagittal sinus
o Third  Sigmoid sinus
o Fourth

Supplementary III: Eye, Ear, Nose & Mouth
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the major features of the eye, ear, nose & mouth
2. identify the major muscles surrounding these structures
3. list the major blood and nerve supply for each structure
1. EYE
Identify the following structures of the eye in the cadaver or on the models.
Muscles of the Eye & Orbit Contents of the Orbit
 Superior rectus EYEBALL:
 Inferior rectus  Sclera
 Lateral rectus  Cornea
 Medial rectus  Aqueous humour
 Inferior oblique  Iris
 Superior oblique  Ciliary body
 Levator palpabrae  Choroids
 Iris
 Pupil
 Retina
 Vitreous humour
LACRIMAL APPARATUS:
 Lacrimal glands
 Lacrimal ducts
 Lacrimal punctum
 Lacrimal sac
2. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY

Blood supply Nerve supply
 Opthalmic artery SENSORY
 Central artery of  CN II – optic nerve
the retina  branches of CN V1 – opthlamic nerve
 supraorbital (first part of trigeminal nerve)
 infraorbital
MOTOR
 CN III- oculomotor nerve
 CN IV – trochlear nerve
 CN VI –abducens nerve

Label the following diagrams:
3. EAR
Identify the following structures of the ear in the cadaver or on the models.
Muscles of the Temporal & Components of Ear
Infratemporal region
 Temporalis EXTERNAL:
 Masseter  Aurical
 Posterior and anterior belly of  Earlobe
digastric  External acoustic meatus
 Lateral pterygoid  Tympanic membrane
 Medial pterygoid
MIDDLE:
 Tympanic cavity
 Auditory ossicles
o Malleus
o Incus
o Stapes
INNER:
 Membranous labyrinth
 Cochlear duct
 Semicircular ducts
 Vestibule (Utricle & saccule)
 Bony labyrinth
 Internal acoustic meatus
Blood supply Nerve supply
 Superficial temporal artery SENSORY
 Deep auricular  CN VIII – vestibulocochlear nerve
 CN VII – facial nerve (gives of chorda
tympani nerve)
4. NOSE & MOUTH
Nose Mouth
COMPONENTS: ORAL REGION:
 3 conchae:  Oral vestibule
o superior  Oral cavity
o middle PALATE:
o inferior  Hard palate
 3 meatus:  Soft palate
o superior o Uvula
o middle o Palatine tonsils
o inferior TONGUE:
 sinuses:  Root, body and apex
o frontal  Genioglossus muscle
o ethmoidal  MOTOR Nerve: CN XII – hypoglossal N
o sphenoidal  GENERAL SENSATION: Lingual nerve
o maxillary (branch of CN V3) & CN IX -
glossopharyngeal
BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY:  TASTE: Branch of CN VII
 CN I – olfactory nerve GLANDS:
 Branches of maxillary artery  Parotid
 Submandibular
 Sublingual
MUSCLES OF MOUTH REGION:
 Buccinator
 Orbicularis ori

5. NERVES OF FACE:
 SENSORY:
 CN V1 - Opthalmic nerve (first part of trigeminal nerve)
 CN V2 - Maxillary nerve (second part of trigeminal nerve)
 CN V3 – Mandibular nerve (third part of trigeminal nerve)
 MOTOR:
 5 Branches of CN VII (facial nerve)
1. temporal
2. zygomatic
3. buccal
4. mandibular
5. cervical
6. BLOOD VESSELS OF FACE:

 Branches of external carotid artery:
o Facial artery
o Superficial temporal artery
o Maxillary artery
7. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION:
Major Muscles Minor Muscles

 Frontalis  Levator labii superioris
 Platysma  Depressor labii inferioris
 Mentalis  Levator anguli oris
 Orbicularis oculi  Depressor anguli oris
 Orbicularis ori  Compressor naris (nasalis)

Gluteus Maximus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Secondary Action(s):
Gluteus Medius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Gluteus Minimus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Piriformis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Obturator internus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Obturator externus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Quadratus femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Gemelli (superior & inferior)

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Biceps femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Semitendinosus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Semimembranosus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Iliacus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Psoas major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Sartorius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Rectus femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Vastus lateralis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Vastus medialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Vastus intermedius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Adductor magnus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Adductor longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Gracilis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Adductor brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Pectineus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Gastrocnemius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Soleus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Plantaris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Popliteus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor digitorum longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Flexor hallucis longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Tibialis posterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Tibialis anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor hallucis longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Extensor digitorum longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Peroneus tertius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Peroneus brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Peroneus longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Transversospinalis group
Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatares
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve
Supply:
Main
Action(s):
Erector spinae group

Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve
Supply:
Main
Action(s):
Quadratus lumborum
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Rectus abdominus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Internal & external obliques

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Pectoralis Major & minor

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Trapezius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Intercostalis
External Internal Innermost
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve
Supply:
Main
Action(s):
Rhomboid major & minor

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Levator costarum
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Deltoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Levator scapula
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Serratus anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Supraspinatus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Infraspinatus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Teres minor
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Teres major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Subscapularis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Biceps brachii
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Brachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Coracobrachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Triceps
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Anconeus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Pronator teres
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor carpi radialis

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Palmaris longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor digitorum superficialis

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor pollicis longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor digitorum profundus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Pronator quadratus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor carpi radialis longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor digitorum
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Extensor digiti minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Supinator
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor indicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Brachioradialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor pollicis longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Extensor pollicis brevis

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Abductor pollicis longus

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Abductor pollicis brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Flexor pollicis brevis

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Opponens pollicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Adductor pollicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Flexor digiti minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Opponens digiti minimi

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Abductor digiti minimi

Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Lumbricles
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Palmar interossei
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Dorsal interossei
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Scalenus anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Scalenus medius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):

Scalenus posterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Splenius capitus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Splenius cervicus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Primary Action(s):


(2024) - RS2040 - Whole DSE Handbook (2023-2024)

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(2024) - RS2040 - Whole DSE Handbook (2023-2024)

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Functional Anatomy

Anatomy team (RS2040) 2023-2024

Well perhaps you will study a globe or map or book.

Or maybe someone will show you.

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 2

b) Checklists (bony landmarks, connective tissue, muscle & nerve/blood

PEER TEACHING GUIDELINES:

GUIDELINES FOR STUDENT LEADERS:

Other things to know:

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 4

Peer teaching …………………………………………………. 10%

In the laboratory, your instructors

Therefore, you MUST prepare prior to the lab EVERY

Learning anatomy is hard work – keeping up with your preparations

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 5

General Anatomy Web Resources:

Anatomy of the Human Body. Henry Gray

Interactive body (basic diagrams with brief descriptions of anatomy)

Self – Quiz Highly recommend for reviewing!!

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 6

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 7

am PT (Lab 2) OT (Lab 3) PT (Lab 4) OT (Lab 1)

pm PT (Lab 1): PT (Lab 3) OT (Lab 4) PT (Lab 5) OT (Lab 2)

Functional Anatomy 2023-2024 (RS2040)

4 Apr 2024 (Thurs) is Ching Ming Festival

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 8

678-684 746-751 742-746 684-690

Lab 5: Surface Anatomy I: Lower Extremity

141-147 158-160 160-166 151-157

Lab 7: Shoulder Gridle & Brachial Plexus

Lab 10: Surface Anatomy II: Upper Extremity

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 9

Lab 12: Thoracic Spine & Organs

Lab 13: Surface Anatomy III: Head, Spine & Trunk

147-151 201-206 206-209 209-214

Lab 8: Elbow & Forearm

Lab 9: Wrist & Hand

Lab 10: Surface Anatomy II: Upper Extremity

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 10

LAB 1: HIP REGION 12

LAB 2: HIP & THIGH REGION 17

LAB 3: KNEE & LOWER LEG 22

LAB 4: ANKLE & FOOT 26

LAB 5: SURFACE ANATOMY I: LOWER EXTREMITY 30

LAB 6: SHOULDER & ARM 35

LAB 7: SHOULDER GRIDLE & BRACHIAL PLEXUS 39

LAB 8: ELBOW & FOREARM 43

LAB 9: WRIST & HAND 46

LAB 10: SURFACE ANATOMY II: UPPER EXTREMITY 50

LAB 11: SPINE: CERVICAL & LUMBAR SPINES 54

LAB 12: THORACIC SPINE & ORGANS 60

LAB 13: SURFACE ANATOMY III: HEAD, SPINE AND TRUNK 65

SUPPLEMENTARY I: SAMPLE QUESTIONS 68

SUPPLEMENLARY II: HEAD & CRANIAL NERVES 70

SUPPLEMENLARY III: EYE, EAR, NOSE & MOUTH 74

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 11

1. BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS ACETABULUM

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 12

 Functional Anatomy team 2024 13

CONNECTIVE TISSUES PELVIC LIGAMENTS

Label the ligaments on the diagrams below:

3. BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY