MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCE

ACROSS

THE CELL MEMBRANE

Camphiphilic)
Structure of the cell membrane
•
mainly made
outside of cell % entronment carbohydrate up of Phospholipid

ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
molecules

pnospoiipid
(
\°◦ ]
-
Glycoprotein
& Protein

ziayer→ Bilayer
"" " " " " •
Phospholipid
¥ "
" "' " " → our
"" "" "" " ""
" 1111111111 " " " Ma molecules can
inside of cell non -
polar

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-

- and freely
move laterally in
1

protein molecules cell membrane

• Protein molecules
① Phospholipids are interspersed

glycerol Phosphate group Polar

ph
among phospholipid
-
-

attracted to water molecules

/ Mr molecules
.

Phosphate group
fatty acid
-
fatty acids -
non -

polar

✓ - repelled by water molecules 9-48%7

Triglyceride
.

hydrophilic hydrophobic tail lipid

organic solvent dissolves phospholipid molecules

head glycerol

-> destroy CM Closs differential permeability)

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! Protein
•
Attached to the surface of phospholipid bilayer

Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins to form -

glycoproteins
☆ Types of protein :

transmembrane
Channel Protein : transport certain ions & small Polar molecules by facilitated diffusion

of necesarily
carrier protein : involved in active transport to carry substance across against conc

gradient
Antigens : glycoproteins for cell recognition *
extracellular
Receptors : glycoproteins for receiving chemical messengers outside the cell

Membrane Enzymes : speed UP reactions in the cell (most notable in

digestive system)

©-
⑳
. .
2022 E.Ngan./ Biologynotes_hkdse All rights reserved
Properties and functions of cell membrane fluid mosaic model

① CM is differentially permeable
-
permeable to small non -

polar substance e. 9 oxygen & Coz & glycerol &

fatty acids

-
impermeable to polar substances and ions ← ions are restricted by hydrophobic tails

Polar molecule leg water & glucose ) move across CM through Channel & carrier protein

-
molecules that are larger than Pores Of Proteins cannot move across CM

② CM is flexible (fluid mosaic model:mosaic pattern ofmembrane proteins interspersed randomly

-
on
cM)
-

CM can move latterly : fluid in nature & flexible

-
allow CM to change shape and fuse during process like Phagocytosis & cell division

¥÷:::
-9¥: orientation?
→ →
" phospholipid's

③ CM is strong enough to support the cell cholesterol

the protein are among phospholipid molecules
intercepted gives strength to CM
glycerol,
-
molecules

Non-polar:fatty acids, VitA&D, All gas

Diffusion Ineurotransmitters)
-
a passive process :
no energy required
-
net movement of Particles from region of higher to lower concentration until equilibrium

.
No concentration gradient :
no net movement but have movements

☆ factors affecting rate Of diffusion

concentration gradient : steeper gradient -

higher rate

Temperature : higher 1- ~
particles have higher KE ~ collide more frequently
Too high:destroy membrane integrity -> full permeable -
higher rate
denature membrane protein
Size Of Particles : small particles diffuse faster

Distance : shorter distance -

higher rate
surface area : larger surface area of CM -

higher rate

☆ important of diffusion

cells Obtain material like oxygen & nutrients

'

remove waste like coz

-

Substance in cells are distributed throughout the cytoplasm by diffusion

simple diffusion : through Phospholipid bilayer

Facilitated diffusion : through elrin

Protein channel
(may be saturation of channel protein)
minerals, ions
⑤!)!@>->*hose, acids, Vitc,All
amino
© 2022 E.Ngan / Biologynotes_hkdse rights reserved
Osmosis
-
a passive process :
no energy required
-
net movement of water molecules from region of higher to lower W P through differentially
. .
a

permeable membrane.
-
Water potential lw.pl
-

describe the tendency of water molecules to move from one Place to another

Pure water :
WP o all solution have negative W P net movement

i
-
= -
.

level off due to solute molecule

hydrostatic pressure
Practical water molecule
-

wat:-(
ery
slower at o
smaller
+neena
internal diameter ÷ :
level
÷:
i-=
capillary tube

? ↑?ÉÉÉ↑É intonate
results
Same as water level

the liquid
.

.
-
level rises

\
If glucose, water IvI
,
-

net movement of water molecules from

Fr#E(ye)
differentany permeable
dialysis tubing distilled
-

'

& has many small pores water to sucrose 501 .

glucose & ions can

pass through

① Osmosis animal cell

in
hypotonic solution Chigh conc,low4)
① buts
cell in "

① sw→e t
-

water enter cell by osmosis ,, ,

-
- -
-
-
-

RBC
-

cell in isotonic solution

. no net movement :
cell volume remains unchanged

① gym Ang
cell in hypertonic solution volume t cell become wrinkled

water leave cell by osmosis ,

② Osmosis in Plant cell

cell in hypotonic solution +" mid
-

-
bursting is prevented by the rig rid cell wall
Water will eventually stop entering the cell and
[④ ⑧ ,

cell is said to become turgid

cell in isotonic solution

. no net movement :
cell volume remains unchanged
cell in hypertonic solution " " " id

-
Vacuole will shrink and the cell membrane will pull →
(cell)
away from the cell wall -
Condition called Plasmolysis
.

Cell is said to become flaccid (tissue)

0 Plasmolysis is usually reversible without causing permanent damage to the cell

☆ Importance Of Osmosis
-
absorbs ion of water in human intestine & in plant root are carried Out by osmosis
•

water enters & leaves cells in all organisms

© 2022 E.Ngan / Biologynotes_hkdse All rights reserved
 Active transport
extra
-
active process :
requires energy from resp .
: occurs only in living cells
-
can transport substance against the concentration gradient I not necessarily)
-

Only substance that fits the shape of carrier protein can be transported

ftp.sbstancetobe
F§§☒f ☒ 17TH
the carrier Protein substance is released
,
.

transported binds changes its shape

on the other side of

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" insaner"

gyp tffff
to a carrier Protein

61*1*46%1
the cell membrane

☆ importance of active transport ↓

effective ( e. g glucose & minerals )

-

important for Obtaining useful substance from environment to maintain life

phagocytosis CM
-

active process for particles too large to move across by diffusion / active transport
1
Recognize the target by

0 ①
receptor-antigen interaction
a Pit or pseudo podium ⑦ Particle is
is formed to engulf the
→ ;¥ ¥;É¥①%%¥¥%É¥ ÷¥ enclosed in a

:ÉÉ¥÷÷÷¥÷É¥ÉÉÉ¥
target Particle small vacuole I vesicle
"
% sooooooo
-

ÉÉÉ =D÷ ÷ ÷ ±÷ ¥ %
:*
.

↓
digested products ⑦ " " releases hydrolytic

;¥; ¥!¥!ÉH¥É!É¥¥É¥;¥;¥ ④ digested Products

diffuse to the ← ÷÷÷÷÷¥¥¥¥¥¥÷;÷÷ ÷±
◦ enzymes to
digest the particle

÷ ±÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷:÷ ¥ :÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ;÷ ÷ ÷±÷ :÷ ÷
in the vacuole
◦
◦
ooo ◦

cytoplasm ◦
o

÷
"
'

from other vesicle

O O =D

° enzymes
Og O
- .
o 0
◦

☆ importance of Phagocytosis
-

important for the nutrition of some unicellular organisms

-
amoeba
-

important for body defence against disease 0 WBC

engulfsubstances that are too large to pass through phospholipid bilayer/transport protein

inhibitor
Eg. Addition ofrespiratory
E.
1. Resp. produce
E.
2. Active
transport requires
3. No
resp, cells lack
E for channel protein change
to its
shape
4. Low transport rate due to no active transport
Eg. Waterlogged condition
1. In anaerobic condition, the plant cells have no O2 intake hence no aerobic resp.

2. No resp to produce
E, no active transport
3. Cannot absorbminerals to build up gradient
4

4. Low osmosis rate

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