LIMITS FORMULA

Some Important Results on Limits Frequently Used Series Expansions

Following are some of the frequently used series
 If p  x  is a polynomial, lim p  x   p  a . expansions:
xa
x3 x5 x 7
sin x  x     ..............
3! 5! 7!
lim 1 x 
1/ x
 e x2 x4 x6
x0 cos x  1     ..............
2! 4! 6!
3
x 2 x5
e x 1 tan  x    .......
 lim 1 3 15
x0 x
x 2 x3
e  1  x    .......
x

2! 3!
 1 x n 1 n 2 x
2
lim
x a x  1   Ina  x   Ina   .........., a  R 
x0 2!
sin tan x
 lim  lim  lim cos x  1 (where
 n1 x  x 0 x x 0 x x 0
lim 1
x0 x ‘x’ is in radians)
x
 1
 lim 1    e
 sin 1 x tan 1 x x
 x
lim 1 lim
x0 x x0 x
a x 1
lim  lim  n  a  , a  R
If f(x) = 0 then the following results will be x0 x
x a
x  a m m m n
m
holding true:  lim n  a
x a x  a n n
 sin f  x  tan f  x   lim cos f  x 1 log 1  x 
lim  lim  lim a  log a e, a  0,  1
x a f  x x  a f  x xa x0 x
sin 1 f  x  tan 1 f  x  1 x3 x5 x 7
tan x  x     . …….
 lim  lim 1
xa f  x xa f  x 3 5 7
1 x3 1.3 x5
sin 1 x  x  
b   1  In b(b>0)
f x 2 3 2.4 5
 lim
f  x 1.3.5 x7
xa   ............
2.4.6 7
 lim(1  f  x )1/ f  x   e
xa

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