COMP1116

Applications of ICT

Lecture # 09 Output Devices- Display Devices

Instructor: Dr. Aftab Akram (PhD CS)

Assistant Professor
Computer Output
• Output is what ever we get from computer after
processing
• In human-computer interaction, output is
information produced by the computer program
and perceived by the user
• Types of Output:
o Softcopy Output---electronic form
o Hardcopy Output---physical form
Difference between Softcopy and
Hardcopy Output
• Softcopy is electronic • Hardcopy is physical
form of output form of output
• Softcopy is NOT • Hardcopy is Touchable
touchable • Hardcopy output exits
• Softcopy exits physically on some
electronically inside the medium like paper
computer • Hardcopy is permanent
• Softcopy output is form of Output
temporary form of • Hardcopy output is not
output Editable
• Softcopy output is
editable
Softcopy Output Devices
• The devices which are used to VIEW electronic or
softcopy output are called Display Devices, Displays
or Monitors
• Some commonly used Displays/ Monitors
o CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Displays
o LCD (Liquid Crystal Displays)
o LED Displays
Features of Displays
• Size
• Size of monitor is measure diagonally
• Different displays are available in different sizes
• Color
• The displays can be monochrome or color
• Color displays work in RGB Color Model
• Different displays have different color depth. Most modern displays
have color depth of 32bits
• Resolution
• Displays with greater resolution can present good quality of images
• Refresh Rate
• The number of times in one second that the electron gun redraws
the entire image is called the refresh rate and is measured in hertz
(cycles per second)
• It is quality of CRT Displays only
Features of Displays
• Dot Pitch
• The distance between pixels on a computer monitor
screen is called its dot pitch and is measured in
millimeters
• Most monitors have a dot pitch of .28 mm or less
Video Graphics Array
• Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display controller which is
used for converting digitized output from computer into visuals
on the displays
• VGA standard was introduced by IBM in 1987, later adopted for
IBM PC
• Today almost all computers, mainly following IBM PC line are
using VGA standards
• VGA standard include the hardware known as Video Graphics
Card or Graphics Card that actually renders digital output to the
displays
• Video Card or Graphics Card is not GPU (or Graphics Processing
Unit), in fact a GPU is included in every video card
• A Graphics Card determines following thing:
• Resolution
• Number of Colors
• Speed with which images appear on screen
VGA- New Technologies
• VGA
• Video Graphics Array
• Supports 16-256 Colors
• 15 Colors at 320X200
• 256 colors at 640X840
• SVGA
• Super Video Graphics Array
• Two graphics mode: 800X600 and 1024X768
• Supports 256 colors
• XGA
• Extended Graphics Array
• Supports up to 16.8 M colors at 1024X768
• Used with 17 and 19 inch monitors
• UXGA
• Ultra Extended Graphics Array
• Newest and highest standard
• Supports up to 32 bit color depth
• Resolution: 1600X1200
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays
• CRT are the most
commonly used monitors
• These monitors are based
upon Cathode Ray Tube
Technology which was
developed to proof the
existence of electrons
• CRT monitors are made by
introducing a slight
modification in original
Cathode Ray Tube
CRT Components & Working
• Picture Tube
• CRT or cathode ray tube, is the picture tube of a monitor
• Electron Gun:
• The back of the tube has a negatively charged cathode also known as Electron
Gun
• A Color Monitor has three Electron Guns, one for each color Red, Green and
Blue
• Phosphorus Coating:
• The electron gun shoots electrons down the tube and onto a charged screen
coated with Phosphorus
• The screen is coated with a pattern of dots that glow when struck by the
electron stream
• Each cluster of three dots, one of each color RGB, creates one pixel
• The image on the monitor screen is usually made up from at least tens of
thousands of such tiny dots glowing on command from the computer
• The closer together the pixels are, the sharper the image on screen
• Deflection Coils:
• There are two electromagnets around the collar of the tube which deflect the
electron beam
Creating image on CRT
• Interlacing
• The beam scans across the top of the monitor from left to right
• The beam then blanked and moved back to the left-hand side
slightly below the previous trace (on the next scan line)
• scans across the second line and so on until the bottom right of the
screen is reached
• The beam is again blanked, and moved back to the top left to start
again
• In this process either even or odd numbered rows are drawn first
• This process draws a complete picture, typically 50 to 100 times a
second
• Progressive Scan
• Complete screen is drawn by electron beam
• Less flicker than interlacing
Creating image on CRT
CRT Monitors
• Advantages
• CRT Monitors are quite inexpensive
• You can get a 17” CRT Monitor for Rs. 6000 to Rs. 7000
• Now obsolete, because companies have stopped
production, so you won’t get a new one
• Disadvantage
• Very large in size
• Consume lot of power
• Create lot of heat
• Not portable
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• LCDs are Thin, Flat, Light Weight Displays
• They have better image quality than CRT Monitors
• LCDs are available in variety of sizes from 1” to 108”
• LCDs are portable, i.e., used in portable computers
• LCDs consume less power, i.e, can be operated on
battery power
• Also LCDs generate less heat
• Expensive than CRT Displays, e.g., a 32” HD LED
costs around Rs. 32000/-. LCDs are normally
cheaper than LEDs.
LCD working
• To understand the working of LCD, we need to learn a little
about light and its properties
• What is Light?
• Light is Wave consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, also
known as Electromagnetic Wave
• Electric and Magnetic field vibrate at right angle to each other and
also to the direction of propagation of wave
• Light vibrate and radiate in all directions
• Polarization:
• Light can be polarized, it can be made to oscillate in one direction
only. Such light is known as Polarized Light
• Light is either polarized in horizontal or vertical direction
• Polarization Filters:
• If polarization filters are applied, light can be blocked or allowed to
pass through
LCD working
LCD working
• A cooking recipe of LCDs consists of following four
things:
• Light can be polarized
• Liquid Crystals can transmit and change polarized light
• Structure of liquid crystals can be changed by electric
current (they can be twisted or untwisted)
• There are transparent substrate which can conduct
electricity (ITO-Indium Tin Oxide)
LCD working
Types of LCD
• Active Matrix Display • Passive Matrix Display
• Each pixel on the screen
is controlled by its own
transistor
• Brighter and sharper
• Complicated and
expensive
• Consumes more power
• Two transistors control
whole row or columns
of pixels
• Not too brighter and
sharp
• Less complicated and
less expensive
• Consumes less power
LED Displays
• A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an
array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video
display.
• Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors
where they are visible in the sun for store signs and
billboards.
• The first practical LED display was developed at
Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968.
A close-up of LED Display
Pixel Pitch or Dot Pitch
Advantages of LED Displays
• Slim Design
• Brighter and sharper Images
• Better Color
• Flicker-Free Images
• Better Picture Quality(true black picture)
• No motion delay and lags
• Longer lifespan and less environmental impact
• Lower Power Consumption
• Wider Viewing angle(typically 175 degree)
Evaluating Display Quality
• Display Type
• Type of display technology used
• Screen Size
• HD Picture Quality
• A HD display resolution is around 2 Mega Pixel
• Normally represented by 1080i or 1080p
• 3D Performance
• Viewing Angle
• Sound Quality
• Versatility
• Energy Cost