1/28/2022

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
VIEWS OF POINTS
P3
P1 z
A1 Az A3
A1 Az A3
A
A3
P2 y
x
Ax Ay x Ax Ay y
A2 Ay 45o
A2 y A2 Ay
Ay
y
y

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 2

VIEWS OF LINES

POINT ON A LINE

RELATIVE POSITIONS OF TWO LINES

VIEWS OF SURFACES

PROJECTION OF A RIGHT ANGLE

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 3

VIEWS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

AB: oblique segment

A1

B1

x Ax Bx
B2

A2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 4

VIEWS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

AB ⊥ P1 AB: normal segment
P1
A1 B1
A A1 B1
A1 ≡ B1
x B
x
A2 True length A2

B2 P2
of AB
B2

Suppose that CD ⊥ P2, EF ⊥ P3 ,

which view of CD, EF will be a point?
Which view of CD, EF will show the true length of CD, EF?

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 5

VIEWS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

AB // P1 AB: inclined segment

P1
B1
True length B1
of AB
A1 B A1
x
x A

A2 B2 A2 B2
A2B2 // x
P2

Suppose that CD // P2, EF // P3 , which view of CD, EF will

show the true length of CD, EF?

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 6

VIEWS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

EF // P3 EF: inclined segment

True length
z E1 E3
P1 of EF
E1
E F1 F3
F1 E3
x
x y
F F3
E2 E2
P2 y
F2

P3 F2 y

Which view shows the true length of EF?

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 7

A STRAIGHT LINE

Oblique Inclined Normal

segment segment segment
A1 B1
A1 B1
B1 A1
x x
x Ax Bx A2
B2
A2 B2
A2 B2
AB // P1 AB ⊥ P1

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 8

POINT ON A LINE

Line is not Line is

parallel to P3 parallel to P3
E1 E3 E3
E1

F1 F3 F3
F1
x x
y y
E2 E2

F2 F2
y y

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 9

POINT ON A LINE
E1 E3

A1  B1C1 F3
B1
A  BC  F1
A1
A2  B2C2 x
y
E2
B C1
x A C B1
C2
F2
A1 y
A2
B2 C1

C2
A2
B2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 10

POINT ON A LINE
A1 E1 E3
B1
A  BC F1 F3
C1 x
y
E2
C2
B2
A2 F2
B1 B1 y
A1
A1
B C1 C1
x AC
C2 C2
B2
B2 A2 A2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 11

POINT ON A LINE
E1 E3

F3 z
F1 A3
A1
x
y C1
E2 C3 B3
B1
x
y
F2
y A2
C2

C  AB ? B2 y

Draw the third view

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 12

POINT  LINE

Line is not Line is

parallel to parallel to
P3 P3
z A3
B1 A1
C1
A1 B1 C3 B3
C1 x
y

A2
C2
A2 C2
B2
B2 y

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 13

RELATIVE POSITIONS OF TWO LINES

Intersecting Parallel
Skew lines
lines lines

E1 E3 E3
E1

F1 F3 F3
x
Not // P3 // P3 x
F1
y y
E2 E2

F2 F2
y y

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 14

E1 E3

INTERSECTING LINES F1 F3
x
y
E2

B1C1  E1F1  A1
BC  EF  A  F2
B2C2  E2F2  A2 y

E1 C1
A1
C1
E1 A1 C B1 F1
F1
B1 E

A F
B
C2 B2 F2
E2
A2
B2 A2 F2 E2
C2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 15

E1 E3

F1 F3
INTERSECTING LINES
x
y
The views of AB, EF are given
E2
and AB // P3 .
1 F1
F2 Are they intersecting lines? C1
y
E1
B1

A2
C  EF ? E2
C  AB ? C2
B2 F2
If C  AB → Conclusion ?
If C  AB → Conclusion ?

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 16

E1 E3
PARALLEL LINES F3
F1
x
y
E2
A1B1 // C1D1
AB // CD  F2
A2B2 // C2D2 y

B1
B1 D1 D1

A1 A1 B D
C1 C1
A C
C2
A2 D2 A2 C2 D2
B2 B2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 17

E3
E1
PARALLEL LINES
F1 F3
x
y
E2
Draw the third view
F2 C1 C3
y
A1
A3

The views of AB, CD are given. B1 B3

D1 D3
Are they parallel lines?
A2
C2

D2
B2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 18

E3
E1
PARALLEL LINES
F1 F3
x
y
E2
C1
A1
F2
y
B1
Given: AB // CD, D1

construct the top view of D A2

from the views given. C2

B2

D2 ?

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 19

E3
E1
PARALLEL LINES
F1 F3
x
y
E2 C1
A1
Phân tích K1
F2
y
B1
•AB and CD are not intersecting D1
lines A2 C2
•If AB//CD, they belong to a
K2
plane
B2
→ AD  BC  K D2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 20

SKEW LINES
Two or more lines which have no intersections
but are not parallel

B1 D1
A1
C1

A2
D2
C2 B2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 21

VIEWS OF SURFACES
ABC: oblique surface
B1
B1
A1 C1 B
A1
A C C1
C2
A2 C2
B2 A2
B2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 22

VIEWS OF SURFACES
ABC ⊥ P1 ABC: inclined surface
Edge view
B1 of ABC
B1 A1 C1
A1 C
1
A
B
C A2
A2
B2 C2 B2
C2

If DEF ⊥ P2 , MNP ⊥ P3 ,
Which view of DEF, MNP will be a line ?

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 23

VIEWS OF SURFACES
ABC // P1 ABC: normal surface

C1 True size of
C1
B1 ABC
C B1
A1
B A1

A2 C2 B2 A2 C2 B2

If DEF // P2 , MNP // P3 ,
Which view of DEF, MNP will be a line ?
In comparison with x ?
Which view shows the true size of DEF, MNP ?

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 24

SURFACE

Oblique Inclined Normal

surface surface surface
B1 C1
C1
B1 A1 C1 B1
A1
A1
A2 A2

B2 A2 C2 B2
C2 B2
C2
∆ABC ⊥ P1 ∆ABC // P1

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 25

POINTS AND SURFACES IN PLANE

AB  P ?
AP
→ AB  P
The line lies in a plane if its BP
two points lie in this plane. B
A
P

AP ?
A  CD
→AP
The point lies in a plane if it lies CD  P
on a straight line lying this plane. D
C A
P

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 26

Example 1 : Construct the top view of ABCD

A, B, C, D  a plane
A1
AC  BD = K
K1 D1 → A1C1  B1D1 = K1
B1 C1
→ A2C2  B2D2 = K2
x

B2
C2

K2
D2

A2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 27

Example 2 : Construct the top view of ABCD

A1 D1 A, B, C, D  a plane
K1 AC  BD = K
→ A1C1  B1D1 = K1
B1 C1 → A2C2  B2D2 = K2
x

B2
C2

K2
A2
D2

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 28

Example 2 : Construct the top view of ABCD

A1 D1 A, B, C, D  a plane
Note that A1D1 // B1C1
→ AD // BC
B1
C1 → A2D2 // B2C2
x

B2
C2

A2
D2

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 29

PROJECTION OF RIGHT ANGLE

The angle A of ABC is 90°, AB // P2 AB // A2B2
P C1 AB ⊥ AC
1 C

A1 B1
A2C2 ⊥ A2B2
A
x The top view of the right angle
A2
C2 B will project as a true size
when one side of it // P2
B2 P 2

If the angle A of ABC is 90°, AB // P1 ,

Which view of the right angle will project as a true size?

1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 30

PROJECTION OF RIGHT ANGLE

The angle A of ABC is 90°, AB // P1 AB // A1B1
P1 C1 AB ⊥ AC
B1 A1C1 ⊥ A1B1
x A1 C
The front view of the right
B
A angle will project as a true
A2 B2 size when one side of it // P1
C2 P 2

The projection of right angle is a right angle when

one side of the angle is parallel to the plane upon
which the projection is made.

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1/28/2022 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 31

Exercise 3 : Construct the top view of ABCDE

A E
Note that BC ⊥ CD
1 1

D1
BC ⊥ CD
→ B2C2 ⊥ C2D2
BC // P2
B1 C1
x
A, B, C, D, E  a plane
B2
C2 AC  BD

A2
D2
E2

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