PR1 REVIEWER

TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE

Discourse is a sentence above the language, language in use and from of social practice in which
language plays a central role. The expression of ideas that a person can think of.

What is a text?
The sum of the discourses that makes up a large unit of written language.

Characteristics
• Cohesion - the actual words/ sentences are mutually connected within a sequence.

• Coherence - the connection of ideas at the paragraph level.

• Intentionality - the plan or purpose of the writer.

• Informativity - the quantity of new information in the text.

• Acceptability - how factual the pieces of information are.

• Situationality - appropriateness of the text to the target reader

What makes text a connected discourse?

A text becomes a connected discourse when we read.

Functions
• Action: public signs, product labels and instructions, recipes, maps, TV- guides, bills, menus, telephone
directories.

• Information: newspapers, magazines, researches, journals.

• Social Contact: letters, post cards, greeting cards.

• Entertainment: light magazines, fiction books, poetry, drama, film subtitles, game.

What is Reading?

An active process of understanding print and graphic text.

Effective Reading Strategies

1. Before Reading

a . Prior knowledge

b . Making predictions

c . Skimming and scanning

d . Previewing

e . Context clues

2. During Reading

a . Reflecting

b . Questioning

c . Understanding

3. After Reading

a . Reflecting

b . Extending the understanding of the text by critical or creative ways .

c . Clarifying understanding of the text .

GENRES
Purpose & Function
It can be useful to group texts into categories for the following reasons:

• Authors can appeal to specific audiences

• Audiences want to seek out the types of texts they enjoy

• It gives us a way of organising and making sense of texts

• It distinguishes the way in which the text is to be delivered e.g. read, performed, delivered orally
Introducing Genre
The word genre came from the french word that means 'category' or 'type'. It refers to the ways that
texts, such as literature, art or media, are categorised based on their content, form or style.
Understanding genre can help us understand the texts themselves.

Two Main Genres

Information text(non-fiction)

Primary purpose is to inform the reader

Literary text (fiction)

Primary purpose is to tell a story or entertain the reader.

PROSE NON-FICTION

- The branch of literature comprising works of narrative prose dealing with or offering opinions or
conjectures upon facts and reality

FICTION

- Is an Imaginative recreation and re-creation of Life Includes Short stories and Novels

DRAMA

- Intended to be more serious in tone. Usually for theatrical performance, and emotions are
expressed through dialogue and actions.
KIND OF STORY
Short stories

- Often referred to as a "SLICE OF LIFE"

- lt is a Fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of Time, Place, and Action
- lt deals with a single character Interest, single emotion called forth by a single situation.

Novel

- ls a fictitious narrative with a complicated Plot.

- Novels have main plot and sub-plots that is develop from the main plot.
- lt is made up of Chapters.

FABLE

- usually featuring animals that behave and speak as human beings, told in order to highlight
human follies and weaknesses

Folktale

- is and old story that’s been told again and again, often for generations

Legend

- traditional story or group of stories told about a particular person or place

fairytales

- Stories about fairies, and other magical creatures, usually for children
Brainstorming
- It is a process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive and
freewheeling group discussion
DIFFERENT TYPES

 IDEA LISTING
 IDEA MAPPING
 CUBING
 FREE WRITING
 RESEARCHING
IDEA LISTING
- Simply involves listing down ideas about a particular topic
IDEA MAPPING
- Visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another, also called,
Web clustering
CONCEPT MAP
- a visual tool that helps you dig into an idea in detail

CUBING

- An idea is examined from (6) six distinct viewpoints.

• DESCRIBE (WHAT IS IT? )

• COMPARE (WHAT IS IT LIKE OR UNLIKE? )

• ASSOCIATE (WHAT DOES IT MAKE YOU TO THINK OF?)

• ANALYZE (WHAT PARTS IS IT MADE OF?)

• APPLY (HOW CAN IT BE USED?)

• ARGUE ( HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT OR AGAINST TO IT?)

Free writing

- Write what comes into your minds: continuous writing without inhibitions and not minding
errors in spelling or grammar

Researching

- Going to the library or checking out on the internet, then making a list or map of ideas
Advantages of Brainstorming

- It encourages creative thinking.

- All ideas are accepted. I
- it makes everyone to be part of team. I
- it is exciting and easy.

Disadvantages of Brainstorming

- It only works when everyone in the room has something to say.

- Without a strict leader, it might get too long to get the solution.
- Group with a large number of members will not be effective.
- People with high emotions are not allowed