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MIL Notes - Media and Information Literacy

Accounting (Philippine School of Business Administration)

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MEDIA AND INFORMATION

LITERACY SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION
MODEL (1948)

LESSON 1:

INTRODUCTION TO MIL PART 1

COMMUNICATION

- The act or process of using words,

sounds, sign, or behavior to express or RECEPTION MODEL
exchange information or to express your
idea, thoughts, feeling, etc. to someone
else OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION (1954)

- The exchange of information and the

expression of feeling that can result in
understanding

WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC TYPES OF

COMMUNICATIONS

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

(1960)
- Sign
- Symbol
- Colors
- Gestures
- Body Language
- Facial Expressions

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- Oral
- Written
HOW IS COMMUNICATION AFFECTED BY
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
TRANSMISSION MODEL

MEDIA
LASSWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1948)
- Communication tool

INFORMATION

- Data, knowledge derived from study,

experience or instruction, signs or
symbols

- Knowledge of specific events or situation

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- According to archaeologists, the

Prehistoric Age occurred some 4.5 million
years ago or approximately 30,000 years
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND ago.

- Stone Age and the Metal Age.

MEDIA LITERACY
- They are called as such because of the
- The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and kind of tools that the prehistoric people
produce communication in a variety of used during those times.
media forms.
- As the tools were relatively crude,
INFORMATION LITERACY
archeologist believe that a system of
- The ability to recognize when information writing had not yet existed during this era.
is needed and to locate, evaluate,
effectively use and communicate - As prehistoric men learned how to
information in its various formats sharpen their tools and use them for
hunting, they also acquired the knowledge
TECHNOLOGY DIGITAL LITERACY on how to use these materials in carving
stones.
- The ability to use digital technology,
communication tools or networks to - Eventually, this paved the way for them to
locate, evaluate, use, and create create a system of writing, which marked
information the start of the historic period.

Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of

Traditional Media

- Prehistoric men learned how to etch on

caves.

- Prehistoric men drew on caves what they

see around them, such as animals and
nature.

- Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of

Traditional Media

- During the Stone Age, prehistoric people

also used these crude stone tools to
create objects, which are now considered
rock art.

- Two kinds of rock art during the Stone

Age are petroglyphs and pictographs.

LESSON 2: -

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW PREHISTORIC ART AS THE EARLIEST FORM

MEDIA OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA

PREHISTORIC AGE PETROGLYPHS

- Prehistoric refers to the time before the - Can be carving or engravings in rocks or
existence of written or recorded history. caves

PICTOGRAPHS

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- Represent words or phrases through
symbols
- Used to refers to sketches or paintings
that usually deplict nature, early people’s
way of life.
MEGALITHIC ART
- Apart from cave paintings, prehistoric
men also created
- There is no concrete system of writing
during the Prehistoric Age so people
communicated their way of life, beliefs,
and other practices through music and
dance.
• Ex. Oyayi - song
• Ex. Cañao – dance (Cordillera) Offering
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE
- Most people associate factories and
machines to industries.
- The Industrial Age began in the 18th
century in Great Britain when the country
made drastic reforms to improve their
economy. • Technology shifted from using
hand tools to operating power-driven
machines.toric Art as the Earliest Form of
Traditional Media
INDUSTRIAL AGE
- Selling of goods boosted during the
Industrial Age. The concept of mass
production or manufacturing of goods in
large quantities was introduced,
increasing the demand for bigger and
better machines.
- Special equipment were fabricated to
meet the specific needs of different
factories.
- In a lot of ways, the Industrial Age has
improved the people’s way of living as
new inventions such as steamboats and
steam locomotives, made transportation
faster.
- However, some business owners during
this era focused only on earning profit so
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they took advantage of the poor economic
condition of the working class.
- When the steam press was invented, the
printing of materials like newspapers
became much faster, cheaper and easier.
- Communication during the Industrial Age
also became viable because of the
invention of the telegraph.
ELECTRONIC AGE
- Electronic refers to an object that has
electronic components, such as sensors,
microchips, which functions once it is
connected to an electrical outlet.
- Industrial Age and Electronic Age are
quite similar – they thrived in the
manufacturing industries.
- Industrial Age and Electronic Age are
different because of the equipment.
• Ex. Transportation and Communication.
INFORMATION AGE
- The Information Age has upgraded what it
can offer to consumers in terms of
gadgets and devices that can make their
way of life not only functional and
comfortable, but also offer endless
possibilities.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL
MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA
- In the present time, new media is
undeniably very useful, but this does not
mean that traditional media has already
become obsolete.
- Traditional media is still valuable and
influential because it has a wider reach
and market.
 Ex. People who live in remote areas • People
opted to traditional media
- The choice of media is based on one’s
needs, interests, ad lifestyle as both
traditional media and new media can
carry out their purpose of keeping the
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people informed and helping everyone to

stay connected. - With the massive reach of media, it can
greatly influence people’s views and
actions.
ROLES AND FUNCTION OF MEDIA IN A
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

SELECTED THEORIES ON MEDIA AND

INFORMATION
COLONIAL PERIOD
- Accessing information and
- people had been restricted to express
communicating with other people are fast
their ideas and fight for their rights.
and easy because there are different
forms of media we can use.
- people had been restricted to express
their ideas and fight for their rights. MEDIA RICHNESS MEDIA RICHNESS THEORY

- On the other hand, in the United States, - Introduced by Richard L. Draft and Robert
novel like H. Lengel in the 1980s. • communication
serves as a medium that can reproduce
- Democracy comes from the Greek information.
words?

- demo (people) and kratos (rule) = Rule of

- Media Richness Theory can be used to
the People
assess the richness or multifunction
capabilities of specific means of
- In a democratic society, the welfare of the
communication, such as phone calls,
public is important and their rights are
video conferences, and e-mails
protected by the government.
- .According methods, like e- mails and
video calls, are generally more effective
- The Philippines’ 1986 and 2001 People
than other forms of media as the desired
Power Revolutions perfectly show the
message is sent directly to the receiver.to
importance of the role of media in today’s
this theory, personal communication
society.

INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

- Prior to People Power I, local
- Suggests that humans process the
newspapers, such as: have reported
information they receive instead of merely
about the pervasive protests of people
responding to the stimuli.
against the government because of its
inability to respond to issues regarding
- also, the mind is like a computer that
labor, poverty, and education.
analyzes the information it gets from its
environment.
- Prior to People Power I, local
newspapers, such as: Hence, news
reporters from TV and radio stations CONTINGENCY THEORY
exposed illegal abductions of citizens who
were tortured for criticizing the - based on Joan Woodward’s work in 1958.
government.
- this theory argued about the influence of
- This proves that in democratic society, the technology and other variables in
media’s role is very crucial as it becomes organizations.
a reliable source of information.
- Contingency theory notes that a variable
- People in democratic society also use can change the behavior and the
different media platforms as a means to structure of an organization in order to
express their opinion on social issues. complete a task.

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MEDIA NATURALNESS THEORY
- was proposed by Nereu “Ned” Kock
based on the concept of human evolution.
- suggests that face-to-face communication
is the most natural method of
communication.
- Media Naturalness Theory proposes that
communication is better established and
that the message is more clearly
understood if people talk in person. • it
agues that the farther the sender is from
the receiver, the hard it is to process
information and comprehend the
message.
MEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION THEORY
- it is better if people who need to
communicate are all present and
available in real time.
- in this way, they will be able to note
immediate feedback and responses since
they are fully engaged in the
conversation.
- emphasizes that communication involves
interaction as it has two processes:
convey and converge.
- convey mans to make something known
to another person, which converge means
to come together to set a common
interest, purpose, or goal.
CHANNEL EXPANSION THEORY
- Suggests that an individual chooses a
type of media to use for communication
based on his experience in handling that
type of media alongside the person he
needs to speak with and what their topic
is all about.
INFORMATION BITS
- Cave paintings from the Prehistoric Age
can be considered as the oldest form of
media.
- During the Industrial Age, the invention of
the steam press allowed the faster
printing of newspapers, which became an
important source of information about the
disputes in old factories. Some news
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about the plight of workers regarding
unjust wages were also exposed.
- Technology was primarily used to assist
experts on how to process figures and
data accurately during Electronic Age.
- The Information Age gave ordinary
citizens the opportunity to become instant
reporters by posting current issues on
their social media accounts.
LESSON 3:
TYPE OF MEDIA
1. Print (Newspapers, magazines,
opinion journals)
- The two most common print media are
newspapers and magazines, but print
media also include outdoor billboards,
transit posters, the yellow pages, and
direct mail.
2. Broadcast (network TV, radio)
- Broadcast media involves electronically
and simultaneously sending information
containing signals, print messages and
audio or video content to a vast group of
recipients using television, radio,
newspapers, magazines and digital media
including the Internet, emails and texts.
3. Internet – blogs, Twitter, etc.
- Internet media comprise such services as
email, social media sites, websites, and
Internet-based radio and television. Print
media transmit information via physical
objects, such as books, comics,
magazines, newspapers, or pamphlets.
Event organizing and public speaking can
also be considered forms of mass media.
New media are forms of media that are
computational and rely on computers for
redistribution. Some examples of new media are
computer animations, computer games, human-
computer interfaces, interactive computer
installations, websites, and virtual worlds.

According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the
evolution of a universal interconnected network of
audio, video, and electronic text communications
that will blur the distinction between interpersonal
and mass communication and between public and
private communication"
Neuman argues that new media will:
- Alter the meaning of geographic distance.
Neuman argues that new media will:
- Allow for a huge increase in the volume of
communication.
Neuman argues that new media will:
- Provide the possibility of increasing the
speed of communication.
Neuman argues that new media will:
- Provide opportunities for interactive
communication.
Neuman argues that new media will:
- Allow forms of communication that were
previously separate to overlap and
interconnect.
TRENDS
- Newspapers and TV are declining as
news sources, Internet rising 2009
- But when Americans go on Internet, the
majority of the sites they go on are owned
by “old” media: major TV network news
sites, local and national newspaper sites.
Blogs are less than 25% of the news
consumed online.
Social Media Trends for 2021 and
Beyond:
- Ephemeral Content Will Keep Gaining
Popularity.
- TheTraditional Social Platforms Will
Continue to Perform Well.
- Social Commerce Will Continue
Expand.
- Video Content Will Dominate.
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- Live Streaming Will Become the New
Norm.
- Technology Adoption Will Be at an All-
Time High.
- Higher Adoption of Augmented Reality.
AMERICAN BROADCAST MEDIA
Versus other countries: privately owned, not
government owned
Implications of private ownership:
More freedom, less government control over
content
Priorities strongly influenced by dependence on ad
revenue: need to attract big audiences, keep them
entertained
How does federal government regulate the
media?
Federal Communication Commission (created
1934)
Equal time rule: any broadcast station that
give/sells time to candidate must make equal time
available to opponent(s)
Fairness doctrine – broadcasters must give time to
opposing views if broadcast a program slanted to
one side of a controversial issue (no longer in
effect)
In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television
stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM
radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations,
5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in
circulation
Some media outlets, such as RPN/IBC (television)
and the Philippine Broadcasting Service (radio),
are government-run. Most outlets are privately
owned
The newspapers are the Manila Bulletin, The
Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Business
Mirror, and BusinessWorld
to
Much media ownership is concentrated in the
hands of prominent families and businesses.
Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided
presentations favoring special interests. The
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privately-owned press also tends toward manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept
sensationalism at times for use but not for sale

4 MAJOR TYPES OF LIBRARIES

FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA - ACADEMIC LIBRARY

- PUBLIC LIBRARY
- SCHOOL LIBRARY
- SPECIAL LIBRARY
1. Reporting the news

2. Interpreting the news

ACADEMIC LIBRARY
3. Influencing citizens’ opinions
- serves colleges and universities
4. Setting the political agenda

5. Gatekeeper function (channels the news flow

that reaches the public) PUBLIC LIBRARY

- serves cities and towns of all types

How does media influence public opinion? SCHOOL LIBRARY
- Agenda setting – telling citizens what to - serves students from Kindergarten to
think about -studies by Iyengar and Grade 12
Kinder
SPECIAL LIBRARY
- Priming – affect standards people use to
evaluate political figures or problems - are in specialized environments, such as
hospitals, corporations, museums, the
military, private business, and the
- Framing – what you emphasize or de- government.
emphasize in a story

Bias
INDIGENOUS MEDIA
- Partisan? Old days/today…
Indigenous
- Ideological bias: liberal or conservative?
(surveys … but… - native; local; originating or produced
- Negativity and cynicism naturally in a particular region/locality
- Emphasis on conflict
- Emphasis on the president and
personalities v. policy Indigenous Knowledge

- knowledge that is unique to a specific

culture or society; most often it is not
LESSON 4 written down
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES Indigenous Media
- Indigenous - may be defined as forms of media
- Library expression conceptualized, produced,
- Internet and circulated by indigenous peoples
- Others around the globe as vehicles for
communication

LIBRARY
FORMS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA:
- A place in which literary, musical, artistic,
1. FOLK OR TRADITIONAL MEDIA
or reference materials (such as books,

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2. GATHERINGS AND SOCIAL - Information is said to be of value if it aids

ORGANIZATIONS the user in making or improving decisions.
3. DIRECT OBSERVATION
4. RECORDS (WRITTEN, CARVED, ORAL) Authority of the Source
5. ORAL INSTRUCTION
- Who authored or published the
information?

INTERNET - - Is the source credible?

- a global computer network providing a

variety of information and communication Timeliness Reliability, accuracy, and value of
facilities, consisting of interconnected information may vary based on the time it was
networks using standardized produced or acquired.
communication protocols.

EVALUATING INFORMATION FOUND ON - It may become irrelevant and inaccurate

THE INTERNET: with the passing of time (thus making it
less valuable).
-Authorship
Timeliness Other information
-Publishing body
- may be timeless, proven to be the same
-Accuracy and Verifiability in reliability, accuracy, and value
throughout history.
-Currency

Skills in determining the Reliability of Information:

Things to Consider in Evaluating a. Check the Author b. Check the Date of
Information: Publication or of update c. Check for Citations d.
Check the Domain or owner of the site/page. .com
-Reliability
- .edu - .mil - .gov - .org - commercial educational
-Accuracy military government nonprofit organization.

-Value

-Authority Skills in Determining Accurate Information: a.Look

for facts. b.Cross-reference with other source for
-Timeliness consistency. c.Determine the reason for writing and
publishing the information.

Reliability of Information
LESSON 5
- Information is said to be reliable if it can
be verified and evaluated. Others refer to MEDIA AND CONVENTIONS
the trustworthiness of the source in
evaluating the reliability of information.
IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA LANGUAGE

Accuracy of Information Accuracy - medium has its own language that is uses
to communicate meaning
- refers to the closeness of the report to the - Uses familiar codes and conventions that
actual data. Measurement of accuracy are generally understood
varies, depending on the type of
information being evaluated. Forecasts -
similar to the actual data. Financial -
MEDIA LANGUAGE
values are correct.
- It is the way in which the media text is
Value of Information
conveyed to the audience.

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TYPES OF MEDIA LANGUAGES for an audience, producers, & other

stakeholders.
- VISUAL
- AURAL
- WRITTEN WHAT MAKEUP CODES AND CONVENTIONS
- VERBAL
- NON-VERBAL THEME

CHARACTERS

VISUAL LANGUAGE SETTING

- Most used out of five in music video as it PROPS

was based on the visuals. Within these
NARRATIVE AND PLOT
vistuals we included a variety of different
locations in the music video SOUND

- Mise-en-scene CONVENTION

AURAL LANGUAGE

- Media texts includes a mixture of sound

help generate text includes spoken
language any sound in the world of the
chosen media

- Language also needs to linked to other

media languages such as visual so that it
makes sense in the piece of media in
which it is being used with

DIEGETIC SOUND

- Visible on the screen or whose source is

implied to be present by the action of the
film
- Voice of characters
- Sounds made by objects in the story
- Music represented as coming from
instrument in the story space CONVENTIONS
- Sound presented as originated from
source within the film’s world. Can be
either screen or off screen depensing on
whatever its source is within the frame or
outside frame

MEDIA TEXT

- utilized to depict any media item. e.g. TV

programs, photos, adverts, film, radio
CODES AND CONVENTION
programs, web pages, etc.

- Systems of signs, which create meaning

to communicate ideas and impressions

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WRITTEN CODES

- The way titles/headlines are presented.

e.g. headlines, captions, speech bubbles,
style
CODES HUMAN MIDS AS MACHINE
- A system of signs which can be detected
to create meaning

TECHNICAL CODES

- Focus on how media frames in visual

media are presented. e.g. camera angle,
lens choice, framing, shutter speed, depth
of field, lighting & exposure, juxtaposition

 Extreme long shot

 Medium shot
 Close-up
 Bird’s eye view AGENDA SETTING FUNCTION THEORY
 Worm’s eye view
 Depth of field shallow deep

CAMERA MOVEMENTS

1. PAN – SHORT FOR PANORAMA. THE

CAMERA MOVES HORIZONTALLY FROM A
STATIC POSITION.

2. TILT – THE CAMERA MOVES VERTICALLY

FROM A STATIC POSITION.

3. ZOOM – THE CHANGE OF FOCAL LENGTH – THEORY MAXWELL MCCOMBS & DONALD
CLOSER OR FARTHER AWAY. SHAW THE MEDIA HAS THE TENDENCY TO
MANIPULATE ITS WAY OF PRESENTING
4. DOLLY – TRACKING SHOT. CAMERA MOVES
MESSAGES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE
ON TRACKS/WHEELS TO GIVE A SMOOTH
DESIRED RECEPTION FROM THE AUDIENCE.
MOVEMENT.
THIS IS CALLED MEDIA AGENDA.
5. HANDHELD – GIVES THE FRAME A SHAKY
LOOK; POV SHOT

SYMBOLIC CODES

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- the use of electronic communication to

bully a person, typically by sending
messages of an intimidating or
threatening nature.

HACKING

- refers to the practice of modifying or

altering computer software and hardware
to accomplish a goal that is considered to
be outside of the creator's original
objective.

Hacking Those individuals who engage in

computer hacking activities are typically referred to
LESSON 6
as “hackers”.
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN
PHISHING
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
- is the attempt to obtain sensitive
- Republic Act No.10175
information such as usernames,
- Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
passwords, and credit card details (and,
research
indirectly, money), often for malicious
- September 12, 2012
reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy
REPUBLIC ACT NO, 10175 entity in an electronic communication.

- Or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

- is a law in the Philippines approved on
ILLEGAL DOWNLOADING
September 12, 2012 which aims to
address legal issues concerning online - refers to obtaining files that you do not
interactions and the Internet have the right to use from the Internet.

DIGITAL PIRACY
- Among the cybercrime offenses included - the practice of illegally copying and selling
in the bill are cybersquatting, cybersex, digital music, video, computer software,
child pornography, identity theft, illegal etc.
access to data and libel.
IDENTITY THEFT

CYBER - is the deliberate use of someone else's

identity, usually as a method to gain a
- Means relating to, or involving computers financial advantage or obtain credit and
or computer networks (such as the other benefits in the other person's name,
Internet) and perhaps to the other person's
disadvantage or loss
CYBERSPACE
CYBER DEFAMATION
- refers to the virtual computer world, and
more specifically, is an electronic medium - is an unprivileged false statement of fact
used to form a global computer network to which tends to harm the reputation of a
facilitate online communication person or company.
CYBERCRIME 2 TYPES OF DEFAMATION
- refers to the criminal activities carried out
by means of computers or the Internet
LIBEL
CYBERBULLYING
- Written

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SLANDER - is a legal concept that allows the

reproduction of copyrighted material for
- Verbal certain purposes without obtaining
permission and without paying a fee.
CYBERSEX
Purposes permitting the application of fair
- lso called computer sex, Internet sex, use generally include review, news
netsex is a virtual sex encounter in which reporting, teaching, or scholarly research.
two or more people (connected remotely
COMPUTER ADDICTION
via internet) send each other sexually
explicit contents or sexually explicit acts. - the excessive use of computers to the
extent that it interferes with daily life. This
excessive use may for example interfere
with work or sleep, result in problems with
social interaction, or affect mood,
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY relationships and thought processes.
- is a form of child sexual exploitation. DIGITAL DIVIDE
CYBERSQUATTING - An economic inequality between groups
in terms of access to, use of, or
- is registering, trafficking in, or using an
knowledge of ICT. The divide within
Internet domain name with bad faith intent
countries can refer to inequalities
to profit from the goodwill of a trademark
between individuals, households,
belonging to someone else.
businesses, and geographic areas at
different socioeconomic (and other
- The cybersquatter then offers to sell the
demographic) levels.
domain to the person or company who
owns a trademark contained within the VIRTUAL SELF
name at an inflated price.
- The persona you create about yourself
virtually
COPYRIGHT
NETIQUETTE
- a legal device that gives the creator of a
literary, artistic, musical, or other creative - the correct or acceptable way of
work the sole right to publish and sell that communicating on the Internet.
work.

- Copyright owners have the right to control

the reproduction of their work, including
the right to receive payment for that
reproduction.

- Violation of a copyright is called

infringement.

PLAGIARISM
LESSON 7
- an act or instance of using or closely
imitating the language and thoughts of OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER
another author without authorization; the OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
representation of that author's work as
one's own, as by not crediting the original
author. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
FAIR USE

ECONOMIC

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- To investigate the impact of Social Media
on economic growth. Using information
obtained from membership to social
networks. Power of media increase the
search costs for information and also the
substitution effect from labor to leisure.
EDUCATION
RISK
- In today world of connected learning, the
world is getting smaller and through use
of technology. It referred to social media
technology such as Facebook, Twitter,
Snapchat, etc.
- Seeing violent media content can make
likely that someone behave in an
aggressive or violent way.
- Their less understanding of other people
needs and feeling, or feel are afraid of
their environment.
- Media influence other unhealthy or risky
behavior including smoking, drinking, and
taking drugs.
- Even with the tight security setting your
personal information may leak on social
sites.

- As a student Media increase the student

collaboration, improve participation,
content rich resources, and useful to team ABUSE
projects.
- Addicting on social media has an effect in
our daily lifestyles, it give unhealthy
- Social media give all the information you
condition in our body.
needed.

SOCIAL - It’s important to parents that always watch

their children to make sure that social
- Any website allows social interaction is
media sites do not over lives.
considered a social media sit, including
social networking sites such as Facebook,
Myspace, Twitter, gaming sites and Virtual
works, video sites such as Youtube, and
Blogs. This sites give entertainment and Oversharing:
communication and have grown in recent
Downloading your videos or pictures and copying
years.
your status is an easy task but it gives you risk to
your family because you give them a information or
idea about yourself.
POLITICAL

- In presidential campaign: There’s no

finding in part of carelessness regarding Note: Think before you click.
the inferential consequences of
measurement error.
LESSON 8

CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS

- Adjusting for measurement several strong
media exposure effects, especially for
network television news, it also make pre-
existing opinion looks much more stable HAPTICS

- Is a science of applying touch sensation

MEDIA AFFECTS IN LIFE and control to interaction with computer
application

THREAT
- Is a feedback technology that takes
advantage of the users sense of touch by

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applying force, vibrations and/or motion to - Measures eye position and movement
the users which are analyzed through computer
application
- Ex. Smartphones, tablets

Examples

- Law enforcement (lie detection)

CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS - Airport security
- Retail
- Safety
- Health care
CONTEXT
- Human computer interaction
- Background, environment. Situation

- By combining hard sensor information

such as where you are and the conditions
around you combines with soft sensors
such as you calendar your social network
and past preferences INTERNET GLASSES

- Technology that can display images

directly onto our retinas while not blocking
our sight is being developed. This
- Example context aware remote control technology can be used in eyeglasses
that constantly determines who is holding and have a uses ranging from e-Gaming
it and automatically selects the smart tv to military defense

VOICE AND TONE RECOGNITION Examples

- Not only can voice and tone recognition - Turn by turn direction
be used to confirm a person’s identity but - Viewing virtual recipes
tone recognition can be used to detect a - Walking down the streets 2 blocks and 1
person’s health or emotional state. café away
- Seeing building schematics and location
- Giving speech while info is streamed to
your eyeglasses
INTELLIGENT ROUTING DEVICES

- Future technology will be useful to, for ex.

Local council while the move. Staff will be WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
able to provide the precise description
and location of a street-based issue using - Are smart electronic devices (electronc
smartphones device with microcontrollers) that can be
worn on the body as implant or
accessories
- Mobile devices that can take photos and
have GPS (global positioning system)
support Examples

- Google glass
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - Smart watch
- Smart ring
- The power of a machine copy intelligent - Bluetooth headset
human behavior

3D ENVIRONMENT
EYE TRACKING TECHNOLOGY

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- Are often referred to as virtual reality or - Getting the right information at the right
interactive 3D and have a figurative place for the right students
appearance

LESSON 9
Examples

- 3D Printers
- 3D Films PEOPLE MEDIA
- Holograms
- Refers to persons that are involved in the
use, analysis, evaluation and production
of media and information
UBIQUITOUS LEARNING
- People in media and people as media
- Is often simply defined as learning
anywhere, anytime and is therefore
closely associated with mobile
technologies

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF UBIQUITOUS

LEARNING

- Chen et all, 2002

- Curtis et al., 2002
PEOPLE AS MEDIA

- Opinion leaders
 PERMANECY
- Citizen Journalism
- Learning materials are always available
- Social journalism
unless purposely deleted.
- Crowdsourcing

 OPINION LEADERS
 ACCESSIBILITY - Highly exposed to and actively using
- Access from everywhere as personally media
required.

- Source of viable interpretation of

 IMMEDIACY messages for end media users
- Wherever a student is, he/she can
imeediately access learning material
- Opinions are accepted by a group

 INTERACTIVITY
- Online collaboration with teachers and / or - Two step flow communication model
peers (chat/blogs/ forums) (1944) Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson,
and Hazel Gaudet

 SITUATED INSTRUCTIONAL  CITIZEN JOURNALISM

ACTIVITIES - People without professional journalism
- Learning in context (on-site). training can se the tools of modern
technology and internet to create,
augment or fact-check media on their own
or in collaboration with others.
 ADAPTABILITY

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- Journalists are using social media to - serve to link different electronic

make their content available to more documents and enable users to jump from
people one to another in a nonlinear way.

CROWDSOURCING
PLAINTEXT OR UNFORMATTED TEXT
- The practice of obtaining needed
services, ideas, or content by soliciting - fixed sized characters having essentially
contributions from a large group of people the same type of appearance
and especially from the online community

FORMATTED TEXT
- Example: tripadvisor, waze, Wikipedia
- Appearance can be changed using font
parameters (bold, underline, italic. Font
size, font color ect)

PEOPLE IN MEDIA
TYPE FACE
- Media practitioners
- Provide information coming from their - refers to the representation or style of a
expert knowledge of first-hand experience text in the digital format
of events

TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDUIM

TYPE OF TYPEFACES
- Print journalism
- Photo journalism
- Broadcast journalism
 SAN SERIF
- Multimedia journalism
- Brings a clean or minimalist look to the
text.

- This font is used for clear and direct

meaning of text such as road signage,
building directory or nutrition facts in food
packaging

- Modern look and is used primarily in

webpage design

- EX. Arial, Helvetica, tehoma, verdana,

calibri
TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA

 SLAB SERIF
TEXT
- Carries a solid or heavy look to text
- A simple and flexible format of presenting
information or conveying ideas whether - Can be used for large advertising sign on
hadwritten, printed or displayed on screen billboards

- EX. Rockwell, playbill, blackoak

TYPES OF TEXT AND COMMON FILE FORMATS

 SCRIPT
- Script-draws much attention to itself
HYPERTEXT because of its brush-like strokes

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- Importance of value given part of the text-

based content
- Must be used sparingly and not to be
used in large body text - Make text bold

- Usually used in wedding invitation cards - Italicized

or other formal events

- EX. Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler

 APPROPRIATENESS
- How fitting or suitable the text is used for
a specific audience, purpose or event
 DECORATIVE
- Display or decorative-caters to a wide
variety of emotion ot themes
 PROXIMITY
- Refers to how near or how far the text
elements from each other.
- EX. Chiller, jokerman, culz MT

TEXT FILE FORMATS

 ALIGNMENT
- Refers to how text is positioned in the
 TXT (text) page
- Unformatted text document by an editor
as notepad on windows platform - Left, right, center or justified

 DOC (document)  ORGANIZATION

- A native format for storing documents - Refers to a conscious effort to organize
created by MS Word package contain a the different text element in a page
rich set of formatting capabilities

 REFETITION
 RTF (Rich Text Format) - Concerns consistency of elements and
- Cross platdorm document exchange, the unity of the entire design
default format for MAC OS X’s default
editor TextEdit

 CONTRAST
- Creates visual interest to text elements
 PDF (Portable Document Format)
- Developed by adobe systems for cross - Is achieved when two elements are
platform exchange of document supports different from each other
image and graphics

LESSON 11
 PS (PostScript)
- A page description language used mainly VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA
for desktop publishinh

VISUAL MEDIA
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
- Symbols, pictures, icons, signs and other
that communicate with ones senses of
sight
 EMPHASIS

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EXAMPLE OF VISUAL MEDIA 2. Construction (producing

simple visuals, taking
 IDEOGRAM pictures)
- this are graphical symbols that represent 3. Abstraction (identifying
ideas. Such as signs, logos and symbols. concepts from art
elements)

 STATISTICAL VISUALIZATION
- Study and dreation of data using visual  SKILLED LEVEL
representation. Charts and graphs are
examples 1. Manipulation (using tools
for problem solving)
2. Construction (drawing with
 PICTURE perspective; controlling
- Photography, painting, drawing. It is used variables in picture taking,
widely by people to express their ideas, origami, interpreting
opinion and sentiments instruction)
3. Abstraction (creating
 GRAPHIC DESIGN visual plans, specifying
- This refers to the art of combining text photographic treatment for
and pictures to communicate information, subjects, creating visuals
Infographics, posters, and graphic from verbal’s vice versa)
advertisement are considered as graphic
design
 ADVANCE LEVEL

 VIDEO 1. Manipulation (mental

- If graphic design is the combination of text manipulations of complex
and pictures, video is the combination of representation
motion picture or of motion and audio 2. Construction (drawing in
3d; creating own visual
style; producing
multimedia information
 3D IMAGE 3. Abstraction (lateral
- A three dimentional visual medium can be thinking, visual intuition,
a sculpture an architecture a real object or describing visual ideas
a person verbally)

VISUAL LITERACY SELECTION CRITERIA

- The learned ability to interpret visual
image accurately and to create such
messages BEFORE USING VISUAL INFORMATION

- Relevance
- Triangulation
 LEVEL OF COMPETENCIES - Point of view
DEVELOPED BY PROFESSOR - Medium used
RAYMOND PAQUIN (1999) - Audience

 PRIMAR LEVEL PRODUCING A VISUAL INFORMATION

1. Manipulation (changing
object)

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PROVIDING CLARITY

PROVIDING EMPHASIS

FOR PICTURE, SYMBOLS, COLOR AND MAPS

LESSON 12

AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA

AUDIO

- Sound, especially when recorded,

transmitted or reproduced

AUDIO MEDIA

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- Media communication that uses audio or

recordings to deliver and transfer
information through the means of sounc  MEMORY CARD (aka FLASH MEMORY
CARD OR STORAGE CARD)
- Is a small storage medium used to store
data such as text, pictures, audio and
TYPES OF AUDIO INFORMATION video, for use on small, portable, or
remote computing devices

 RADIO BROADCAST
- Live or record audio sent through radio  COMPUTER HARD DRIVE
waves to reach a wide audience - Secondary storage devices for storing
audio file

 MUSIC
- Vocal or instrumental sounds combined in  INTERNET / CLOUD
such a way as to produced beauty of - Websites or file repositories for retrieving
form, harmony and expression of emotion audio files, and more precisely the files
are stored in some data center full of
servers that is connected to the internet
 SOUND RECORDING
- Recording of an interview, meeting or any
sound from the environment

 SOUND CLIPS / EFFECTS AUDIO FILE FORMATS

- Any sound artificially reproduced tocreate
an effect in a dramatic presentation (ex.
Sound of stom, door)
 MP3 (MPEG AUDIO LAYER 3)
- Common format for consumer audio, as
well as a standard digital audio
 AUDIO PODCAST compression for the transfer and playback
- a digital audio or video file or recording, of music on most digital audio players.
usually part of a themed series, that can
be downloaded from a website to a media
player or a computer.
 M4A / AAC (MPEG4 AUDIO / ADVANCED
AUDIO CODING)
- An audio coding standard for lossy digital
WAYS TO STORE AUDIO INFORMATION audio compression. Designed to be the
successor of MP3 format, AAC generally
 TAPE
achieves better sound quality that MP3 at
- Magnetic tape on which sound can be
similar bit rate
recorded

 WAV
 CD (Compact Disc)
- Is a Microsoft audio file format standard
- A plastic fabricated, circular medium for
for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It
recording, storing and playing back audio,
has become a standard file format for
video and computer data\
game sound, among others

 USB DRIVE
 WMA (Window Media Audio)
- An external flashdrive, small enough to
- Audio data compression technology
carry on a key ring, that can be used with
developed by Microsoft and used woth
any computer that has a USB Port
window media player

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UNITS OF SOUND  DIALOGUE

- Speech, conversation, voice-over

 DECIBEL
- Or simply dB  SOUND EFFECTS
- NOISE OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS - Any sound other that music or dialogue

 HERTZ  MUSIC
- Or simply Hz - Vocal or instrumental sounds combines in
- Unit of sound frequency such a way as to produce beauty of form,
harmony and expression of emotion

 PHON
- Unit of subjective soundness PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN

 MIXING
- The combination, balance and control of
CHARACTERISTICS AND PURPOSES OF multiple sound elements
SOUND

 PACE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND - Time control editing, order of events
(linear, non-linerar or multi-linear)

 VOLUME
- Intensity of a sound  STEREO IMAGINING
- Using left and right channel for depth.
This refers to the aspects of sound
 TONE recording and reproduction.
- Audible characteristic of a sound

 TRANSITION
 PITCH - How you get from one segment or
- Is how high or low a sound is element to another

 LOUDNESS TYPES OF TRANSITIONS

- Refers to the magnitude of sound heard

SEQUE

- One element stops, the next begins (cut

PURPOSES OF A SOUND in film)

- Give instruction or information

- Provide feedback
CROSS FADE
- To personalize or customize
- One element fades out, the next fades in,
and they overlap on the way.
ELEMENS OF SOUND DESIGN

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V-FADE

- First element fades to inaudible before the

second elements begins

WATERFALL
AUDIO
- As first element fades out, the second
element begins at full volume. Better for - audio files and streams play a major role
voice transitions than for effects. in some multimedia system audio files
appears as part of application content and
also to aid interaction.

HEARING

- The act of perceiving sound by ear VIDEO

- embedding of video in multimedia

applications is a powerful way to convey
LISTENING information which can incorporate a
personal element which other media lack
- Required concentration so that your brain
video also enhances dramatizes and
processes meaning from words and
gives impact to your multimedia
sentences. Listening leads to learning.
application

LESSON 13

MULTI MEDIA

TEXT

- a simple and flexible format of presenting

information or conveying ideas whether
handwritten, printed or displayed on
screen.

GRAPHICS

- is a company’s road map. Indicating both

what the company wants to become and ANIMATION
guiding transformational initiatives by
setting a defined direction for the - adds visual impact to the multimedia
company’s growth. Vision statement project and are used in cartoons specific
undergo minimal revisions during the life visualization.
of a business

ANIMATION FILE FORMATS

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FORMS OF MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION

SOURCES

TEXT INFORMATION

- it is written or printed which tend to give or

share ideas and information

VISUAL INFORMATION

- Visual resources are one of a kind while

others are reproduced (like prints or
illustrations in books and magazines)

AUDIO INFORMATION

- This is a narration track that aids blind

and / or visually impared consumers of
visual media

MOTION INFORMATION

- This is the use of moving texts, images, or

graphics on display to give information. It
is a combination of sight and sound media

MANIPULATIVE INFORMATION
DISADVANTAGES OF MULTI MEDIA
- This refers to materials, programs, INFORMATION
application and the like that people use in
order to come up with a new information
and to aid learning through the use of
analysis, evaluation and production of
alphanumeric characteristics and symbols

MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION

- A combination of different media format

such as text, graphics, drawings, audio,
photos and videos with help of computers

ADVANTAGE OF MULTIMEDIA

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SELECTION CRITERIA

TASK FACTORS

- The type of objectives and hence the type

of learning activities which should be
provided for the learned

LEARNERS FACTORS

- Learner factors may talk about some

learners may learn better from certain
media than from others

AVAILABILITY FACTORS

- Economics also known as availability

factors may limit the choice of media in
practice

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS

BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES

- Alignment
- Base line
- Proximity
- White space
- Contrast
- Typography
VALUES OF MEDIA INFROMATION IN - Color
EDUCATION - Balance

FIVE ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA

TEXT

- Text is used as headlines, subtitles and

slogans. Its purpose is to express specific
information or reinforce information in
other media. It involves the use of text
types, sizes, colours and background
colour.

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GRAPHICS

- Still/static pictures typically accompany

text to illustrate the point or ideas the text
makes. Photos in a multimedia application
go beyond using them just as decoration.
In a multimedia context graphics may
consist of slide shows or galleries that a
website or social media visitor can view.

ANIMATION

- It can illustrate hoe things work or present

information in entertaining ways.
Animation can also include interactive
effects allowing visitors to engage with the
animation action using their kouse and
keyboard. Animation is dynamic and
media rich content that stays within one
container on a page a very powerful form
of communication

AUDIO

- It is multimedia application that uses

dialogue recorded narration, music and
sound effects.

VIDEO

- Video on websites and especially on

social media platforms already has a
great presence and will only continue to
gain popularity as more and more visitors
demand it. Short videos can be smart
marketing advantage and an excellent
way to differentiate yourself from your
competitor

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