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Lecture 5 Options
Lecture 5 Options
Lecture 5 Options
Tenth Edition
Chapter 10
Mechanics of
Options Markets
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Review of Option Types
• A call is an option to buy
• A put is an option to sell
• A European option can be exercised only at the end of its life
• An American option can be exercised at any time
Option Positions
• Long call
• Short call
• Long put
• Short put
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Long Call (Figure 10.1, Page 210) Long Call Profit graph
Profit from buying one European call option: option price = $5, strike
price = $100, option life = 2 months Payoff does not consider premium paid at the beginning
Profit = considers premium
30 Profit ($)
Call profit 0 -C
St - K -c
20
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Short Call (Figure 10.3, page 212) Short call profit graph
Profit ($)
5 110 120 130
0
70 80 90 100 Terminal
-10 stock price ($)
Short call payoff graph
-20
-30
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Long Put (Figure 10.2, page 211) Long put profit graph
Profit from buying a European put option: PUt Pay off = K - ST ST< K
0 ST > K
option price = $7, strike price = $70
Put Profit = K- ST -P ST < K
0-P ST > K
30 Profit ($)
20
10 Terminal
stock price ($)
0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-7
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Short Put (Figure 10.4, page 212) Short put profit graph
Profit ($)
Terminal
7
40 50 60 stock price ($)
0
70 80 90 100
-10
-20
-30
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Payoffs from Options
K
K ST ST
Payoff Long Put
Payoff Short Put
K
K ST ST
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Assets Underlying Exchange-Traded
Options
• Stocks
• ETFs (and other ETPs)
• Foreign Currency
• Stock Indices chapter 17
• Futures chapter 18
Called secondary derivatives coz they are build on derivative
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Terminology
Moneyness:
– At-the-money option stock price = K (strike price)
– In-the-money option for call =ST > K , for Put ST < K
– Out-of-the-money option for call ST < K for Put ST > k
ETPs Exchange traded products: They are designed to replicate the performance of a particular market, often by tracking an underlying benchmark
index. The most common ETP is an exchange-traded fund (ETF)
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1 contract =100 options
ST >>>>>> K
100 10
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Dividends and Stock Splits
• Suppose you own N options with a strike Stock split say 2 :1 = It means two shares for existing 1
share. 5:1 means 5 shares for existing 1 share
price of K:
– No adjustments are made to the option terms for cash dividends
– When there is an n-for-m stock split,
▪ the strike price is reduced to Km/n
▪ the no. of options is increased to Nn/m
– Stock dividends are handled similarly to stock splits
After stock split
1 stock = 2
1 option contract = 100 option
2 option contract = 200 options
so if before stock split price was 100 after split price = 50
so K will also be 50 i.e K/2
Why does the share price drops after dividends are paid = Equity value drops . Equity value ( No. of shares * ST)+
earning . Dividend paid from earnings
Cash dividends have no effect on option contracts . Stock dividends has an effect on option contract
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Market Makers
• Most exchanges use market makers to facilitate options trading
• A market maker quotes both bid and ask prices when requested
• The market maker does not know whether the individual requesting
the quotes wants to buy or sell
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Margin
Buying an option = No margin required ( cz u have right not obligation to buy)
selling an option = Margin money is requried.
When the seller of the call option does not have the underlying asset it is called naked call. If
the seller is selling a naked call you have to put up a margin.
Covered call = seller of the call option has the asset with him
• Margin is required when options are sold
• When a naked option is written the margin is the
greater of: call premium
– A total of 100% of the proceeds of the sale plus 20% of the
No need to memorize underlying share price less the amount (if any) by which the
option is out of the money S0 < K
– A total of 100% of the proceeds of the sale plus 10% of the
underlying share price (call) or exercise price (put)
• For other trading strategies there are special rules
Explain why the market maker’s bid-offer spread represents a real cost to options investors ?
A “fair” price for the option can reasonably be assumed to be half way between the bid and
the offer price quoted by a market maker
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Warrants HW = TARP ( Troubled assets relieved program
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Employee Stock Options
• Employee stock options are a form of remuneration issued by a
company to its executives
• They are usually at the money when issued
• When options are exercised the company issues more stock and
sells it to the option holder for the strike price
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Convertible Bonds
• Convertible bonds are regular bonds that can be exchanged for
equity at certain times in the future according to a predetermined
exchange ratio
• Usually a convertible is callable callable bond is like a right to the firm to call back the options
• The call provision is a way in which the issuer can force conversion
at a time earlier than the holder might otherwise choose
callable bonds == when the interest rate drops firm can call back the bonds and issue new bonds at lower interest rate.
When firm issues you a callable bond it buys the right like a option to call the bond. It will usually do so when the interest rate increases.
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Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives
Tenth Edition
Chapter 11
Properties of Stock
Options
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Notation
c: European call option C: American call option
price = call premium price
p: European put option P: American put option
price price
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5 questions in exam
how option will move keeping all the other things constant
When a call price increases the call premium goes up
Variable c p C P
S0 + - + -
K - + - +
T ? ? + +
s + + + +
r + - + -
D - + - +
C?c
P?p
? = we will have to see whether there is a dividend or not... coz it changes depends on that
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Read the book for each logic
Lower Bound for European Call Option
Prices; No Dividends Lower
this
bond is the premium cannot fall below
Payoff =c = 0 St < K
St - K ST >= K
Pv of ST - K or MAX (0, ST - K)
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Puts: An Arbitrage Opportunity?
p >= Max ( k*e ^ -rt - s0,0) This is the lower bound
• Suppose that for put option
p P=1 S0 = 37
T = 0.5 r = 5%
K = 40 D =0
• Is there an arbitrage opportunity?
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Lower Bound for European Put Prices;
No Dividends
p ≥ max(Ke –rT – S0, 0)
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Values of Portfolios at maturity
Looking at payoff
Blank Blank ST > K ST < K
Portfolio A Call option Long call ST − K 0 Bond has
nothing to do
Zero-coupon bond long bondK K Face value
with the option
Total ST-K +K = ST K
Portfolio C Put Option long put No Exercise 0 K− ST Pay off
c=3 S0 = 31
T = 0.25 r = 10%
K = 30 D=0
p = 2.25 ?
HW
p=1?
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Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives
Tenth Edition
Chapter 12
Trading Strategies
Involving Options
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Strategies to be Considered
• Stock plus option
• Two or more options of the same type (a spread) all call or all put
• Two or more options of different types (a combination) a call and a put together
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Writing a covered call
Long stock + Short call
Profit
Long Stock you buy the stock at S0
K ST
Profit
Long Call
ST
(b)
Short Stock
Call Payoff =
Long stock = buying at S0 selling at ST Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Short stock = Negative of long stock
This is buying a covered put. If u buy a put and stock simultaneously it is called married put.
Buy put on a previously held stock = protective put
Total Profit
ST <= K
K
ST
(c)
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Positions in an Option & the Underlying
Profit
Short Stock
Short Put
K ST
(d)
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Bull Spread Using Calls This is Vertical Spread. Where u have different strike price with
same Maturity i.e T.
You can have horizontal spread same K different T = calendrer
spread
Diagonal spread = Different K different T
Profit
Short Call, Strike K2
ST
K1 K2
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Bull Spread Using Puts - P + P > 0 = This is a credit spread
K1 K2 ST
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Bear Spread Using Puts 2 put option with different strike price
Buy high Sell low
Profit
K1 K2 ST
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Bear Spread Using Calls
Profit
Short Call, Strike K1
K1 K2 ST
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Box Spread
• A combination of a bull call spread and a bear put spread
• If all options are European a box spread is worth the present value of
the difference between the strike prices
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Butterfly Spread Using Calls
Profit
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A Straddle Combination Volatility Play. High volitality
Profit
K ST
Long Call, Strike K
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Strip & Strap
Profit Profit
K ST K ST
Profit
K1 K2
ST
Long Call, Strike Long Put, Strike K1
K2
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Other Payoff Patterns
• When the strike prices are close together a butterfly spread provides a
payoff consisting of a small “spike”.
• If options with all strike prices were available any payoff pattern could
(at least approximately) be created by combining the spikes obtained
from different butterfly spreads.
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