Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary

Medicine

Course Title: Food hygiene and Veterinary public health

Instructor: Abdu Mohamed (DVM, Msc)

Two methods of inspection
Two methods of inspection
Ante-mortem on live animals
Post-mortem on meat
Ante-mortem inspection (AI)
Inspection in pens on the premises, on the day of
slaughter, in motion and at rest.
Purpose
To obtain clinical information
To reduce contamination on the killing floor
To prevent the introduction of foreign animal disease
To ensure humane treatment
To ensure the proper identification of reactors
Ante-mortem inspection (AI)
To prevent the entrance onto the slaughter
floor of uninspected, dead or dying animals
To identify reportable animal diseases
To prevent disease transmission from the registered
establishment to the farm
To concentrate on post mortem inspection
To identify animals suspected to have been treated
with therapeutic agents
Facilities required for ante-mortem inspection
A complete ante-mortem examination requires facilities such as
proper identification of the animals,
appropriate certificate of the origin and
health of the animals, lairage and assistant.
General guidelines of anti-mortem inspection
No animal shall be slaughtered with out conducting ante-mortem inspection
and all the animals should be slaughtered with in 24 hours of delivery
(inspection).
Otherwise, the practice should be repeated.
Ante-mortem inspection should be conducted in lairage
Decision at admission
A slaughter animal may be
Admitted with restriction
Admitted with out restriction
Rejected during admission.
An animal is rejected if
certificate of the origin and/or
health fails,means and/ or route of transportation
is not maintained.
Diseases and abnormalities
Lameness: - ( arthritis, fracture, dislocation, foot-rot, black leg,
FMD and e.t.c
Emaciation: - ( Tuberculoses, john’s disease, parasitosis (Ecto. and
Endo.), lack of feed, malabsorption and others.
Excitement: - e.g. Rabies, food deficiency (tetany), poisoning e.t.c
Dullness/depression: - fever, malnutrition .
Diarrhea: - Suggests salmonellois, john’s disease, rinderpest,
parasite…………
Post mortem inspection (PI)
It is inspection of head, viscera and carcass
Objectives:-
for not be investigated by ante-mortem inspection e.g. cysticercosis.
To pass carcass and organs.
To supervise and control hygienic dressing of carcass
Facilities:
Adequate artificial light
knife, files, protective clothing (head cover, boots, aprons)
Metal containers for retaining.
Lockable rooms for detection of carcass
Clean tables, hooks.
Containers to keep condemned meat, facilities for cleaning.
Assistant
Guidelines/principles

Adequate and potable water is present

Equipments, personnel and slaughter hall are clean.
Personnel's wear protective clothes.
Evisceration is effected immediately after bleeding with out any
delay.
Carcass are separated from each
No of offals and viscera are equal to that of carcass.
Any body should not remove any.
Should not remove any mark or identification from the carcass.
Decisions at ante-mortem inspection
1. Passed for slaughter without restriction: -
if there is no evidence of disease or abnormality if the animal is adequately
rested.
2. passed for slaughter under a special control if it is originated from

An area where slaughter control has been made and/ or

sick during admission no public health significance.
Such animal is slaughtered in separate unit.
3.Authorized for slaughter delay: stress due to( transportation).

E.g. drug administration, curable disease and advanced pregnancy.

4.Emergency slaughter order( traumatic lesions).
5. Condemned or rejected: - If specific disease/zoonotic disease.
If not already dead, condemned livestock shall be killed by the establishment
Diseases Associated with Meat
T.saginata
E. coli from ground beef.
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalitis) from beef cattle.
Trichinosis from pork.
Salmonella from poultry.
Scrapie from lamb and mutton.
E. coli from ground beef
coli: A bacterium found naturally in the intestines of humans or
other animals. The strain common to the meat and food industry is
E. coli 0157:H7.
E. coli does not cause a disease.
should E. coli gain access to the kidneys, bladder, or other internal
organs, it can produce infections that can turn fatal.
E. coli outbreaks associated with domestic animals (mainly beef)
have strained the meat industry.
E. coli has occurred in milk, cheese,water,plants
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Mad cow disease, a fatal brain-degenerative disease (encephalopathy) in
cattle that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord.
BSE has a long incubation period, 2.5-8 years
Transmitted to humans who eat food contaminated by the brain, spinal
cord, or digestive tract of infected carcasses.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and as of June 2014 it had killed 177 people in
the United Kingdom and 52 elsewhere.
Controls on high-risk offal (internal organs) were introduced in 1989. The
cause was cattle, which are normally herbivores, being fed the remains of
other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM),
Outbreaks of BSE in Canada severely crippled Canadian beef exports, which
have only recently been restored.
Under Canadian law, it is now illegal to feed cattle MBM. The Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA
Trichinosis:
Trichinella Trichinella cysts (roundworm larvae) is eaten.
For humans, undercooked or raw pork salami.
Trichinosis is a foodborne infection and is not contagious from human to
human
However, almost all carnivores (meat eaters) or omnivores (meat and plant
eaters), such as bears, can both become infected and, if eaten, can transmit
the disease to other carnivores and omnivores.
If humans, dogs, pigs, rats, or mice eat living Trichinella cysts.with meat,
they can become infected.
In rare instances, larvae in cattle feed can infect cattle.
There are six species that are known to infect humans.
virtually eradicated in Canada due to well-managed controls.
safe core temperature of 60°C (140°F) is held for at least one minute.
Pork can also be cooked as low as a core temperature of 54.4°C (130°F) and
held at that temperature for 30 minutes.
Salmonella:
Foodborne bacteria with 1,300 types known(typhoid fever).
The main sources are poultry, eggs and cracked eggs, shellfish, raw
milk, and service workers with unwashed hands.
People and animals may be carriers without showing any symptoms.
Safeguards:
Cook products to an internal temperature over 60°C (140°F) for 12
minutes to kill salmonella.
Scrapie:
a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system of sheep and goats.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). It is similar to BSE
Caused by the animal’s feed.
By protein called a prion.
However, the CFIA does have a control program in place.
The disease seems to present itself differently in different countries. Wasting
and debility (weakness) in North America,
pruritus (intense itching) remains the most noted clinical feature in Europe.
Scrapie is spread from an infected female to her offspring at birth, or to other
animals exposed to the birth environment, through fluid and tissue from the
placenta.
Safeguards:
Scrapie is not known to be transmissible to humans, so any measures in place
are to safeguard the health of sheep stocks.
Cysticercus (pl. cysticerci)
Tapeworms (larvae) belonging to the genus Taenia.
It is a small, sac-like vesicle resembling a bladder; hence, it is also known as
bladder worm. It is filled with fluid, in which the main body of the larva,
called scolex (which will eventually form the head of the tapeworm).
It normally develops from the eggs, which are ingested by the intermediate
hosts, such as pigs and cattle.
cysticercosis. Inside such hosts, they settle in the muscles.
Humans eat raw or undercooked pork or beef that is contaminated with
cysticerci, the larvae grow into adult worms inside the intestine.

Under certain circumstances, specifically for the pork tapeworm, the eggs can
be accidentally eaten by humans through contaminated foodstuffs. In such
case, the eggs hatch inside the body, generally moving to muscles as well as
inside the brain. Such brain infection can lead to a serious medical condition
called neurocysticercosis.[1]
This disease is the leading cause of acquired epilepsy.[2]
Cysticercus
Genus Taenia. It is a small, sac-like vesicle resembling a bladder;
hence, it is also known as bladder worm. It is filled with fluid, in
which the main body of the larva, called scolex
T.Solium
Intermediate (man and pig)
Definitive Man(2-4meteres,800-1000 segm)
Neurotic cysticercosis is common
Diphylobotrium
Up to 10 metres
Def host human
Human can be intermediate if egg is injested (neurocysticercosis).
Pigs intermediate
Human cysticercosis
Muscle
Opthalmic
Neurocysticercosis
20 million infection