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NEW PERSPECTIVES
The Internet
10th Editi o n
COMPREHENSIVE
]essica Evans
Ralph Hooper
T he Univers ity of Alabama
: .~ CENGAGE
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P r int N umber: 01 Pr i nt Ye司 r: 201 6
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丁he Internet, 10th Edition, Comp陀 hensive iii
BRIEF CONTENTS
M 。由Jle1 Browser Basics W回 1
UsÎng Web Browser Software
Module 2 Basic Commun • cation on the Internet: Email WEB 55

USÎng EmaÎI and SharÎng Files
Module 3 Searching the Web WEB 107

USÎng Search EngÎnes EffectÎveJy
Module 4 lnformation Resources on the Web WEB 149

FÎndÎng Specific Information On/ine
Module 5 User-Generated Content on the Internet WEB 199

EvaJuating Different Methods of Internet Communication
Module 6 Jnternet Security. . . . . . . . . .... ... .... ... ...•. ..... WEB 245
Managing Common SecurÎty Threats
Module 7 V川 reless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 295

USÎng and Securing Wireless Networks and OevÎces
Module 8 Creating Effective Webpages .. . ........ . . . WEB 335

Creating HTML Documents and Understanding Browser Extensions
Module 9 ElectronÎc Commerce. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 379

Ooing Bυsiness on the Internet
Module 10 Introduction to Oata on the Internet WEB 415
Appendix A The Internet and World Wide Web WEBA1
Additional A且 ignments 1-4 ADD 1
Additional Assignments 5-8 ADD9
Index REF 1
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New I'e rs pect仰 es Series
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Advanced Edge Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 39
INTERNET MODULES
Searching from Edge Address Bar. . . . . . . . . . . WEB 40
Module 1 Browser Ba sics Changing How Edge Searches the Web . . . . . . WEB 40
Using Web Browser 50仕 ware.......... .. . WEB 1
Edge Reading Ust and Reading View ........ WEB 42
Session 1.1 Visual Overview: Chrome, Customizing Edge .................. . .... WEB 42
Edge, and Firefox Browsers... . . . ....... .. .WEB 2 Using Edge to Annotate and Share Webpages . . WEB 44
Understanding the Internet and the Web . . . . . . . WEB 4 Advanced Firefox Features WEB 44
Working 阳 th Hypertext Markup language Customizing Firefox WEB45
and Hyperlinks .............. . . . WEB 5
Managing Downloads in Firefox. . . . . .. WEB 47
5tarting a Browser ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 5
Efficiently Searching on a Webpage in Firefox . WEB 48
Navigating Webpages . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . WEB 6
Entering a URl in the Address Bar. . . . . . WEB 6 Session 1.2 Ouick Check •..• . • . • . • . • . • . • .WEB SO
Clicking Unks . . . . . . . . . . WEB 8 Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . , . . . . . . WEB 51
Na 川 gating Visited Webpages . . .. WEB 10 Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 52
Using the Page Tabs . . . . . . . .. WEB 10 Module 2 Basic Communication on the Internet: Email
Changing Your Home Page . . WEB 11 Using Email and Sharing Files . . , • • . . . • • . . • • WEB SS
Using Bookmarks and Favorites ... . . WEB 13
Session 2.1 Visual Overview: How Email
Deleting Bookmarks, Favorites, and Folders. .. WEB 16
Works • . , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • , • , • , • • • •WEB 56
N 酬 gating Webpages Using Browser History .. WEB 16
What Is Email and How Does It Work?.. .... .WEB 58
Managing Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 18
Common Features of an Email Message WEB 59
Using Private Web Browsing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 21
T0 , Cc, and Bcc WEB60
Getting Help with Your Browser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 22
From WEB60
Saving Webpage Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WE8 24
Subject...................... .. , . . ..... WEB60
Saving Webpages. ... .................... WEB 24
Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 60
Saving an Image from a Webpage. . . . . . . . . . . WEB 24
Message Body and Signatures..... ....... .. .w EB 61
Copying Text from a Webpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 26
Internet Etiquette (Netiquette) . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 62
Printing a Webpage .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . WEB 28
Email Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . WEB 64
Session 1.1 Ouick Check. . . . . . . . . .... . . .. .WEB 剖 Comrnon Features of Email Apps.. ............. WEB 65
Session 1.2 Visual Overview: Chrome, Sending Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 65

Edge, and Firefox Browsers. . • . • . • • • • . • . . . WEB 32 Receiving and Storing Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 65
Advanced Browser Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 34 Printing a Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 65
Advanced Chrome Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 34 Organizing Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . WEB 65
Getting the Most Out of the Chrome Omnibox. . WEB 34 Forwarding a Message WEB66
Using Chrome on Foreign language Websites . . .WEB 35 Replying to a Message WEB66
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丁he Internet, 10th Edition, Comp陀 hensive
Protecting Your Computer from Viruses WEB 68 Web到te Ownership and Objectivity WEB139
Dealing 时th Unsolicited Messages . . . . . . . . . WEB 69 Evaluating Accurac 肌 Relevance， Scope,
and Objectivity of Content WEB 139
Session 2.1 Ouick Check. • . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . WEB 川
Form and Appearance WEB 140
Session 2.2 Visual Overview: Message Evaluating the Quality of a Webpage WEB 140
In Gmail . . . • . • . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . . . . • . . . . . WEB 72 Evaluating Wikipedia Resources WEB 142
Webmail Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 74 Search Engine Optimization WEB 143
Creating a Google Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 75
Sessi町、 3.2 Ouick Check ……........ .. WEB 144
Logging in to Your Gmail Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 79
Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 145
Sending a Message Using Gmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 81
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 145
Receiving and Opening a Message . . . WEB 85
Opening and Saving an Attached File . . . . . . . . WEB 86 Module 4 Information Resources on the Web
Replying to and Forwarding Messages . . . . . . . WEB 87 Finding Specific Information Online . . . .. . . . WEB 149
Replying to an Email Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 88
Session 4.1 Visual Overview: Types
Forwarding an Email Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 88
。f Information on the Internet. • . • . . . . . . . •WEe 150
Labeling and Printing an Email Message . . . . . . WEB 90 Finding Current and Specific Information
Deleting a Message and a Label . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 91 。 n the Web WEB 152
Managing Your Google Contacts... .. WEB 93 Finding Recent Information . . . . . . . . . WEB 152
Adding a Contact to Google Contacts . . . . . . . WEB 93 Finding News on the Web ... ... WEB 154
Using Google Drive to Share Fi 陆 WEB96 Finding Up.to.Date Weather Information . . .. WEB 158
Signing Out of Your Google Account. . . . . . . . . . . WE8 100 Finding Employment on the Web . . .. WEB 160
SessÎon 2.2 Ouick Check • . •.• . •.. . . . . • . •WEB 101 Using the web for medical information
and advice WEB 163
Using the Web to Locate a Home WEB 165
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 102
Finding Products and Services Online WEB 171
Module 3 Searching the Web Session 4.1 Ouick Check. . • . • . • . • . • . . . • . •WEe 171
Using Search Engines E他 ct/ve收 WEB 107
Session 4.2 Visual Overview: Webpage
Session 3.1 Visual Overview: How a Search
Citation Guidelines . . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . . . •WEe 172
Engine Works. • . • . • . . . . . • . • . • . • . . • . . . •WEe 108 Understanding Copyright..... .............. . WEB 174
Searching the Web.... .. ...... WEB 110
Determining Fair Use .. ......... . . . ...... .WEB 174
Understanding Search Engines WEB 110
Works in the Public Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 175
Understanding Search Engine Databases WEB 116
Understanding Plagiarism WEB177
Search Engine Features WEB 117
Citing Web Resources WEB 178
SessÎ町、 3.1 Ouick Check. • . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . WEe 131 Accessing Text-Based Resources Online WEB 179
Online References WEB 180
Session 3.2 Visual Overview: Evaluating
Periodical Databases WEB 182
a Website . . • . • . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . . . . • . . . . WEe 132
Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 134 Online and Virtual Li braries WEB 184
Evaluating Web Research Resources ........... WEB 137 Government Sites WEB 186
Authorship, Expertise , and Object川ty. ..... WEB 138
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New I'ers pect仰 e s Series
M 川 timedia on the Web WEB 188 Module 61nternet Security

Finding Graphic Images on the Web WEB 189 Managing Common Security Threats . . . . WEB 245
Finding Audio Files on the Web WEB 191 Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Physical and
Finding Video Files on the Web WEB 193 Logical Security . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . . . •WEB 246
Sessi 町、 4 . 2
Quick Check •.• . • . •.• . ••. . . . WEB 193 Security Basics ....... . . . . WEB 248
Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 194 Using Encryption to Protect Against
5ecrecy Threats WEB 248
Protecting Oata Integrity WEB 250
Module 5 User-Generated Content on the Internet Phishing Attacks WEB 251
Eνa/uating Di仔erent Methods of
Protecting Copyrighted Materials Us呵
Internet Commυnication. . . . .. . . . .. . ... . WEB 199
D啕 italWatermarks WEB 254
Session 5.1 Visual Overview: Pull Preventing Oenial-of-Service Attacks WEB 257
Technologies. ..... .. ..•.•.•.•.. .. ..•. .WEB 200 Recog 叫 zing and Preventing Identity Theft WEB 259
Push and Pull Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 202 Security Concerns for Social Network Users WEB 263
Web 2.0 WEB 202
Session 6.1 Quick Check. ............... .WEB 267
Email-Based Subscriptions WEB 203
Getting Information from Feeds WEB2日 4 5ession 6.2 Visual Overview: Enhancing
Podcasting WEB 207 Security . • . • . •.•.•.•.•.•• . •.•.•.•.•. .WEB 268
Mashups WEB 210 Web Cl ient 5ecurity . . . . . . . WEB 270
Active Content: Java and JavaScript WEB 270
Sessi 町、 5.1 Quick Check. • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . •WEB 2恬
Oetecting and Removing Malware WEB 274
Session 5.2 V附 ual Overview: Push Blocking Tracking Devices in Electronic
Technologi白 ...... ......... .......... . WEB2咀 Communications WEB 280
Internet Messaging. . . . . . . ........ . . WEB 218 Blocking Communication Using a Firewall WEB 281
Voice Over Internet Protocol WEB 220 Communication Channel Security WEB 2B2
Online 50cial Networks WEB 221 Oi9 此 al and Server Certificates WEB 284
Connecting with Friends ... . . . . . WEB 222 Trust Seals WEB 286
Advertising Revenues from Social Networks. . WEB 222 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport
Online Business Networks WEB 223 Layer Secur比 y (TL5J WEB 286
Sharing Pictures on the Web WEB 225 Session 6.2 Quick Check •.•• . • . •••.• . • . .WEB 289
Sharing Videos on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 227 Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 290
Blogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 229 Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 291
Microblogs .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . WEB 230
Consolidating Content Using a Module 7 Wireless Networking
Using and Secυring Wireless
50c 旧 I Hub. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 234
Networks and Devices WEB 295
Online Reputation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 236
Protecting Your Reputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 237 Session 7.1 Visual Overview: Wireless
Devices γimeline. • . • . • . . . . • . • . • . • . • . • . . WEB 296
5田剑。 n 5.2 Quick Check ..... . ......... . WEB 239
The Evolution of Wireless Networks. . . . . . WEB 298
Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 240
Wireless Local Area Networking . . . . WEB 300
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 241
Wi reless Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 306
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丁he Internet, 10th Edition, Comp陀 hensive vii
Personal Area Networking WEB 307 Using Images in an HTML Document WEB 351
时 reless Wide Ärea Networking WEB 311 Using Anchors WEB 354
Using Wireless Devices to Access the Internet .. . WEB 313 Adding a Li nk to a Webpage WEB 355
The Internet of Things. ........ . . WEB 314 Using Cascading Style Sheets
and Inline Styles WEB 356
Session 7.1 Quick Check. • . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . WEB 317
Session 8.1 Quick Check. . • . • . • . • . • . . . . . . WEB 359
Session 7.2 Visual Overview: Wireless
Security Concerns. . • . • . • . • . • . • . . . . . . • . •WEB 318 Session 8.2 Visual Overview: Creating
Security Concerns for Using Wireless Networks .. WEB 320 a Website . .. .•.. .. . •••• . • . • . • . • . •.. . .WEB 360
Methods for Securing Wireless Networks . . . . . . . WEB 320 Evaluating Website Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 362
Wireless Encryption Methods WEB 320 Website Creation Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 363
Wired Equivalent Privacy WEB 320 Choosing Other Development Tool5 .......... . WEB 364
Wi-Fi Protected Access WEB 321 Programming with JavaScrip t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 365
MAC Address Filtering WEB 322 Choosing Image Editing and IIlustration
Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. WEB 368
Disabling the SSID Broadcast WEB 322
Choosing a Web Hosting Provider. . . . . . . WEB 369
Changing the Defa川 t Login WEB 323
Understand ing Types of Web Servers . . . . . .. WEB 369
Understanding Security Threats to WireJess
Devices . . . . . . ....... . . . . . WEB 324 Understanding the Site's File Size and
Transfer Requirements . . . . WEB 369
Security Concerns for Bluetooth-Enabled
Devices . . . . . . WEB 326 Evaluating Other Services Offered by a
Provider. . . . . ....... . . . WEB 370
Security Risks with Sma 内 phone Applications. . . .w EB 326
Publishing a Website . . . . ....... . . . . WEB 371
Methods for Securing Wireless Devices. .. WEB 327
Search Engine Submission
Sessi町、 7. 2Quick Check. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .WEB 330 and Optimization . . ....... . . . . WEB 372
Review Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . WEB 331
Se臼 ion 8.2 Quick Check .. . _. _. _. _. . .. . .WEB 373
Case Problems . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . WEB 331
Module 8 Creating Effedive Webpages
Creating HTML Documents and
Understanding Browser Extensions. . . . . . WE8 335 Module 9 Electronic Commerce
Doing Bυ siness on the Internet WEB 379
Session 8.1 Visual Overview: Understanding
Session 9.1 Visual Overview: Electronic
HTMl • . • . •••• . • . ..•. . . • . • . • . • . • .. • . .WEB 336
Commerce . • . • . •.• . •.. . ••.• . • . • . . . • . .WEB 380
Understanding Markup Languages WEB 338
Buying and Selling on the Web ............... WEB 382
Understanding Tags and Attributes WEB 339
Buying and Selling Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 382
Planning an HTML Document WEB 340
B"川 9 and Selling Subscriptions. . . . . . . . . .. WEB 389
Creating an HTML Document. . . . . . . . WEB 343
Buying and Selling Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 391
Creating the HTMl Document Structure. . . . . WEB 344
Paying for E-Commerce Purchases. . . . . . • . . . . . . WEB 400
Adding a Comment to an HTMl 口。 cument . . WEB 346
Consumer Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 401
Inserting and Formatting Headings. . . . . . . . . WEB 346
Transaction Security Concerns. . . . WEB 401
Inserting and Formatting a Paragraph. . . . . . . . . . WEB 348
p ，旧 cy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 402
Creating a Li st. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 350
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WEB 403 New Uses for Networks WEBA9

Cultural and Language lssues WEB 403 lnterconnecting the Networks WEBA9
Legallssues WEB 406 Network Use in Business WEB A10
Government and E-commerce WEB 407 Growth of the Internet WEB A11
So四町、 9.1 Quick Check. • . • . • . • . • • • • . . . . WES 刷O The Evolution of the Web WEB A12
RevÎew AssÎgnments. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . WE8411 Origins of Hypertext WEB A12
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . WEB 412 Evolution of Web Browsers . WEB A13
8usinesses That Provide Internet Access . . . . . . . . WE8 A15
Module 10 Introduction to Data 8and 叩 dth and Types of Connectivity WEB A16
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Examples of Data WEB 418 J 副
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Data Terminology WEB 419

Computationa l Thinking WEB 422
Additional Research A目 ignment 3
Computational Thinking Tools WEB 423 Adνances in Holographic Imaging ADDS
Data Structures WEB 426
Interface and Implementation WEB 430 Additional Research Assignment 4
Evaluating and Credentialing Non-Pr，。而t
Investigating Data Policies of Social Organ;zations ADD7
Networking Websites WEB 432
Additional Research Assignment 5
Session 10.1 Quick Check ... . . . ... . ..... .WES 443 Web Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . .ADD 9
RevÎew Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 444
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WE8 445 Additional Research Assignment 6
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Domain Names WEBA5
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Origins of the Internet WEBA7
Connectivity: Circuit Switching vs
Packet Switching WEBA7
Open Architecture Philosophy WEBA8
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Browser Basics
Session 1.1 Using Web Browser Software
• Oefine the terms associated
w ilh Ihe Inlern el and the World
叭lideWeb
• Oifferentiate bclween web Case I Arden Valley Independent
servers and web clients Schoo/ District
• Identify the name of the
language used to create 口民 Susan Murphy, the recently selected superintendenl of the
webpages and understand how Arder、、 alley lndependent School DistricI, has just returned frorn
It IS US时 thc National Education Association Leadership Summit in Chicago,
• Identify thc shared features I lI inois. Among the many sessions she attended <1 1 the conference,
of GoogJe Chrome, Microsoft onese咽。 n in particular, entitled "Gaps in 5chool Acc叩table Use
Edge, and Mozilla Firefox Po licies," has molivaled her 10 do a revi 队，V of the Arden Va llcy
• Ensure easy access 10 5chool district's acceptable use policies. You ilrc serving as an intern
pce圳 ously visited websites
in the superintenden t's office this semester and w ill help Dr. Murphy
• EfficientJy naviga1e the web
wilh her rcview. Dr. Murphy is especially concerned about how the
• Identify and manage cookies
• Use the associa时 pnvate 5chool district handles intellectual properly (IP) righ lS. She believcs
bco附 ng mo由 that many of those involved in properly obtaining and citing these
• Use the Help features provided rights , such as stuclents , teachers, and administrators , might n创 ha、 e
by each browser suff比 ient knowledge about the process. Dr. Murphy has created the
• Save and print webpages following list of questions to begin her review
Sessi o n 1.2 1. How does U .5. copyright law define fair use as it applies to
• Use Chrome's omnibox 10 school d islr回到
comp!ele calculations and 2. What can the school district do 10 help people make ethical
converSlons choices conccrnÎng IP rights?
• Use Chrome to Iranslale 3. What 1ypes of IP rights does the acceplable use policy 时时
webpages from one language 10 cover?
10 anolher
4. Are there online tutorials that s阳 dents ， teachers, an(1
• Customize }代:l ur Chrome
administrators can view 10 increase their know!edge of IP issues?
browser with extensions and
5 叭 hal are the legal implicalions for individuals and for the
Ihemes
• Scroll and zoom webpages school diSlrict if there is a breach of IP rights?
easl 忖 and efficiently using 6. What legal steps can the school district take to protect itsel f
Chrome against a viola1ion of IP righ1s by a sludent or employee?
• Use the Edge address bar 10 7. Does the current policy on the use of software by the district
search adequateJy cover all possible instances of IP rights violations,
• Use Ihe Reading LÎsl and and does il spell out the consequences of these violations?
Reading View in Edge
• Customize Edge by modifying As a first step in finding out answers 10 her que剑 lons，口 r. Murphy
default settings for searching has asked you to c。可到 le a list of online references about copyright
and reading view ISSU 田 While you are stilllearning aboutlhe Inlernet , you agree 10
• Use Edge to make and share give it Nthe old co! lege tr机"
web nOles
D汇 Murphy suggests beginning your sea 陀h with the website for Ihe
• Subscribe to RSS (eeds
U n i 时 States Copyr旧 ht Offi四川 htln :l/w\Vw.rnnvri内t.e.ov.
• Sha 陀 webpages on social media
• Customize 叭。 ur Firefox To he!p Dr. Murphy 飞川 th her queslions, you will first need to learn
browser with Add-ons more about using a web browser ,
• Use the Fire(ox Find feature
WEB 1
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SESSION 1.1 VISUAL OVERVIEW:
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Module' B ro、~ser BasÎα I lnt e rn e t WEB3
CHROME , EDGE , AND FIREFOX BROWSERS
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Internet I Module 1 Browser Basics
Understanding the Internet and the Web

Co叫)uters that are connecled 10 each other form a network . When networks
are connected 10 each otheιIhe system is called an inlerconnecled nelwork or
inlernel (with a lowercase "i"). Th e Inlernel (阳 th an uppe厅case "1") is a specific
inlerconnected network that connects computers all over the world using a common
sel of standards. Although it began as a compuler science projecI sponsored by the
U.S. militar弘 Ihe Inlernet today allows people and businesses all over the world 10
communicate with each other in a variety of ways
Th e pa 叫 of the Internet known as the World Wide Web (or the web) is a colleclion
of files that resideα、 cα11puters called web servers thal are connected 10 each other
Ihrough the Internet . Most of the 们 les on a computer, including a computer connec 时
to the Inlernet, are private; that 院 only the compule内 u sers can access those fîl臼
The web contains millions of files made publicly available by their rights holders or
owners. Anyone who has a computer connected to Ihe Internet can obtain access to
Ihese files.
when you use an Internet connection 10 log on to Ihe web, your computer becomes
a web client. A web browser is the software that allows your com 阳 ler 10 connecl
10 , locate , retrieve, and display web content. YOU can read Appendix A 10 learn more
about the hislory of the Internet and the web and the technologies behind their
叩 eration
Choosing a Browser
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There is a variety of web browsers available on the Internet. Some of the most popular
browsers are Google Chrome , M 町。soft Edge , and Mozilla Firefox. Microsoft Edge
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comes pre- installed on computers running the Windows 10 operating system. You can
download and install the Chrome and Firefox browsers for free , enabling you to
choose the one y 。 υwant to use. AII web br。队 sers have similar features , but some
are more robust and others are more streamlined. To help evaluate and decide which
web browser is right for your needs , you should read browser reviews, explore product
pages , take tou /"S町 demos of the browsers , and try them
普饺轨轨飞飞
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g归伊。町F An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instrυctions that tells a computer what to do
旦 An algorithm meets the following conditions
1) The steps are ordered
2 2) The steps are unambiguous
3) The steps are executable
4) There exists halting criteria so that the number of steps is fìnite
A program , also called computer software or software , is the result of an algorithm ,
'"阶 hich the steps are encoded using a programming language such as C++ that has
been entered înto the computer.
Computer software can execute many problems or "tasks" at the same time
For example , a browser is a type of soft..咽 re that is able 10 manage a variety of tasks
such as displaying websites ，的 nding webs比es， searching for websites , etc
Web authors and browser de 臼 gners use the hypertext markup language (HTMυM
determine how content and tasks appear on a website
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Module 1 Bro附 er BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB5
Working with Hypertext Markup Language and Hyperlinks

The public files on web servers are ordinary text files , much like the files created and
used by word-processing software 币o enable web bro 咽er software to read these fi!es ,
the lexl musl be formatted according to a generally accepled standard. The slandard
used on the web is Hypcrtex t M arkup language (HTMl). HTMl uses codes, or tags,
that tell the web browser software how to display the texl conlained in the texl fil e
For example, a web bro 、Iser can read the following line of co出
A Rev 卫 ew of the 800k <孟 >Wind Instruments
In this examp!e, the code recognizes the and <Ib> tags as instructÎons to display
the entire line of texl in bold and the and <l i> tags as inst阳 C l ions to display the text
enclosed by those tags in italic. A text file that contains HTMl tags is called an HTMl
documenl
HTMl provides a variety of text formatting tags that can be used to indicate
headings, paragraphs , bulleted lists, numbered lists, and other text enhancements in an
HTMl document. (You willlearn more about HTMl tags in Module 8.) The real power
of HTMllies in its anchor tag. Th e HTM l anchor tag enables web designers to link
HTMl documents to each other. Anchor tags in HTMl documents create hypertext
links, which are in5tructions that point 10 other HTMl documents 町 to another section
of the same document. Hypertext links are also called hyperlinks or links. An example
of the use of an anchor tag to create a link is illUSlrated by the following line of code
<a href:..http://www.cengage.com .. >Cengage Learn 且 ng</a>
When the code is placed in an HTMl documenl , Ihe browser displays the words
"Cengage learning." When the phrase is pointed at with the curso飞 the cursor changes
10 a hand shape, and when the phrase is clicked, the browser displays the URl: .bl!.u;Ll
旦旦旦&豆豆=且皿 Normally， links such as this one would appear underlined and in
blue font; dick on them and the color changes to indicate previous use. It is the code
autho 内 job 10 enter instructions for indicating how a link interacts 、圳 th the user. You
willlearn more about writing code in Modu!e 8
YOU can share linked HTMl documents on any computer anywhere in the world
a5 long as there is an Internet connection. When a web browser displays an HTMl
document, it is often referred to as a webpage
Starting a Browser
Thi s introduction assumes you have al least one of the following browsers installed
on your computer: Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox , or Microsoft Ed ge 、 ou can
download and install Ch rome and firefox free from the Internet. Mîcrosoft Edge comes
installed 、圳 th 叭lindows 10 and replaces Internet Explorer (l E) as Microsoft's entry in
the browser market. Ifyou have all three browsers insta ll ed on your computer, you can
try all of the features discussed in this module. However, even if you have only one of
Ihe5e browsers available, you should still read about and study alt of the browsers, and
as you read the module, rnake frequent reference to the Visua ! Over川 ews. Typically,
your desktop wi!1 have a browser shortCUI icon , which you can double-click 10 launch
the browser.
when your browser opens， γou might noti ce simi larities and di fferences between
it and other browsers you have used in the past. Different browsers have their own
version of the address bar for o pening webpages , the back and forward buttons
for navigalîng among prevωus l y visited pages, the tabs for open webpages , and
the browser menu button. Users can customize Iheir browser features 10 suit their
persona I needs
Session 1.1 Visual Overviews for Chrome, Edge, and Fîrefox show possible
configurations that a user could set up. However, you might choose to customize your
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browsers differently. Throughout this module you are encouraged to refer frequently to
the Visual Overview to review the basic concepts illustrated for each browser. We will
learn about the specifics for customizing Chrome, Edge, and Firefox in Ses剑。 n 1. 2
Navigating Webpages
币。 identifya particular 叭 ebpage's exact location on the Internet, web browsers rely
on an address called a Uniform Resource loca l阳 r or URl , which is the ad < Iress of a
specific webpage. Every webpage has a unique URl, simi lar to the mai !ing address for
a home or busine如 A URL is a four-part addressing schcme that ∞ mmunîcates the
following information to Ihe 叭 eb br例 SCI
• the protocol to use when transporting the file
• the domain name of the computer on which the 白 le resides
• the path for the folder or directory on the computer in which the file resides
• the name of the file
For example, in the URl htlm 叭 VW.lOCÆ刷 'rrlr.lrehooklrli[!itillmJ lJrli[! ita Imll-aurlubon.html
the Nhllp://" is the transfer protocol , which is the set of rules used 10 move files
between compute附 Th e two mosl common protocols used to transfer fil田 on the
Internet are H yper怡 xl Transfer Prolocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Prot旺 01 ( FT问
The second part of the URl, the domain name, is the "w 伽 4λ loc. gov" in the above
e 陆 mple; this references the location of the compu!er on which the webpage resides
The "www"indicales a connection 阳 Ihe web. Th e Nloc" represents the name of the
川 ebsite (Ubrary of Congress), and ".gov" identifies the website as a Uni 怆dS让ates
government site. The "/rr/rareb ο ok/digiralcoflr po 川 ion of the URl provide骂 the path
for the folder in which the webpage file is located, and the last po叫 on of the URl ,
"digitalcoll-audubo n. html," is the 白 lename
Entering a URl in the Address Bar

You can use the Address bar 10 enter a specific URl and go directly to Ihat webpage
For example, you can enter the compl配 U R l for a website, such as 且皿也出皿且乓L
to load that 驯 ebpage in the browser. YOU might notice that as you begin to type, a list
opens, displaying pages you have previously visited that begin with the letters you are
typin g; you can select a URl and pr白 s the Enter key to r，刨 urn 10 Ihat webpagβ B m、听 ecs
will try to complete partial URLs that you type in the Address bar. For example, if you
type npr.org, your browser \J圳 11 convert it 10 http://\叭叭.v.n 咒 org and load Ihe webpage at
that URl
Ifyoudon创 sec the URl you want in the Address bar list, you can enter a part 凶
U 民 l or a search wo 时; this will open the search engine. A search engine performs a
search based on the text you type in a search box- i n this case, the Address bar- and
displays the search results . You can click any Iì nk in the search results 10 go 10 ils
川 ebpage. You 、川 IIlearn more aboul search engines in Module 3
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Module 1 B ro附 e r BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB7
Understanding Home Pages
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On the web , the term "home page" has two possible de币 nitions. The first definition
indÎCates the main webpage on a particular websi怡; all the pages on the site link back
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to it. This webpage is the first page that opens when you 叭 sit a website. The 州 e name
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most commonly given t。如白 a webpage is index.htm l. The html file extension tells
the browser that this is an HTML~coded text file. The browser should interpret th 臼 type
。 f HTML file before displaying it
The second defini创。 n of a homeρage is the page that opens when you start your
、Neb browse r. One of the skills you willlearn in this module is how to customize your
t汗。wse r so that your home page can be whatever webpage you desire. In fact , you can
customize your browser to open 刚 th m川 tiple home pages, if you 1i ke , each in 阳。wo
tab. You might notice that the ∞ mputer y∞ use at the s由。 ol's libra 叩 automatically
。 pens to its main webpage
Dr. Murphy wants you 10 beg in you r research on copyri ght issues
To load the United States Copyright 0何ice home page:
•• 1. Open GoogJe Chrome

2. CI 比k
in the Address bar to select the URL, and then type htt但;11
些直坠豆豆但旦国肚4垒Y... This is the URL for the United States Copyright 0阶 ce
website
Trouble? The Address bar might display a list of suggested UR Ls as you
type; ignore these suggestions and continue typing
' 3. Press the Enter key. The home page of the United States Copyright 0俯 ce
website loads , as shown in Figure 1 ~ 1
United States Qffice
Search box
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Written Communication: Th e Impo时'ance of Organization on a Website

Webs比es are a form of written communications media 割 milar to printed brochures ,
magazines , and newsletters. By visiting di仔éent websites , you can come up with your
。 wn ideas and plans for building one . Web designers des川 gn. plan , and organize
how a website willlook and function. They also make sure to reflect an organizatωn 驾
communications goals by 臼 refully displaying information so that visit町s to the site will
be able to access what they are looking for e忏icientl沪 For exam同 e. the U.S. Copyright
Office's home page includes links to information that it believes website visitors will be
seeking , such as the follo阳 09
• ABOUT US
• NEWS
• LAW AND PO Ll CY
• PUB Ll CATIONS
• CONTACT US
On the U.s. Copyright Office's website. each of these headings leads to a set
。f related topics. Another important point in organizing the website is that the
navigation tools should appear in the same place and in the same form on every
page. This consistent structure helps visitors to 飞he site famil 田 ize themselves w怕
its fun 口 ionality. The use of common color combinations and consistent headers and
graphics reinforces the message and validity of the website
叭Ihen writing , clearly organize thoughts and ideas around a theme 飞 hat conveys your
message while guiding readers to the most important information in a direct w坪 YOU can
accomplish this on a website by understanding what your site's vis阳 rs will be looking for
and structuring y。υr slte to organ 日e that information and make it easy to find
Clicking Li nks
Most sites provide helpful links that alloψusers to navigate from one webpage to
anothe r. So me of these web links take users to pages hosted on other websites, such
as the Congress.gov link at the bottom of the U .s.
Copyright Office home page, wh ich
directs your browser to the official website of the U .s, Congress 刊 e U.S. Copyright
。 ffice home page also provides a link to news and pres s 陀 lea ses that it has archived;
clicking the link takes yo u directly 10 an organized list of resources . Another type of
link typically found on a webpage 后 a mailto link , such as the U.S. Copyright Office
Webmaster 1i nk displa归 d on the botto 响吗ht o( the home page. Clicking Ihis link
opens an email a ddr，臼 sed to 10c. go以It is easy and efficient 10 navigate the web using
links. You will use links 10 open Ihe Copyright l aw webpage and then 10 go further into
the laws by selecting links 10 more detailed information
To use links to navigate the United States Copyright Offi ce

website :
t 1. On the United $tates Copyright Office home page. pαnt to the LAW AND
PO Ll CY link , as shown in Figυre 1-2. The pαnter changes to the shape of a
hand with a pointing index fingeιand a drop-down menu appears
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Module 1 B ro附 er BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB9
drop-down menu
offers multiple
related hyperlinks
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时…
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Þ 2_ Click the Copyright La w link. The Copyright Law of the United States
webpage opens in the browser window
Þ 3. On the Copyright La w webpage , click the HTML link for Chapter 1: Subject
Matter and Scope of Copyright. The Chapter 1 page opens in the browser
window as shown in Figure 1-3
FIgure - Chapter 1 I百""鸣耐l 2.ht la节咽.

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for Chap民er 1 of
U.5. Copyr唱 ht La ws
.
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Sou rce: Copyrignt.gov
• 4 口 n the Chapter 1 webpage , click the 101. Oefinitions link. YOU are directed
to a location farther down the Chapter 1 webpage. This is an exam忡。 f ，
link applied to a named location on the same webpage rather than a link t。
an entirely different webpage
Dr. Murphy was righl; Ih is is a greal pl ace 10 slarl

copyright issues
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Navigating Visited Webpages

The 8ack and Forward buttons on Ihe Navigation bar allow you to navigate among
the pages you have just visited. When you fjrst start a bro 崎 er session , these buttons
are grayed out or otherwise unavailab le. After visiting mo 矿 e than one webpage in a
browsing 5自sion ， the 8ack bullon changes , indicating that it is active and available
Clicking the Back bullon returns the browser to the p reviou匹 webpage. You can
continue c1 icking the Back button until you reach the first page you viewed when
you started the browsi ng session. Once you c1 ick the Back bullOn , the Forward
butlon activates , and you can c1 ick the Forward butlon to return to pages you
have visited
As you move among your visited pages , you might want to reload or re fresh a
webpage. The ReJoad/Refresh bullon Joads a new copy of the webpage that currently
appears in the browser window. Browsers store a copy of every webpage they
displ ay on your computer's hard drive. Storing this information increases the speed
at which they can disp lay pages as you navigate back and forth through visited sites
because the bro、四 er can load the pages from a local disk drive instead of reloading
them from the remote web server. When you c1 ick the Reload/Refresh button , your
browser contacts the web server 10 see if the webpage has changed since it was
stored locally. If it has changed , your browser gets the new page from the web
server; othenγise， it loads the copy stored on your compUler. Use the Back , Forward ,
and Reload/Refresh bullons to navigate among the webpages you visited on the
U5CO webs i\ e
To navigate among visited pages on the United States Copyright

O忏ice website:
Þ 1. Click the Back button to return to the top of the Chapter 1 page
Þ 2. Click the Ba ck button to return to the Copyright laws of the United $tates page
Þ 3. Click the Forward button to return to the Chapter 1 page
Þ 4. Clíck the Ba ck button to return to the Copyright laws of the United $tates page
Þ 5. Click the Ba ck button to return to the Copyright Office home page
Þ 6. Clíck the Reload bu 忧。n in the Address bar to load a new copy of the home
page. You might see a change in the story headline , but you should see n 。
。ther changes. as most of the page elements do not update frequently.
Using the Page Tabs

50 far, you have used the same tab for all of the webpagesγou have visited. You
can open additional page tabs on the tab row nextto the Address bar and Joad
different webpages on each tab instead o( opening additional webpages in separate
browser windows . l his tabbed browsing technique is especially useful when you
need to open many pages or navigate frequently back and forth among muhiple
webpages
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Module 1 Bro附 e r BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB 11
Using Tabbed 8rowsing

• Click the New tab button on the tab row
• In the Address ba 巳 enter the URL for the webpage you want to open in the new tab
町
• Right-click a link on the displayed webpage , and then choose to open in a new tab on
the shortcut menu
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• Press t扣 e Ctrl key as you clÎCk a Ii nk on the displayed webpage
• To close a τãb ， click the close tab button on that page马 tab
Changing Your Home Page
Changing the Default Home Page in Chrome

U • Click the Chrome Menu button , and then select Setting5 to go to the Chrome Settings
ZM
page in a new tab
EMHhUE
• Under On startup , select the 0ρen a speôfic page or set of pages radio butt。门， and
then click Set pages to open the Startup pages dialog box
• If you have already opened the pages you want to appear upon 到 a 内 up In one or
more tabs , you can simply click the Use current page5 button to 5et these pages as
your home pages. Click OK to complete the home page se{ection
。
• If you want to 5et the home page or pages from the Startupρages dialog box , you
can enter the URL for a page , press Ente巳 and 飞 hen repeat the process to add as many
home pages as desired. When you have finished selecting home pages , click OK
Changing the Defa υIt Home Page in Firefox

• Navigate to the webpage you want to have as your home page
• Drag and drop that tab onto the home button
· αÎck Yes to set that page as your home page. {f you want to have multiple home
pages , open each webpage in a separate tab
• Click the Firefox Menu button , and then click the Options icon to open a new Options
tab. Select the General pane
• SÎnce you have already 0ρened the pages that you want to appear upon startup in
。 ne or more tabs , you can simply click the Use Current Pages button to set these
pages as home pages
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」】 Internet I Module 1 Browser Basics
Changing the Default Home Page in Edge

• Click on More (. ..). and then click Settings , to open the S E下Tl NGS panel
ZUEMHhUE
• Under O pen with, se lect the A specific page or pa g目 rad io button
• In the drop-down box select Custom
• You 、叫 1 see a box open in which you can enter a web address. Enter the URl of the
desired home page. Press ENTER. If you want another home page , enter another web
address. Press ENTER
Dr. Murphy has asked 归 u 10 configure the Edge browser on her compU!er so that
when she opens Edge the following thr四 homepages a阳 ear: the U.S. Copyright
Office, the Library of Congress, and the National Educatio n A550ciation . You wi ll set
three home pages for the Edge brow咽 r on D汇 Murphy's computer 50 that 5he can use
tabbed browsing to navigate the websites she wi ll be 川 siti ng frequently
To configure the Edge brow回 r to you r ∞ mputer:
' 1. Open Edge . (T hese instructíons assume that you currently have only one
home page.)
•• 2 . Click on More (,..)

3. Ne吨c! ick on Settings to open the SEITINGS panel as shown in Figure 1-4
E 霄'帽'回_ The Settings panel in Edge

3
-…『‘
select Settings to get '
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to this Settings panel ""'" w 啊，
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' 4 . Under Open with , choose the radio button for A specific page or pages , and
then select Custom in the drop-down box
' 5. In the Enter a web address bo 民 type the URl forthe U.S.
webs比e ， h忱。 J Iwww.coovrioht.ao l , and then press Enter
Copy付 ght Office
' 6. Dr. Murphy also wanted to visit the website for the Li brary of Cong 和ess. Enter
the URL h且且丘旦旦且国♀S且 in the Enter a web address box. Press ENTER
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Module 1 Bro附 e r Bas ÎCs I l nl ernel WEB 13
• 1. Enter the URL for the National Ed uc础。 n Ass。 αation website , h且且丘
监亚也A垒盈...Q[9 ， in the Ent er a web address box. Press ENTER . See Figure 1-5
selected home
SETTINGS 但
Show the favonles bar

值二) Off
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。四"帕'"
o Sta叩'9'
o New tab page
O 所阳叫酬
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CuSlom 一一
click the x 10 remove
aboutstarl x the home page
about:start
I hnpJ/WWW c叩ynghtgovl x
added home pages 1 h民pJ/WWW.1oι""/ ×
lhnp://WWW.n ea.org! ×
U巴旦旦旦
• 8. Click the x beside the about:start page to prevent this page from being
inclu 才 ed when you open your browser
• 9 . Click outside of the Settings panel

• 10. Exit Edge and then re-Iaunch Edge to make certain that the three desired
home pages are displayed when you open your browser.
Using Bookmarks and Favorites

As you use the web to (j nd in(ormation , you can create bookmarks (Chrome and
Fire(ox) and favorit田 ( Edge) ， so you can easily return to your favorite sites. You might
very quickly find yoursel( creating so many bookmarks or faνorites that it is difficult to
find a specific one. When you start accumulating these saved websites, it is helpful to
k町p them organized
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」】
Creating Bookmarks and Favorites

• To create a bookmark in Firefo凡 click on the star to the right of the Search box. CI 比k
ZUEMu-UE
。 n the icon directly to the right of the star to manage your Firefox bookmarks. You
will see options such as View Bookmarks Sidebar. Show AII Bookmarks. Bookmarks
Toolbar, and Recently Bookma 阳d
• To create a bookmark in Chrome , click on the star at the right-hand end of the
Address ba r. To manage Chrome bookmarks. click the Chrome Menu button and
then poi叫 to Bookmarks. You will see options such as Bookmark this page , Bookma rk
manager, and Import bookmarks and settings
• To create a favor此e in Edge , cl ick the star at the right-hand end of the Addre唁电 bar.ln
the window that opens , make sure that you have selected Favorites (on the left top)
instead of Reading list (on the right top). Place the favorite where desired and create a
new folder if needed
YOU will use Chrome 10 save Ihe URL for Ihe U.s. Copyrighl Office webpage as a
bookmark and create a Copyrighl folder in which 10 store Ihis bookmark
To create a bookmark and a folder to store a link to the Copyright

Offi ce home page using Chrome:
• 1 叭lith the U.$. Copyright Qffice home page open. click the Chrome
Menu butt。η ， point to Bookmarks , and click on Bookmark manager in the
pop-out menυThis opens the Bookmark manager in its own tab
' 2. In the far top left of the window, click on the drop-down arrow beside
Folders and then click on Add folder . Name the New folder Copyright by
typing in the box and pressing the enter key. See Figure 1-6
a new fol der in Chrome Bookmark

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~ e 自 chrome:tJboo kma战军/11187
Bookmark Manager
。'9ò1nize .
s.，，，缸。，~，
•• 3. C!ose the Bookmark Manager tab

4. Cl ick on the star in the Address bar to bookmark th
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Module 1 B ro附 er BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB 15
• 5. Adjust the name of the bookmark if desired and select the Copyright folder
as the location in which to store the bookmark
• 6. Click Done
• 7. To confirm that your bookmark is in the correct ~加 ce ， return to the Bookmark
Manager and select the Copyright folder,
• 8. Double-Click on the bookmark to ensure that the U.S. Copyright Office
home page opens
In the pre叭。 US 5el o( steps, you crealed a bookmark and a folder in 叭 hich 10 510re
it. You can do a great deal more toward structuring your research findings by using the
Bookmark Manager
You 5aved the U.S. Copyright Office URL as a bookmark , which yoυstored in a new
folder named Copyright in the Bookmark Manager. Bec;:飞 use Dr. Murphy wants you to
collect in(ormation about more than just copyright issues , you realize that you should
also organize the in(ormation you collect on intellectual property and (air U5e. While
you are 51ill at the beginning 5t咱自 of your research , you decide to create a more
complete 5tructure in which to save your bookmaγks
To restructure bookmarks in Chrome:

• 1. Open Chrome , if needed , and dick the Chrome Menu button , point t。
Bo okmark军， and dick on Bookmark manager in the pop-out menu. This
opens the Bookmark Manager in Îts own tab
• 2. Create a folder called AVISD to serve as a repository for all of your
bookmarks saved during y。υr research for Dr. Murphy on behalf of the Arden
Valley Independent School District
• 3. Move the Copyright folder into the AVISD folder by right-dicking on the
Copyright folder and choosing Cut. Then right-dick on the AVISD folder
and dick Paste
• 4. Create another folder inside of the AVISD folder to hold information you
have found on intellectual prope附子 Right dick the AVISD folder and select
Add folder. Name this folder IP
• 5. Create a third folder inside of the AVISD folder to hold your research 白 ndings
。 n Fair Use. Right dÎck the AVSID folder and again choose Add folder
Name this folder FairUse
• 6. Close the Bookmark Manager and navigate to the webpage h且在lL
旦旦旦&!P.Q且主 ThÎs is the website of the World Intellectual Prope叫
Organization , which you encountered while conducting research for
Dr. Murphy.
• 7. Bookmark this page by dicking on the star. Then dick the drop-down arrow
for the folder text box , and then dick Choose another folder to see your
complete folder structure as shown in Figure 1-7
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」】
‘
800kmarl fold er struclure
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click the arrow to · 臼 --回 h回 h恼
expand the AVI$D • rJt AVIStI
folder cil _ .圃，咱也
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"".
一一一
t 8. CHck the arrow next to the AVJSD 机older to expand its contents. 5elect the
。 P folder to 同 ace the bookmark. Click the Save button
t 9. Repeat this procedure with the website h竹n 川启的风白龟 t.'l nforn.~nu/ov~ 阳p.wl
h止且皇垒 . placing a bookma改 for th 陆 S比e in the FairUse folder within the
AVISD folder
Deleting Bookmarks, Favorites, and Folders

Creating bookmarks and favorites is a great way to keep track of sites you knmγyou
want to visit on a regular basis. However, sometimes you no Jonger want to visit a
site, such as one related to a completed proj旺t. Other times, the URL for a site has
changed or the sile no longer exÎsts. In each of these instances, you w ill wa 川 to delete
the bookmarks, favori tes, and folders in which they are stored. You can right-click to
delete a specific bookmark or favorite, or you can delete an ent ire folder. When you
delete a fol der, the folder and all of its contents move 10 the Recycle Bin
Navigating Webpages Using Browser History

Another way 10 return to a sile that you have visi ted recen!ly is by using your browser's
history feature. In Firefox , click the Firefox Menu button and then click on Ihe Hi story
icon to open the history lis t. 1f you select Show AII History, the Firefox Library window
open乱 which is useful when you know you visited a si te recently but did not create
a favorite and you cannot recall the URL of the site. From the Li brary, you can view a
list of the sites visited on thal computer al various times. YOU can display the hislory of
visited 创 tes organized by date, sÎte, sites most visited , or the order visited on a single
day. For all three browsers discussed in this module, Ct rl + H wi ll bring up the history
lis t. Not e、 'ery site that you visit as you conduct your research w ill warrant being
saved as a bookmark or favorile. The history lisl will be helpful if you want 10 show
Dr. Murphy the breadth of sites you visited during your resea
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|三巳二J二(j
Module 1 B ro附 er BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB 17
To view the history in Microsoft Edge:

Þ 1. Click the Hub icon (three unequal horizontallines)
Þ 2. Next，而 necessary， click on the History icon , the third icon from the left
Þ 3. Click on Today to see the history of all of the websites visited toda沪 Note
your link may be slightly different. See Figure 1-8
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食 'ò::: @ 企也
HISTO RY ClNr ~ hlslory
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""'"吻"号沪γ'1\J1le 11J'}2ch，1pU、"时
Þ 4. Click on Last hour to see the most recently visited pages in the order visited
Note: you will only see a Last hour link if you have visited a page within the
last hour
S. Click a link to a particular page in the history list. Hub closes , and your
browser navigates to the selected page
public or sha陪d ，αmpuler，
the hisωry list will i时， d怡
sites visited by th唱 prev'ou5
users. n叩"， y剧
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WEB 18 Internet I Module 1 Browser Basics
」
FZUHmz- Erasing 、旬 ur Browsing History
In some situations , su 巳:h as when you are finishing a work session in the school's
computer lab or on any public computer, you might want to remove the list of websites
that you visited from the browser history on the computer on 帆 hich you had been
呐。而 ng. Erasing your browsing histo吵 he恰s protect your persona l 时。 rmatÎon and
guard your privacy when w。而 ng on a shared computer.
Delete your browsing history in Firefox by clicking the Firefox Menu button , clicking
the History icon , and then clicking Clear Recent History to open the Clear Recent
History dialog box. Then click the Time range to clear arrow and seleαeither a time
range of browsing history to clear or Everything to clear the entire History list. If you
select Everything , the dialog box v圳 11 expand to show a list of items that will be deleted
Make sure the Browsing & Download H 目。 ry is the only check box se!ected În this list
If there are other check boxes sele仨 ted ， click each of them to clear the selections. A伐ec
ensuring that the Browsing &Dow叫。 ad History is the only optωn checked , click the
Clear Now button to erase the en创 re browsing history stored on the computer.
Delete your browsing history in Chrome by clicking the C忖'ome Menu button , pointing
to Hist。呗 and then clicking on History in the pop-out menu to open a new History tab
(alternat吨" presslng 口时+ H from the browser window 咐 1 accomplish the same thing)
From the History tab, click on the Clear browsing data button to open the dia log box
Use the drop-d。执 n box to select the time range; make ce刊rtain to select only the Browsing
h 剧。 ry check b。比 Click the Clear browsing da飞 a button to erase browsing data
Delete your browsing histo俨y in Edge by clicking on the Hub (t忖ee unequal horizontal
lines). Next , click on the History 们con ， the third icon from the left. Select Clear all history
and choose the typeS of data you want to remove from your computer. Click Clear
Managing Cookies
AII web browser users should know whal cookies are. A cookic is a smalllexl file
that a web server saves on the hard drive of the COmpuler running the web browser
soflware. A cookie sl町'es information from your visit to a specific website, such as
your login name and pa5sword , which pages you v i ew 时， and your shopping carl
informalion. By sloring Ihis information on your COmpuler, Ihe web server can relrÎeve
the information when you return 10 that site, enabling il to perform functions such as
aulomal町 login ， which makes il easier to sign in 10 webpage骂 you have visiled before
However, oftenlimes the cookie files save 10 Ihe COmpuler'S hard drive w ilhoullhe
u ，e内 knowledge
When Ihe site you are visi ting 1现 ac四 a cookie on your computer, it is called a
‘
first-par ty cool ic. However, companies Ihal sell adverlising on webpages wrile many
cookies. Th ese cooki臼 infillrate your bro 咀 er via Ihe adverlisers' web servers , not
the web server of the site you are visiti ng. Th ey record which ads have appeared on
webpages you have viewed. Advertisers use Ihese cookie骂 10 determine which ads
they will deliver Ihe next lime you open a webpage 丁his can be beneficia l because
il prevents sites from showing you the same ads repealedly. On Ihe other hand , many
pe叩 le believe Ihal this sort of U5er Iracking is an invasion of pri旧 cy. Cooki田 thal
are placed by companies other than the company whose websile you are visiting <1 re
called third-party cookies
Mosl web bro \V sers , inciuding Chrome, Edge, and Firefox, allow you 10 block
cookies from your COmpuler or 10 specify general calegories of cookies (such as
firsr-parly or Ihi rd -pa川 y) 10 bloc k. You can specify privacy seuings Ihat cO l1 lrol the
wri ting of cookie fil田 10 your COmpuler'S hard drive. You can al50 specify 呻↑ ch types
of cookies 10 block , or you can block particular Iypes of cookies from specific siles
C<> PY'ight 201B C&n 9吨eL..ml咱 AII R'ghts _....ed , '"町 nol be copled. sanne<l. 0' d阳 pti c. ted. In
Module 1 Bro附 e r BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB 19
You will learn more about the different types of cookies, how they work , and how best
to deal with them in Module 6. Because some cookies benefit users, you might not
want 10 deJete all of them from your computer. For example, if you regularly visit a site
that requires you to log in , the web server can store your login information in a cookie
on your computer so you do not have 10 type your user name each time you visit the
site. You should always consider care(ully whether the advantag田 o( cookies outweigh
the disadvantages for you be(ore you delete them
To view cookies in Firefox:

Þ 1. Click the Firefox Menu button , and then click the Op创。 ns Icon to open a
new Options tab
Þ 2. Click the Privacy icon to display the Privacy panel 、响 th the options for
privacy settings
• 3. CI 比k the remove individual cookies link to open the Cookies dialog box
See Figure 1-9
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Þ 4. Scroll down the IÎst of sÎtes that have stored cookies on your computer.
You will e旧 mine the cookies f.町。 ne of the websites that appears in the
Cookies dialog box
Þ 5. Click one of the website folders listed in the top section of the Cookies
dialog box , and then click the arrow icon to the left of the folder.
Þ 6. Click one of the cookies placed on your computer by that website , and then
read the cookie information that is displayed in the bottom panel of the
dialog box. An example of a Cookies dialog box with several cookies appears
in Figure 1-10. Your list of cookies will be different. Information about the
selected cookie appears below the 1 附t of cookies
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WEB20 Internet I Module 1 Browser Basics
box with a cookie selected

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每H缸 p
n._制咽。ookles ~ stored on yourα;，mpu ler.
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' 7. C! ick the Close button to close the Cookies dialog box
' 8. CJîck the Close t a b button (Ctrl + VV) on the Options tab to close the Options
tab with 。 υt saving any changes
To Manage Cookies with Edge

uzuzuuhUE
• Click More; then click Settings
• Under Advanced settings , select View advanced settings
• Under Privacy and services, make a choice in the Cookies d rop-down box to: Block all
cookie口S ， Bloc才k only third pa町y cookies , or Don't block cookies
To Manage Cookies with Chrome

• Click the Chrome Menu button , and then click Settings to open the Settings tab
• Scroll down and click Show advanced settings
• Under Privacy, click the Content settings button. This action opens the Content
settings dialog box
• In the Content settings dialog box you can manage choices concerning cookies and
S 忧e data
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Module 1 Bro附 e r BasÎCs I lnl ernel WEB 21
Using Private Web Browsing

As 归 u have learn时， browsers store a considcrable amount of information about your
web bro 、 smg actl川 ty. They store a list of all the webpages you have 圳 ewed in their
history (eature, as well as cookies that can contain information about your logi ns and
passwords. Th ey might even store information about which ads appeared on 川 bpages
that you viewed
Browsers store copi田 of all or part of the webpages you visit on whatever computer
you are using. If you do not wish to have this information stored , you can use the
……
Please nOle lhat your
'0'
and your
provider
em纠。Y" 臼 n
browser's privacy mode. In Private Browsing mode , Firefox does not store your
browsing history, cookies，时 COpl凹 of the webpages you visi t. In other words, there
51ill 1rack the 阳 ge5 tha1 is no record in Firefox of what sites you visited and what you looked at. When you
y倒叫叫 P"vale
are using a computer other tha n your 队，vn (such as a friend's computer or a computer
…叩 0'
at work, school , or another public locatio 时， Private BrQ\咀 ing mode can help p rot旺l
your privacy and security. As you visit webpages in Private Browsing mode, the
history, sea rch e鸟 cooki 凹， and temporary Internet files you v i ew 日 ve only while you
are in a Private Browsing session. Ending the Private Browsing session removes any
searches, cookies , and temporary files from your compu!er. However, any downloads
or bookmarks saved during the Private Br肌vsmg sesslon remam on your computer even
after the session ends. In Chrome, the priva!e browsing functionali ty is called Incognito
Browsing mode, and in Edge it is called InPrivate Browsing mode
Openíng an Incogníto Browsíng Sessíon ín Chrome

• Clic才k the Ch厅。 me Menu button , and then click New incognito 、训 ndow
• A New Tab opens and displays an Incogn 阳 information page to confirm: "You've
E gone mcog 内 ito."
Uh
hUE • To end an Incognito Browsing session , close the Incognito Browsing window by
clicking on the CI 。由 tab button
Opening an In Príν'ate Browsíng Session ín Edge

• Click More , and then click New InPrivate window
ZUEMu-ME
• To end an InPriva飞e Browsing session , close the InPrivate Browsing window by clicking
。 n the Close tab button
Openíng a p，川late Browsing Session in Firefox

UZUEUuhM
• Click the Firefox Menu button , and then click New Private Window
• The Private 8rowsing tab opens and displays a Private 8rowsing information page t。
confirm that you are in Private Browsing mode
• To end a Private 8rowsi 咱 session ， close the Private 8rowsing v\川 dow by clicki 咱。n
E the Close tab button
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You will Iry a Privale Browsing sess 旧 n 10 see how il differs from Ihe web browsing
you did earlier in this module
Use a Private Browsing se目 ion :

t 1. Open Firefox , if necessary, and dear the brov飞 sing history for the last hour
t 2. Click the Firefox Menu bυ 阳门， and then click N ew Private Window
t 3. The Private Browsing tab opens and displays a Private Browsing information
page confirming that you are in Private Brow5川 ng mode , as shown in
Figure 1-11
- F i ure 1-11 Private 8rowsing Mode

「百. _-丁、
e 甲.-一
indicates Firefox
Private Browsing
mode
---- - {ü
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description of --精}
Firefox Private
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So urce: M o.z illa
t 4. Navigate to hnμ旭览且国且皿 Click around in the Li brary of Congress

websi恤， investigating different collections
t 5. When you have visited at least 10 di仔erent pages on this site , close the
Private Browsing windows. You can close tabs indîvidually or you can close
。ut of the Private Browser with one click of the x in the upper right corner of
the Private Browsing 、训 ndow
• 6. CI 比 k the Firefox Menu button , and then CI比k 例 istory . Notice that the pages
you just visited are not showing up in the history list
If you examine the browse 内 History， you will find Ihal il includes no record of
the webpages you just visited. Although the browser does not record the pages you
have visited (or other information , such as cookies), the network server that connecls
the compuler 10 the Inlernel mighl have software that does. Therefore, it is besl nOI 10
rely on Privale ßrowsing mode 10 keep pr川 te the webpages you visit while using a
computer at work or an 时 her public location
Getting Help with Your Browser

MOSI modern browsers have extensive online help systems thal include information
aboul ho \V 10 use the bro 叭 ser， ho \V 10 cuslomizer the bro \V ser, and how to protecl
γour pflvacy.
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Module 1 Bro附 e r BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB23
Using Chrome Help

• Click the Ch厅。 me Menu bu tton , and point to Help. A menu pops out to the left ,
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giving you the choice川5 About Googl e Chrome , Help ce nte巳 and Rep。同 a n Issue
• Click the Help center. A new tab will open loaded with the Chrome Help page. The
h e怡。 pt l O阳 available include Get started 阳 th Go。国 e Chrome , Settings and d 叩 1.弘
E and Troubleshoot and resolve common issues. See Figure 1-12
• When you are 白川 shed seeking help, close the browser tab for the Chrome Help page
•
---
Us;ng Firefox Help
• Click the Fi refox Menu button. Click the question mark icon at the bottom of the
ce叫 t，咱 po阳 P to open the Fi时。， He恰 M enu
• Select Firefox He lp to ope n th e Mozilla Support home page in a ne w tab
See Fig ure 1-13
• If your question falls into one of the displayed categories , click the corresponding
button to mo 呻 to O &A concern ing that topic
• Alterna 悟 Iy， you might begin by typing a quest阳 n in the Search Mozilla Support box
and then clicking the Search button to display relevant topìcs. See Figure 1-13
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Saving Webpage Content

T he厅e will be limes when you w ill want 10 refer 10 informalion you found on a
webpage without ha圳 ng 10 return 10 the site. To do thi s, you can save enli re webpages,
particular graphics, or selected p时 tions of webpage text
Saving Webpages
Jt is easy to save an entire webpage. If you are usi ng Ch rome or Fi refox , press ing
Ct rl + 5 on your keyboard or touchscreen will bring up a dialog box in whi ch you
can save the webpage in o ne of severa l format s: webpage comp lete, webpage
HT如t L onl y, o r text fìle
Saving an Image from a Webpage

Most w ebpages ind ude graphics o r picl ures 10 provide interest, i ll u 到 ra te a point ,
or p r凹 e n t information . You can save juSI a graphic or picture instead of the entire
webpage
Savíng an Image from a webpage

• Right-cl ick the image that you want to save. Th is opens the shortcut menu
• If Y。 υ are using C忖。 me ， click Save image as on the shortcut menu to open the Save
As dialog box. If you are using Edge , cl ick Save picture as on the shortcut menu t。
open the Save As dialog box. If you are using Firefox , click $ave Image Äs on the
shortcut menu to open the Save Image dialog box
• Navigate to the location at which you want to save the image, and change the default
filename ，而 necessary
• Click the $ave button
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You have found some information about an ongoing lecture series on the Copyright
Office websi le and yOu would like 10 share an image Ih;、 1 gîves Dr. Murphy an idea of
the kinds of topics covered in the lectures
To save the Copyright 晶 the American Songwriter image

t 1. Open Chrome , if necessary, and navigate to the U.$. Copyright Office
website at 四监坠且且且比.gQ旦
t 2. Point to ABOUT US , and then in the drop-down menu point to and click on
Copyright Matters Lecture Series as shown in Figure 1-14
t 3. Click on the year 2012 and then click the Copyright & the American
$ongwriter image
t 4. The image should now appear much larger and on a page by itself
Right-click the image and then CI 比 k Save image as from the shortcut
menu to open the $ave As dialog b。几
t 5. Navigate to the location at which you want to save the image , and change
the default filename , if necessary.
t 6. Click the Save button
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」
FZU的 Understanding Copyright for Webpage Content
A copyright is the legal rig 忱。f the author or other owner of an original wo rlc: to
control the reproduction , distribution , and sale of that work. The content owner
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applies a copyright to a work when it takes on a tangible form , such as a printed cop如
an electronic file 町 a webpage. Concerning the Internet, copyright la明 s can p lace
significant restrictions on the way that you can use information or images that you copy
from the web. Because of the way a web browser works, it copies HTML code as well
as graphics and media files to your computer before it can d情同 ay them in the br。阶 ser.
Just because copies of these files are stored 蚀 mporarily on your computer does not
mean that you have the right to use them in any way other than having your computer
display them in the browser window
The United States and most other countries have ∞ pyright laws that govern the use
of photocopies , audio or video recordings , and other reproductions of authors' original
wo rlc:. The copyright e洲 sts even if the work does not contain a copyright notice. If you
are unsure about the rights attached to material , the safest course of action is to assume
that 比 does have a copyright and that you need to obtain permission to reuse it
U.S. copyright law has a faÎr use provÎsion Ihat allows a limited amount of
copyrighted information to be used for purposes 5uch a5 news reporting , research ,
and scholarship. Always cite the 50urce of the material you use. Commercial use of
copyrighted material is much more rest ricted. YOU should obtain permission from the
copyright holder before using anything you copy from a webpage. The copyright holder
might require you to pay a fee for perm i5Sion to use the materia!. Make sure to follow
the steps in this tutorial so that you correctly use copyri ghted material
Copy i ng Text f r om a Webpage

You can also copy and paste portions of a webpage to a file or emai !.This can be
helpful when you want to save specific information from a webpage, such as a
schedule of eve 白 I directions 10 a location , or information about a place. Dr. Murphy
has asked you 10 help her find resources concerning fair use as it applie5 10 5chool
districts. YOU think that you might have found a good tool for dOÎng this , and you want
to share information aboul the Fai r Use Index. You can copy and paste a description of
how to use the fair use index into a document or an email for Dr. Murphy
Use Edge to copy and paste text from a website:
' 1 , Open Edge , if necessary, and navigate to the U.S. Copyright Office website
at 监些且且冉冉比4且
' 2. Point to LAW AND PO Ll CY , and then in the drop-down menu point to and
click on Fair U四 Index
' 3. On the U.$. C。ρyright 0何 ice Fair Use Index page , highlight the 何rst paragraph
explaining that the Fair Use Index is a project 叭 h 。由 goal is to make the
principles and applications of fair use more accessible
' 4. Right-click on the highlighted text and select Copy from the shortcut menu ,
asshown in Figure 1-15
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Module 1 B ro附 er BasÎCs I lnlern el WEB27
from a website
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• 5. The copied text is now stored on the Clipboard , which is a temporary storage
location in Windows that facilitates easy sharing of data among applications
• 6. You can now paste th 陪 explanatÎon of the Fair Use Index directly into the body
。f an email message or into a word-processing document to attach to an email
to Dr. Murph 沪 Open WordPad (or some similar word-processing program) on
your computer, and in a new file , execute the paste command . You should see
the copied paragraph in your document as shown in Figure 1-16
i nJ:' text into a WordPad document

, .
dick the Paste buttor
to paste data from
the dipboard
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Þ 7. CI 比 k File , point to Save as , and click Rich Text document to open the Save
「 I
As dialog box. Save the file to your desktop
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WEB28 Intern et I Module 1 Browser Basics
' 8. Click the Close button on the WordPad title bar to close it
' 9. Click the Back button in Edge one t ime to return to t he U.5. Copyright Office
home page
Printing a Webpage
.冒F…….... You mi ghl need 10 print a 叭 eb问e when you wanl 阳 keep a pri nled page for
r u~ 臼川m 呻.， p阳 tinq reference, save a receipl of an online purchase, or have a coupon 10 use al a loca l
from the web. Designers restaurant τ he Print Preview 阳 ndow shows how the current webpage w i ll look on
M协 contentψecifically the printed page. It also provides access 10 common printing options. Prev iew 阳 uc
fo，叫阿阳时叫 l 明 bpage before you pri nt so t h a t 归 u get the best r臼 ult poss ible. Fo r exampl e，问U
wh ich Iook 问户
different w阳 O K U l
E
M 川 to ensure th 刮目 t ra or unnecess叫 pa ges will nol print , that the 问e is l e四 ble，
Som. 晒Meshi 咽 a and Ih a t 阳 u a 陀 printin g w hat 阳 u wan t. Th is extra step helps yo u 阳 save l i me and
，，""盼"时Ilyviewsoyou I resourCe5, including paper and printer ink
can check be阳"8 VOU P!Ì nt.
Printing the Current Webpage in Chrome

• Click the Chrom e Menu button. and then click Print to open Print Preview
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• Choose the desired printer, the page range , the number of copies, and the
。 rientation. By clicking on the + next to More settings , you might afso select the
paper size , the margins , and other options
• After making your selections, press the Print button to print
Printing the Current Webpage in FÎrefox

• Click the Firefox Menu button , and then click Print to open Print Preview.
• Here you wi ll fi nd 。门 entat i on choices, scale options, page scroll arrows, and a Page
Setup button that opens a dialog box with other print options such as margins anc
titles
• Press the Print button to move to the Print dialog box where you can choose the
Printer, the page range , and number of copies
• After selecting , press O K to print
Príntíng the Cυ rrent Webpage ín Edge

• Click the More in the upper right-hand corn er of the browser window, and then
select Print
• A Print Preview window opens with choices for Printer, Orientation Pages , Scale
Margins , and Headers and Footers
. 、Nh en you have made your selections , click the Print bu 忧。 na t theb。忱。 m of the page
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You will u咒 Firefox to preview a copy of the U.S. Copy川 ght Office home page and
then print it 阳 a PD F.
，~，僧 d in this modufe
"P!'圳 plinting 10 PDFs
Th is choic川e is aVililablE
under thE Printer se~iOl' To preview and print the U.S. Copyright 0何ice home page:
。 P"~队Th is 崎 an exc乃I lent
• 1. Using Firefox , return to the U.S. Copyright Office home page
a 怆emate m醋。dbywh怕
也组 W'" 酬帽 • 2. Click the Firefo深 Menu button , and then CI 比 k Print to open Print Preview
See F明 urel-17
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• 3. Change the orientation to Landscape and the scale to 60%

• 4. Click the Page Setup button to open the Page Setup dialog box. Select the
Margins & Header/Footer tab. See Figure 1-18
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• 5. Change the top and bottom margins to 1.0 and click OK

• 6. Click the Print button to open the Print dialog box
• 7. Under Printer Name sele口 Microsoft Print to PDF. For Print range select
Pages and choose from 1 to 1 to only print the first page. Under Copies
make certain that the Number of co阳 es is set to 1. See Figure 1-19
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• 9. Choose a name and a location for the PDF in the Save Print Output As dialog
box. Click the $ave bυ响。 n
• 10. Click the Close butlon in the Print Preview window.
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Module 1 Bro附 er BasÎCs I lnl ernel WEB 31
Sess 旧 n 1.1 Quick Check
〉〉山间〉
1. Why might a Chrome user want to search the web in Incognito mode?
E川剧 2. What is the difference between a web cJ ient and a web server?
3. W hat is the purpose of using HTML tags?
4. Li st the four 阴阳 of the addressi ng scheme us时 by URLs
5. What is the difference belween a first-pa 门 y cookie and a third-party c∞ kie?
6. Give three examples of situations in which the fair use provision of U.S
copyright law 、町 uld allow f，时 a limited usage of copyrighted material
7. What does the term "home page" mean?
8. What Firefox feature ca n you use 10 return 10 a site you have not bookmarked?
9. Which Edge feature wi 11 allow you 10 revisit a site?
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WEB32 I
Internet Module 1 B阳明er Basics
SESSION 1. 2 VISUAL OVERVIEW:
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So urce: Le Monde./,
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Module' Bro、~ser BasÎαI lnt erne t WEB 33
汇 HROME ， EDGE , AND FIREFOX BROWSERS
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Advan c: ed Browser Features

ln Ihis session , you will invesligale some advanced featu res offered by Ihe browsers
c∞ gle Chrome, Microsofl Edge, and Mozilla Fi时ox. Th ese browsers share basic
features with each other, some of which were discussed in the firsl session of th 俗
module. Each browser has unique feat ures thal help it 10 stand aparl from comp创 110(5
Ultimalely, individual users must decide 、.vhic h browser they are most comforlable
U"' 咯 which 5四 ms most intuitive to them , and wh ich offers the most efficient and
effective experience for user needs
Choosing a Browser
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In Session 1.1 you learned tha 飞 all browsers share many basic functions. As you read
Session 1.2 you will explore the advanced features o fF ered and the di何erences among
browsers. The more you learn abou 飞 browsers， the better e川quipped you will be t。
H choose the right one for a specifìc task . Strive to make yourself an expert in knowing
which browser handles a given task most effectivelμAdmittedly， this is often a matter
。f opinωn. So explore and inform your own opinion!
Advan c: ed Chrome Features

C四 gle's current vers旧 n of its Chrome b rowser en joys the largesl market share of
browser use in the United State骂 Chrome provides many excellenl features for users
10 e叩 lore. We discussed some basic features of Chrome in Session 1.1. Now we wi ll
investigate some a dditiα1 a l advanced Chrome functions
Getting the Most Out of the Chrome Omnibox

The address bar in Chrome is called the omnibox . We will go more in depth on the
topic of web sea rches in Module 3 and will fully explore specific search features of the
omnibox. For now, you 、川 11 use the omnibox in a few surprisi ng ways: as a calculator
and as a conversion 1001
To use the Google Chrome Omnibox to perform calculations and

converslons:
• 1. Open Chrome , if necessa 巾" and clear any te x: t from the omnibo x:
• 2. In t扣 e omnibox type 12 + 3 * 4 . The result is 24. C忖。 me u电es the same

。 rder of operations that you learned in math class. Following the order of
。 perations ， the multi~刘 ication operation 3 * 4 is calculated first
' 3. In the omnibox type 1+2*3/4. The result is 2.5. In this equation multiplication
is calculated first , then division , and then addition. Chrome follows the order
。f operations to penorm calculations
' 4. In the omnibo x: type 四 cm and press Enter. The result is 7.08661 inches. In the
。 mnibox type 187 pounds and press Enter. The result is 84.8218 kilograms
disρlayed in the same convenient conversion box
' 5. In the conversion box, change kilograms to ounces so that 187 Ibs. equals
2992 ounces
' 6. In the omnibox type 93 F (93 degrees Fahrenhe的 and press Enter. The
conversion box displays the result 33.8889 C {33.88
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Module 1 B ro附 er BasÎCs I lnlernel WEB35
• 1 . In the omnibox type 65 miles per hour and press Enter. The conversion box
displays the result 104.607 kilometers per hour.
• 8. In the conversion b。凡 dick the arrow in the top box that reads "Speed" t。
display the various types of conversions. See Figure 1-20
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Using Chrome on Foreign language Websites

Th e world wide web really is world\训 de. web servers all around the globe readily
and easily offer up documents in every lang旧 ge imaginable. Whi le in our searches
and ro 山 ne browsing we might Iypically encounter webpages wrillen in Eng!ish , as
we expand our search臼 and OUf expectations to embrace the web as a whole, we
will increasingly discover pag四 wriUen in other languages. Your 白 rst instinct mighl be
10 quickl y navigate away from these foreign language siles, but do not be t∞ hasty
Another \V orld of information is right before your eyes, and Chrome can help you
ðccess il
To use Google Chrome to translate a website from one language

to another:
• 1. Open Chrome and navigate to the URL bno:llwww.lemonde.fr. This is the
website for the French newspaper Le Monde (The Worl d)
Trouble? In the unlikely event that this URL is unavailable , try one of these
instead
• htto: lJ internaciona I.el oa is . cc 叫 Largest Spanish newspaper EI Pais (The Coun t，呐
• htto: lJwww.vomiuri.co_ioL Japanese newspaper with the largest circulation in
the world
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• 2. To the far right of the ornnibox凡， cli眩ck ，斤i f necessary，协。 n the τ

币ran
陌‘恪筝 late 怕
t h;
、呐IS page
icon next to the star as shown in Figure 1-21
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Fig. 16.—Plan of the south-western palace at Nimroud; from Layard.
As to the buildings on the other sides of the court and the total
extent of the palace, we know very little; towards the west the walls
of several saloons have been recognized, but they have been left
half cleared. On the east, landslips have carried away part of the
buildings.[46]
Between the palace of Assurnazirpal and that of Esarhaddon
Layard found what seemed to him the remains of the second story of
some building, or at least of a new building erected over one of
earlier date (Fig. 17). Impelled, no doubt, by the rarity of the
circumstance, he gives a plan of these remains, and goes so far as
to express his belief that the arrangements shown in the plan were
repeated on the three other faces of a tower of which he
encountered the summit, still partly preserved.[47]
Although Calah was never abandoned, it fell, after the accession
of the Sargonids, from the first place among Assyrian cities; on the
other hand Sargon’s attempt to fix the seat of government in his own
town of Dour-Saryoukin does not seem to have met with permanent
success. From the eighth century to the end of the seventh the
Assyrian kings appear to have made Nineveh their favourite place of
residence.
The site of this famous city has been much discussed,[48] but at
last the question appears to be settled. Nineveh was built on the left
bank of the Tigris, opposite to the site occupied by modern Mossoul.
Two great mounds rising some five-and-thirty feet above the level of
the plain, represent the substructures upon which the royal homes of
the last Assyrian dynasty were raised; they are now famous as
Kouyundjik and Nebbi-Younas. Like the mound of Khorsabad these
two artificial hills were in juxtaposition with the city walls, which may
still be traced in almost their whole extent by the ridge of earth
formed of their materials (Fig. 18).
Fig. 17.—Upper chambers excavated at

Nimroud; from Layard.
The mound of Nebbi-Younas has so far remained almost
unexplored. It is fortified against the curiosity of Europeans by the
little building on its summit and the cemetery covering most of its
surface. The inhabitants of the country, Mussulman as well as
Christian, believe that Jonah lies under the chapel dome, and they
themselves hope to rest as near his body as possible. Some slight
excavations, little more than a few strokes of the pick-axe, have
been made in the scanty spots where no graves occur, but enough
evidence has been found to justify us in assuming that Nebbi-
Younas also hides its palaces. They too will have their turn. Thanks
to the prestige of the prophet they are reserved for excavations to be
conducted perhaps in a more systematic fashion than those hitherto
undertaken on the site of Nineveh.
Fig. 18.—Map of the site of Nineveh; from Oppert.

Fig. 19.—Plan of the mound of Kouyundjik; from Rassam’s Transactions.
At Kouyundjik, on the other hand, no serious obstacle was
encountered. The village transported itself to the plain; it was not
necessary to persuade the inhabitants to quit it, as it had been at
Khorsabad. When Botta, who had begun certain inquisitions at this
spot, abandoned his attempts, the English explorers were left free to
sound the flanks of the artificial hill at their leisure, and to choose
their point of attack. If they had gone to work in the same fashion as
Botta and Place, they might have laid bare palaces excelling that of
Sargon in the scale and variety of their arrangements. Of this we
may judge from Mr. Rassam’s plan (Fig. 19). But after the departure
of Mr. Layard the excavations, frequently interrupted and then
recommenced after long intervals, aimed only at discovering such
objects as might figure in a museum. A trench was opened here and
another there, on the inspiration of the moment. The explorers often
neglected to measure the buildings in which they were at work, so
that we have only partial plans of the two principal buildings of
Nineveh, those palaces of Sennacherib and Assurbanipal from which
so many beautiful monuments have been taken to enrich the British
Museum.
Fig. 20.—Part plan of the palace of Sennacherib; from Layard.

The mound of Kouyundjik in its present state is an irregular
pentagon. Its circumference is rather more than a mile and a half.
The palace of Sennacherib occupies the south-western corner, and
forms a rectangle about 600 feet long by 330 wide. The two chief
entrances were turned one towards the river, or south-west, the
other towards the town, or north-east. The latter entrance was
flanked by ten winged bulls. The four central ones stood out beyond
the line of the façade, and were separated from each other by
colossal genii.[49] About sixteen halls and chambers have been
counted round the three courtyards. As at Khorsabad, some of these
are long galleries, others rooms almost square. The fragmentary
plan shown in our Fig. 20 brings out the resemblance very strongly. It
represents a part of the building explored in Layard’s first campaign.
In the rooms marked 2, 3, and 4, small niches cut in the thickness of
the walls may be noticed. They are not unlike the spaces left for
cupboards in the modern Turkish houses of Asia Minor. The hall
marked 1 in the plan is about 124 feet long and 30 wide. In another
part of the palace a saloon larger than any of those at Khorsabad
has been cleared. It measures 176 feet long by 40 wide. The
average size of the rooms here is about one-third more than in the
palace of Sargon, suggesting that the art of building vaults and
timber ceilings made sensible progress during the reign of that king.
As in the case of the Khorsabad palace, the explorers believed they
could distinguish between the seraglio and the harem; but the plan
given by Layard has too many blanks and leaves too many points
uncertain for the various quarters to be distinguished with such ease
and certainty as at Khorsabad.[50] The walls were everywhere
covered with rich series of reliefs, from which we have already taken
some of our illustrations (Vol. I., Figs. 151 and 152), and shall have
to take more. The military promenade figured upon page 49 will give
a good idea of their general character (Fig. 21).
Assurbanipal, the grandson of Sennacherib, built his palace
towards the north of the mound. The excavations of Mr. Rassam
have been the means of recovering many precious bas-reliefs from
it, but we may see from the plan (Fig. 19) that a very small part of the
building has been cleared. Much more must remain of a palace so
richly decorated and with rooms so large as some of those explored
in the quarter we have called the sélamlik. One of these saloons is
145 feet long and 29 wide. The plan of its walls suggests a very
large building, with spacious courts and a great number of rooms.[51]
Fig. 21.—Sennacherib at the head of his army. Height 38 inches. British Museum.
Drawn by Saint-Elme Gautier.
In many other mounds of Assyria, such as those of Arvil,[52] of

Balawat,[53] of Kaleh-Shergat,[54] of Karamles,[55] and in the valley
of the Khabour,[56] the explorers have encountered the remains of
buildings and of ornamental figures that must have formed parts of
royal palaces, or at least of the dwellings of great nobles. We shall
not stop to notice all these discoveries. None of the mounds in
question have been explored with sufficient care and completeness
to add anything of importance to what we have learnt by our study of
Khorsabad. The chief thing to be gathered from these widely
scattered excavations is that during the great years of Assyria there
was no town of any importance in which the king did not possess a
habitation, arranged and decorated in the same spirit as the great
palaces at Calah and Nineveh, and differing from these chiefly in the
size of their courts and chambers.
No doubt the pavilions sprinkled about the park, or paradise, as
the Greek writers called it, in which the king sought amusement by
exercising his skill as an archer upon the beasts that roamed among
its trees, were ornamented in the same fashion, although in all
probability, wood and metal played a more important part in their
construction. As for the dwellings of the great officers of the crown
and of vassal princes, they must have reproduced on a smaller scale
the plan and ornamentation of the royal palace.
Of the house properly speaking, the dwelling of the artizan or
peasant, whether in Assyria or Chaldæa, we know very little. We are
unable to turn for its restoration to paintings such as those in the
Egyptian tombs, which portray the life of the poor with the same
detail as that of the rich or even of the monarch himself. The
Assyrian bas-reliefs, in which the sieges of towns are often
represented, always show them from the outside (Fig. 22), nothing is
to be seen but the ramparts and the towers that flank them. The only
bas-relief in which we can venture to recognize one of the ordinary
houses of the country belongs to the series of pictures in which
Sennacherib has caused the transport of the materials and colossal
bulls for his own palace to be figured. We there see two very
different types of edifice, one covered with hemispherical or elliptical
domes, the other with flat roofs supporting a kind of belvedere[57]
(Vol. I., Fig. 43).
This latter type may be found several times repeated in a relief
representing a city of Susiana (Vol. I., Fig. 157). Here nearly every
house has a tower at one end of its flat roof. Was this a defence, like
the towers in the old Italian towns and in the Greek villages of Crete
and Magnesia? We do not think so. The social conditions were very
different from those of the turbulent republics of Italy, where the
populace was divided into hostile factions, or of those mountainous
districts whose Greek inhabitants live in constant fear of attack from
the Turks who dwell in the plains. The all-powerful despots of Assyria
would allow no intestine quarrels, and for the repulse of a foreign
enemy, the cities relied upon their high and solid lines of
circumvallation. We think that the towers upon the roofs were true
belvederes, contrivances to get more air and a wider view; also,
perhaps, to allow the inhabitants to escape the mosquitoes by rising
well above the highest level reached by the flight of those tiny pests.
It was, then, between these two types, as Strabo tells us, that the
civil buildings of Mesopotamia were divided. They all had thick
terraced roofs but some were domical and others flat.[58] At Mugheir
Mr. Taylor cleared the remains of a small house planned on the lines
of an irregular cross; it was built of burnt brick and paved with the
same material. In the interior the faces of the bricks were covered
with a thin and not very adhesive glaze. Two of the doors were
round-headed; the arches being composed of bricks specially
moulded in the shape of voussoirs; but the numerous fragments of
carbonized palm-wood beams which were found upon the floors of
each room, showed that the building had been covered with a flat
timber roof and a thick bed of earth. Strabo justly observes that the
earth was necessary to protect the inmates of the house against the
heats of summer. As a rule houses must have been very low. It was
only in large towns such as Babylon, that they had three or four
stories.[59]
We need say no more. We have studied the palace in detail, and

the palace was only an enlarged, a more richly illustrated edition of
the house. It supplied the same wants, but on a wider scale than was
necessary in the dwelling of a private individual. To complete our
study of civil architecture it is only necessary to give some idea of
the fashion in which palaces and houses were grouped into cities,
and of the means chosen for securing those cities against hostile
assault.
§ 4. Towns and their Defences.
Of all barbarian cities, as the Greeks would say, Babylon has

been the most famous, both in the ancient and the modern world;
her name has stirred the imaginations of mankind more strongly than
any other city of Asia. For the Greeks she was the Asiatic city par
excellence, the eternal capital of those great oriental empires that
were admired and feared by the Hellenic population even after their
political weakness had been proved more than once. In the centuries
that have passed since the fall of the Greek civilization the name and
fame of Babylon have been kept alive by the passionate words of
those Hebrew prophets who filled some of the most eloquent and
poetic books of the Old Testament with their hatred of the
Mesopotamian city, an ardent hate that has found an echo across
the ages in the religion which is the heir of Judaism.
Fig. 22.—Town besieged by Sennacherib. Height 86 inches. British
Museum.
Drawn by Saint-Elme Gautier.
There is, then, no city of the ancient world in which both our
Christian instincts and our classic education would lead us to take a
deeper interest, or to make more patient endeavours towards the
recovery of some knowledge of its passed magnificence by the
interrogation of its site and ruins, than this town of Babylon. At the
same time it happens, by a strange series of chances, that of all the
great cities of the past Babylon is the least known and the most
closely wrapped in mystery. The descriptive passages of ancient
writers are full of gaps and exaggerations, while as for the
monuments themselves, although the size of their remains and the
vast extent of ground they cover allow us to guess at the power and
energy of the people to whom they owed their existence, there are
no ruins in the world from which so little of the real thoughts and
ideas of their constructors is to be learnt. Not only has the
ornamentation of palace and temple disappeared, the ruling lines
and arrangements of their plans are no longer to be traced. It is this
no doubt that has discouraged the explorers. While the sites of
Calah, Nineveh, and Dour-Saryoukin have been freed of millions of
cubic yards of earth, and their concealed buildings explored and laid
bare in every direction, no serious excavations have ever been made
at Babylon. At long intervals of time a few shafts have been sunk in
the flanks of the Kasr, of Babil and the Birs-Nimroud, but they have
never been pushed to any great depth; a few trenches have been
run from them, but on no connected system, and only to be soon
abandoned. The plain is broken by many virgin mounds into which
no pick-axe has been driven, and yet they each represent a structure
dating from some period of Babylonian greatness. It would be a
noble undertaking to thoroughly explore the three or four great ruins
that rise on the site itself, and to examine carefully all the region
about them. Such an exploration would require no slight expenditure
of time and money, but it could not fail to add considerably to our
present knowledge of ancient Chaldæa; it would do honour to any
government that should support it, and still more to the archæologist
who should conduct the inquiry to completion, laying down on his
plan the smallest vestige remaining of any ancient detail, and
allowing himself to be discouraged by none of the numerous
disappointments and deceptions that he would be sure to encounter.
Meanwhile it would be profitless to carry our readers into any
discussion upon the topography of Babylon. In the absence of
ascertained facts nothing could be more arbitrary and conjectural
than the various theories that have been put forward as to the
direction of the city walls and their extent. According to George
Smith the only line of wall that can now be followed would give a
town about eight English miles round. Now Diodorus says that what
he calls the Royal City was sixty stades, or within a few yards of
seven miles, in circumference.[60] The difference between the two
figures is very slight. “In shape the city appears to have been a
square with one corner cut off, and the corners of the walls of the city
may be said roughly to front the cardinal points. At the north of the
city stood the temple of Belus, now represented by the mound of
Babil; about the middle of the temple stood the royal palace and
hanging-gardens.”[61]
The Royal City was the city properly speaking, the old city whose
buildings were set closely about the great temple and the palace, the
latter forming, like the Old Seraglio at Constantinople, a fortified town
in itself with a wall some twenty stades (4043 yards) in
circumference. A second wall, measuring forty stades in total length,
turned the palace and the part of the city in its immediate
neighbourhood into a sort of acropolis. Perhaps the nobles and
priests may have inhabited this part of the town, the common people
being relegated to the third circle. In the towns of Asia Minor at the
present day the Turks alone live in the fortified inclosures, which are
called kaleh, or citadels, the rest of the town being occupied by the
rayahs of every kind, whether Greek or Armenian.
There is, then, nothing in the description of Diodorus at which we
need feel surprise. Our difficulty begins when we have to form a
judgment upon the assertion of Herodotus, who speaks of an
inclosure 120 stades (13 miles 1385 yards) square.[62] According to
this the circumference of Babylon must have been nearly 55¼
English miles, which would make it considerably larger than what is
called Greater London, and more than three times the size of Paris.
Here, strangely enough, Ctesias gives a more moderate figure than
Herodotus, as we find Diodorus estimating the circumference of the
great enceinte at 360 stades (41 miles 600 yards).[63]
We can hardly read of such measurements without some
astonishment. It seems difficult, however, to doubt the formal
statement of such a careful eye-witness as Herodotus. Although the
Greek historian was quite ready to repeat the fantastic tales he
heard in the distant countries to which his travels led him—a habit
we are far from wishing to blame—modern criticism has never
succeeded in convicting him of falsehood or exasperation in matters
of which he could judge with his own eyes. Our surprise at his
figures is diminished when we remember with what prodigious
rapidity buildings of sun-dried bricks could be erected. The material
was at hand in any possible quantity; the erection of such a length of
wall was only a question of hands. Now if we suppose, with M.
Oppert, that the work was undertaken by Nebuchadnezzar after the
fall of Nineveh, that prince may very well have employed whole
nations upon it, driving them into the workshops as the captive Jews
were driven. In such a fashion the great wall that united into one city
towns which had been previously separated—such as the original
Babylon, Cutha, and Borsippa—might have been raised without any
great difficulty. It is certain that the population of such a vast extent
of country cannot have been equally dense at all points. A large part
must have been occupied by royal parks, by gardens, vineyards, and
even cultivated fields. Babylon must, in fact, have been rather a vast
intrenched camp than a city in the true sense of the word.
At the time when Herodotus and Ctesias visited Babylon, this wall
—which was dismantled by the Persians in order to render revolt
more difficult—must have been almost everywhere in a state of ruin,
but enough of it remained to attract curious travellers, just as the
picturesque fortifications of the Greek emperors are one of the sights
of modern Constantinople. The more intelligent among them, such
as Herodotus, took note of the measurements given to them as
representing the original state of the great work whose ruins lay
before their eyes and confirmed the statements of their guides.[64]
The quarter then still inhabited was the Royal City, the true Babylon,
whose great public works have left such formidable traces even to
the present day. Naturally no vestige of the tunnel under the
Euphrates has been found; we may even be tempted to doubt that it
ever existed.[65] But we cannot doubt that the two sections of the
town were put in communication one with another by a stone bridge;
the evidence on that point is too clear to admit of question.[66] The
descriptions of the structure give us a high idea of the engineering
skill of the Chaldæans. To build such a bridge and insure its stability
was no small undertaking. The river at this point is about 600 feet
wide, and from twelve to sixteen deep at its deepest part.[67] We
need hardly say that for many centuries there has been no bridge
over the Euphrates either in the neighbourhood of Babylon or at any
other point in Mesopotamia. As for the quays, Fresnel found some
parts in very good preservation in 1853.[68] At the point where this
discovery was made the quay was built of very hard and very red
bricks, completely covered with bitumen so as to resist the action of
the water for as long as possible. The bricks bore the name of
Nabounid, who must have continued the work begun by
Nebuchadnezzar.
The description given by Herodotus of the way in which Babylon
was built and the circulation of its inhabitants provided for must also
be taken as applying to the Royal City. “The houses are mostly three
and four stories high; the streets all run in straight lines, not only
those parallel to the river, but also the cross-streets which lead to the
waterside. At the river end of these cross-streets are low gates in the
fence that skirts the stream, which are, like the great gates in the
outer wall, of brass and open on the water.”[69]
We may perhaps form some idea of Babylon from the
appearance of certain parts of Cairo. Herodotus seems to have been
struck by the regularity of the plan, the length of the streets, and the
height of the houses. In these particulars it was very different from
the low and irregularly built Greek cities of the fifth century b.c. The
height of the houses is to be explained partly by the necessity for
accommodating a very dense population, partly by the desire for as
much shade as possible.[70]
The decadence of Babylon had begun when Herodotus visited it
towards the middle of the fifth century before our era;[71] but the
town was still standing, and some of the colossal works of its later
kings were still intact. The last dynasty had come to an end less than
a century before. We are ready, therefore, to believe the simple and
straightforward description he has left us, even in those particulars
which are so well calculated to cause surprise. The evidence of
Ctesias, who saw Babylon some half century later, seems here and
there to be tainted with exaggeration, but on the whole it agrees with
that of Herodotus. Supposing that he does expand his figures a little,
Ctesias is yet describing buildings whose ruins, at least, he saw with
his own eyes, and sometimes his statements are borne out by those
of Alexander’s historians.[72]
The case of Nineveh is very different. Of that city Herodotus
hardly knew more than the name; he contents himself with mere
passing allusions to it.[73] Ctesias is trammelled by fewer scruples.
When he wrote his history Nineveh had ceased to exist for more
than two centuries; the statements of Xenophon[74] prove that at the
time of the famous retreat its site was practically deserted and its
name almost forgotten in the very district in which its ruins stood. But
the undaunted Ctesias gives us a description of the Assyrian capital
as circumstantial as if he had lived there in the days of Sennacherib
or Assurbanipal. According to his account it formed an elongated
rectangle, the long sides being 150 stades (17 miles 380 yards), and
the shorter 90 stades (10 miles 595 yards), in length, so that the total
circumference was 480 stades (55 miles 240 yards).[75] The whole of
this space was inclosed by a wall 100 Greek feet (103 feet English)
high, and with towers of twice that height.
It is hardly necessary to show that all this is pure invention. To
find room for such a Nineveh we should have to take all the space
between the ruins opposite Mossoul and those of Nimroud. But all
the Assyrian texts that refer to Nineveh and Calah speak of them as
two distinct cities, each with an independent life and period of
supremacy of its own, while between the two sites there are no
traces of a great urban population. The 1,500 towers on the walls
were the offspring of the same brain that imagined the tower of
Ninus nine stades (5458 feet) high. We can scent an arbitrary
assertion in the proportion of two to one given to the heights of the
towers over that of the wall. In the fortified walls of the bas-reliefs the
curtain is never greatly excelled in height by its flanking towers (see
Vol. I. Figs. 51, 60, 76, and 158, and above, Fig. 23).
Fig. 23.—Siege of a city; from Layard.

Ctesias has simply provided in his Nineveh a good pendant to
Babylon. Being quite free to exercise his imagination, he has laid
down even a greater circumference than that of the city on the
Euphrates. The superiority thus ascribed to the northern city is
enough by itself to arouse our suspicions. We cannot point to any
particular text, but contemporary history as a whole suggests that
Babylon was more populous than Nineveh, just as Bagdad is now
more populous than Mossoul. Nineveh, and Calah before it, were the
capitals of a soldier nation, they were cities born, like Dour-
Saryoukin, of the will of man. Political events called them into life,
and other political events caused them to vanish off the face of the
earth. Babylon, on the other hand, was born of natural conditions;
she was one of the eternal cities of the world. The Turks do their best
to make Hither Asia a desert, but so long as they do not entirely
succeed, so long as some light of culture and commerce still flickers
in the country, it will burn in that part of Mesopotamia which is now
called El-Jezireh (the island), where the two streams are close
together, and canals cut from one to the other can bring all the
intermediate tract into cultivation.
Sennacherib speaks thus of his capital: “Nineveh, the supreme
city, the city beloved of Istar, in which the temples of the gods and
goddesses are to be found.”[76] With its kings and their military
guards and courts, with the priests that served the sanctuaries of the
gods, with the countless workmen who built the great buildings,
Nineveh must have been a fine and flourishing city in the days of the
Sargonids; but even then its population cannot have equalled that of
Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar. The latter was something more
than a seat of royalty and a military post; it was the great entrepôt for
all the commerce of Western Asia.[77]
All the travellers who have visited the neighbourhood of Mossoul
are agreed that, on the left bank of the Tigris, there is no trace of any
wall but that which forms a rather irregular parallelogram and
embraces the two mounds of Nebbi-Yonnas and Kouyundjik (Fig.
18).[78] According to M. Oppert this wall was about ten thousand
metres (nearly 6¼ miles) in circumference, which would make it
cover about one-eleventh of the ground covered by modern Paris.
There is nothing here that is not in accord with our ideas as to the
character and importance of Nineveh. If we add to the town inclosed
within such a wall suburbs stretching along the right bank of the river
on the site of modern Mossoul, we shall have a city capable of
holding perhaps two or three hundred thousand people.
In the northern part of the inclosure, not far from the north-
western angle, Sir Henry Layard made some excavations that
brought one of the principal gates of ancient Nineveh to light.[79] The
passage was probably vaulted, but its upper part had disappeared.
The gateway, which was built by Sennacherib, had a pair of winged
bulls looking towards the city and another pair looking towards the
country outside. The limestone pavement in the entrance still bears
the mark of wheels. Two great chambers are hollowed out of the
thickness of the walls and open into the entrance passage. The walls
must be here about 116 feet thick, judging from the proportion, in
Layard’s plan,[80] between them and one of the two chambers, which
has a diameter, as we are told by its finder, of 23 feet. We need say
no more of this doorway. The town attached to the palace of
Khorsabad will give us a better opportunity for the study of a city
gate.
The “town of Sargon,” Dour-Saryoukin or Hisr-Sargon, according
as we follow one or the other method of transcribing the Assyrian
name, was far smaller than Babylon, was smaller even than
Nineveh. It formed a parallelogram two sides of which were about
1,950 yards, the other two about 1,870 yards long, which would give
a surface of considerably more than a square mile. This city is
interesting not for the part it played in history, for of that we know
nothing, and it is quite possible that after the death of Sargon it may
have been practically abandoned, but because, of all the cities of
Assyria, it is that whose line of circumvallation has been best
preserved and most carefully studied (Vol. I. Fig. 144).
Like all inhabited places of any importance Dour-Saryoukin was
carefully fortified. Over the whole of Mesopotamia the words town
and fortress seem to have been almost convertible terms. The
nature of the soil does not lend itself to any such distinctions as
those of upper and lower city, as it does in Italy and Greece; there
was no acropolis, to which the inhabitants could fly when the outer
defences were broken down. In case of great need the royal palace
with its massive gates and cincture of commanding towers might be
looked upon as a citadel; while in Babylon and some other towns
several concentric lines of fortification made an attack more arduous
and prolonged the defence. But, nevertheless, the chief care of the
Mesopotamian engineers was given to the strengthening of the
external wall, the enceinte, properly speaking.
At Khorsabad this stood on a plinth three feet eight inches high,
above which began the sun-dried brick. The whole is even now
nowhere less than forty-five feet high, while in parts it reaches a
height of sixty feet. If we remember how greatly walls built of the
materials here used must have suffered from the weather, we shall
no longer be astonished at the height ascribed by Herodotus to the
walls of Babylon: “These were, he says, 200 royal cubits (348 feet)
high.”[81] This height was measured, no doubt, from the summit of
the tallest towers into the deepest part of the ditch, which he adds,
“was wide and deep.” It is possible that the interpreters who did the
honours of Babylon to the Greek historian exaggerated the figures a
little, just as those of Memphis added something to the height of the
pyramids. That the exaggeration was not very great is suggested by
what he says as to the thickness of the wall; he puts it at fifty royal
cubits, or eighty-six feet six inches. Now those of Khorsabad are only
between six and seven feet thinner than this, and it is certain that the
walls of Babylon, admired by all antiquity as the masterpieces of the
Chaldæan engineers, must have surpassed those of the city
improvised by Sargon both in height and thickness.
Far from abusing our credulity, Herodotus is within the mark
when he says that on the summit of the wall “enough room was left
between the towers to turn a four-horse chariot.”[82] As for Ctesias,
he speaks of a width “greater than what is necessary to allow two
chariots to pass each other.”[83] Such thicknesses were so far
beyond the ideas of Greek builders that their historians seem to have
been afraid that if they told the truth they would not be believed, so
they attenuated rather than exaggerated the real dimensions. If we
give a chariot a clear space of ten feet, which is liberal indeed, it will
be seen that not two, but six or seven, could proceed abreast on
such walls.
The nature of the materials did not allow walls to be thin, and in
making them very thick there were several great advantages. The
Assyrians understood the use of the battering-ram. We see it
employed in several of the bas-reliefs for opening a breach in the
ramparts of a beleaguered town (Vol. I. Fig. 60 and above, Fig. 23).
They also dug mines, as soon as they had pierced the revetment of
stone or burnt brick.[84] To prevent or to neutralize the employment
of such methods of attack they found no contrivance more effectual
than giving enormous solidity to their walls. Against such masses the
battering-ram would be almost powerless, and mines would take so
much time that they would not be very much better. Finally, the
platform at the summit of a wall built on such principles would afford
room for a number of defenders that would amount to a large army.
Throughout the circumference of the enceinte the curtain was
strengthened by rectangular flanking towers having a front of forty-

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Module 7 V川 reless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 295

Module 8 Creating Effective Webpages .. . ........ . . . WEB 335

Module 9 ElectronÎc Commerce. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 379

Module 10 Introduction to Oata on the Internet WEB 415

Appendix A The Internet and World Wide Web WEBA1

Additional A且 ignments 1-4 ADD 1

Additional Assignments 5-8 ADD9

Na 川 gating Visited Webpages . . .. WEB 10 Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 52

Session 1.2 Visual Overview: Chrome, Sending Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEB 65

ctu WEB 36 De leting a Message WEB 67

WEB 38 Managing Your Contacts WEB 67

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M 川 timedia on the Web WEB 188 Module 61nternet Security

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InternatÎonal E-Commerce lssues

WEB 403 New Uses for Networks WEBA9

Data Terminology WEB 419

Compu臼 tional Thinking . . . . . . .. . . .ADD 11

EB M Additional Research Assignment 7

r h t 3 LE EB MM Locating movie information and

creating a movie webpage. . . . . . . . . . . . . AD 口 13

Connecting Computers to a Network WEBA3

Understanding IPAddresses and Domain Names.. .WEB A5

• Use the Fire(ox Find feature

SESSION 1.1 VISUAL OVERVIEW:

So urce: Google. 2016

==Microsoft Store '" p"剖clucts '" Support

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CHROME , EDGE , AND FIREFOX BROWSERS

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Search Microsoft ∞m p 岛'附

e 0.. Seo rc;h

Understanding the Internet and the Web

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Working with Hypertext Markup Language and Hyperlinks

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Entering a URl in the Address Bar

Understanding Home Pages

To load the United States Copyright 0何ice home page:

•• 1. Open GoogJe Chrome

United States Qffice

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Written Communication: Th e Impo时'ance of Organization on a Website

To use links to navigate the United States Copyright Offi ce

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