Form 5 Chapter 13

SPM 2023
The treatment is gene therapy.

A non-virulent virus,
normally an adenovirus
is used as carrier vector.

Normal CFTR gene is

genetically engineered to be
inserted into viral DNA.

The modified DNA is injected

into the non-virulent virus to
deliver the normal CFTR
gene .
The non-virulent virus enters the target cell through plasma membrane.
The non-virulent virus is packaged & transported in a vesicle.
Vesicle breaks down & releases the non-virulent virus.

The non-virulent virus injects the modified DNA into the nucleus
of the target cell.
The modified DNA with normal CFTR gene replaces the
mutated CFTR gene.

The target cell starts using the normal CFTR gene to produce CFTR
protein.
The technique is DNA profiling.

Skin sample is obtained from the investigation scene.

DNA is extracted from the skin sample.

The DNA is cut by restriction enzymes into DNA fragments

of different sizes
The DNA fragments of different sizes are separated
into bands by gel electrophoresis.
The DNA band pattern in the gel is transferred to a
nylon membrane.
Radioactive probes are added to the nylon membrane.
X-ray film is then placed on the top of nylon membrane.
X-ray film is processed to make the DNA band pattern
visible, thus positions of DNA bands are shown.
DNA profile is formed.
DNA profiling.
Child inherits DNA set from both mother and father.
Although the child’s DNA set is unique, it’s resulted from
the combination of DNA set from mother and father.
For the child’s DNA bands pattern on DNA profile which are not
the same with mother’s DNA band pattern, will definitely be the
same as father’s DNA bands pattern.

Father 2
 Although every individual has
unique fingerprint pattern, the
pattern itself does not provide
sufficient information to
determine biological father.
Fingerprint pattern does not
contain DNA sample or genetic
information.

Fingerprint pattern can be

changed by environmental
factors.
Thus, determining biological father with fingerprint
pattern is not accurate scientifically.
The reliability is high
Everyone has unique DNA set
The main suspect is suspect 2
The DNA band pattern on suspect 2’s DNA profile matches
with the DNA profile of the blood stain on knife.
The DNA sample of elephants or rhinos from certain locations can be collected
to produce the DNA profiles.
Once smuggled tusks or horns are confiscated by authorities, their DNA samples
are collected to produce DNA profiles.

The DNA profile of smuggled tusks or horns are compared to the DNA profile
from known locations.
This can help to identify the locations where elephants or rhinos are hunted
for their tusk or horns

Therefore, strict monitoring can be carried out at those locations.

This can prevent poaching/hunting and smuggling of tusks and horns.
Thank you
SPM 2023