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N P As SB Bi Small Size High I.E, High E.N Absence of D-Orbital NCL Does Not Exist PCL Does Exist (Empty D-Orbital) N (N N)
N P As SB Bi Small Size High I.E, High E.N Absence of D-Orbital NCL Does Not Exist PCL Does Exist (Empty D-Orbital) N (N N)
N P As SB Bi Small Size High I.E, High E.N Absence of D-Orbital NCL Does Not Exist PCL Does Exist (Empty D-Orbital) N (N N)
Dinitrogen N2
Nitric Acid HNO3
Dinitrogen is produced commercially by the On a large scale it is prepared mainly by
liquefication and fractional distillation of air Ostwald’s process
: Dinitrogen is colourless, odourless ,tasteless and
non-toxic gas.
: It is inert at room temperature
Catalyst used in Haber’s Process is Fe sp2
: In the gaseous state, HNO exist as a
Ammonia NH3 planar molecule as shown above
: Conc HNO is a strong oxidising agent
Trigonal pyramidal
Brown Ring Test
This test is carried by adding dilute ferrous sulphate
: Ammonia is colourless gas with a pungent odour solution to an aqueous solution containing
: Ammonia gas is highly soluble in water Nitrate ion and then adding concentrated sulphuric
acid along the side of test tube
: Ammonia is a lewis base
NO3- + 3Fe+2 +4H+ → NO + 3Fe+3 + 2H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]2++NO→[Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2++ H2O
N 2O (Dinitrogen oxide ) brown
NO (Nitrogen monoxide) A brown ring indicates the presence of nitrate
ion in solution
Phosphorous Phosphine PH3
Phosphorous is found in many allotropic forms, the • Phosphine is prepared by the reaction
important ones being white, red And black calcium phosphide with water or dilute
White Phosphorous acid
• White phosphorous is translucent white waxy • It is a colorless gas with rotten fish
solid smell and is highly poisonous
• It is poisonous and insoluble in water but NOTE:
soluble in CS The spontaneous combustion of phosphine
• White phosphorus is less stable and more is used in Holme’s Signal.
reactive 3 It is also used in smoke screens
sp (angular strain)
P4O10 P4O6
Red Phosphorous
• Red phosphorus is obtained by heating white
phosphorus at 573 K in an inert atmosphere
Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3
• It is odourless, non poisonous, and insoluble in
water as well as carbon disulphide It is obtained by passing dry chlorine over
• Chemically red phosphorus is much less reactive heated white phosphorus
than white phosphorus sp3
Pyramidal shape
sp d , octahedral
sp ,tetrahedral
Oxoacids
H4P2O6 Hypophosphoric acid
H3PO4 Ortho phosphoric acid
Acidic hydrogen
Reducing Nature
H3PO2 Hypophorous acid
P–Block Group-I
Group-I6 ns2 np4 (Chalcogen) M.P
O < S < Se < Po < Te
O S Se Te Po
B.P
(metal) O < S < Se < Po < Te
(Radioactive) Oxidation State ns2 np4
(metalloids)
(non-metals)
Tendency to form -2 O.S
CaSO4.2H2O (Gypsum) O > S > Se > Te > Po
Oxoacids
H2SO3 Sulphurous Acid