⇐ Jig

-
II. I *I -

Malak&Manar121

'
ÉÉ ⑤II
3£
-
"

I.gs#-eepj..g
,
}
 Viruses and Bacteria Compared

:# 8in

Require living
→ hostcellto
Mutiply

→ DNA
RNA

contain aproteincoatccapsidl .
No No Mes

‫ج‬
"‫سبَُلن َا‬ َِّ ‫"َوَما َلن َآ أ ََّال نَت ََوَّكَل َعَلى ٱ‬
ُ ‫هلل َوَقْد َهَدٰىن َا‬
 viral structure

µ
ÉDÉ-o↳&ls%yñ -

← Liaise ÷w↳ ! -4€

Nucleic acid capsid Envelope spikes

madeof :

DNAORRNA protein coat lipid protein carbohydrate

, ,
Projection from
outer surface .

made of :
capsidjs.ba enveloped b-
-

- -

subunits : -

☒ single/double-stranded capsomeres

☒ linear/ circular .

General Morphology

Helical viruses polyhedral viruses Enveloped viruses complex viruses .

hollow, cylindrical capsid .

Many sided complicated structures .

Enveloped
Envelopedy
 Taxonomy of viruses
*

( KTV) classification Baltimore classification

depends one
Genus Family Order ⑦ viral genome .

namesendin : namesendin : namesendin : ② Methodsofsynthesisofviral mRNA .

Virus
-
.
- viridae .
-
ales .
→ ← t.ws

+ mRNA .
-
mRNA .

viral species
groupsharingthesame
candy
gentic information .
host .

common names . species had ☒

number .
subspecies JHw④

ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

 Growing Bacteriophages inthe laboratory

Inlivinganimalslcellculturesl .

Inembroyonatedeggs

② Tissues are treated with enzymes virus injected intothee.gg .

to separate cells .

9.viralgrowthj.it#g.i-*
;o↳÷i-☒
9.viral growths * Nba:

VII. ← Changes Death

Deterioration lthecytopathiceffectc.PE) .

oftheembryo .

oftheembryo .

8fÉ-.☒
Continues cell lines -4-81%85%1 -

Inoculation of an Embryonated Egg

d b
cells suspended monolayer . notina
in culture medium monolayer
②
.

⑧ bacteriophage form plaques in Bacteria .

 viral Identification

cytopathic effects .

serological tests .
Nucleic acids .

e.ge

*
Western blotting Rflps PCR

tr d reaction oftheviruscAntigen )
with # v2
for characterization
.

Normal cervical cells infected cervical cells with antibody

.

. .
.

eachhasonenude.us .
hasmanynudei .

‫ج‬
"‫سبَُلن َا‬ َِّ ‫"َوَما َلن َآ أ ََّال َنت ََوَّكَل َعَلى ٱ‬
ُ ‫هلل َوَقْد َهَدٰىن َا‬

*
RFLPs :(restriction fragment length polymorphism.
 viral Multiplication

* for a virus to multiply :

it must invade a host cell .

it must take over the host 's metabolic machinery . -

ASK.UA#
-

*
one-step growth curve

www.oi#sH-:sE-a*0.- -6tW.di*O
:
go.tl

*
ÑdbÑ.ws# A ,

→ j-
 Multiplication of Bacteriophages .

Lytic cycle lysogenic cycle

phagecauseslysisanddeathofhostcell .
phage DNA isincroporatedinthehost DNA .

☒
÷nII # Was:D 's.is .

f phage conversion
④
IJ> €131 # JI .

4 specialized transduction .

④
%→J↳&E↳ replication.az ,

d
④
.be#j-.bJ1Iizs

lytic cycle lysogenic cycle

Name :
-
Temperate cycle .

Transduction : Generalized transduction .

Specialized transduction .

causeslysisanddeath
of the host cell :

Note : -
lyticcydefss-WT.fm
 Multiplication of Animal viruses

① Attachment : viruses attach tothe cell membrane .

for enveloped viruses "

receptor-mediated endocytosis .

② Entry g) OR fusion .

↳ or non-enveloped viruses only

by receptor-mediated endocytosis .

③ Uncoatingoobyviralothhost enzymes .

⑨ Biosynthesis 8 production of nucleic acid and proteins .

⑤ Maturation oonudeicacid and proteins assemble .

for enveloped viruses Budding

⑥ Release g)
.

[for non-enveloped viruses rupture .

②
Entry

Entry of pig retrovirus by receptor- Entry of herpesvirus by fusion.

mediated endocytosis
 The Biosynthesis of DNA viruses .

they
replicate synthesis
µ
DNA capsid
in in

Nudeusofthehost .

cytoplasm ofthehost .

Using : Using :

Viral enzymes . host enzymes .

in cytoplasm .

in nucleus .

Herpesviridae
examples of
•
* DNA viruses :
•
Adenoviridae
.

-
.

•
poxviridae .
•
Hepadnaviridae .
 The Biosynthesis of Aviruses .

Single strand ssRNA Double strand dsRNA

+ sense strand - antisense strand

④
Viral mRNA isproducedinthe
④
viral RNA serves as viral RNA istranscribtedtotstrand . Capsid .

⑦
mRNA for protein synthesis .
tstrandservesasmRNAforprote.in synthesis .
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
↳ -
replications -4Gt -

µ produces more strands of RNA .

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ads jig.si#zs**0ThemRNAstrandand- strand

G- esreplicationdl.mu.* form the dsRNA .

④
•

4¥41 The dsRNA surrounded by capsid

*
capsid # ⑦ Jiggs :p @ proteins .

.8a→i↳&⇐!jñ*
Examples of RNA viruses:
Picornaviridae Togaviridae Rhinovirus Rhabdoviridae Reoviridae
②
⑨ 0 0 @

s
 The Biosynthesis of Avirusesthatuse DNA .

Use :

Reverse transcriptase integrase protease

To
To To

produce DNAI-romviralgen.me .

integrate viral DNA into processed viral proteins .

thehostchromosomeasprovirus .

Examples of RNA viruses that use DNA :

Retroviridae * Lentivirus (HIV) .
•o•

*Oncoviruses.
 !
Viruses and Cancer
Several types of cancer are caused by viruses
-

Not contagious May develop long after a viral infection

:
DNA Oncogenic Viruses RNA Oncogenic Viruses
→ f- 1 JIA -

Adenoviridae Hepadnaviridae Retroviridae

Poxviridae

Herpesviridae Papovaviridae Hepatitis B virus

HTLV-1 HTLV-2
Epstein-Barr virus Human papillomavirus

(Human T cell leukemia viruses)

cause

lymphoma
Adult T cell leukemia
* Notes
Q : How to indicate a tumour cell ?
On the surface
By tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA)
In the nucleus
By T antigen

Q: What is the mechanism of Retroviridae?

The enzyme “ reverse transcripta “ transcribes Viral RNA to DNA by integrating into host
DNA
 11
Latent Viral Infections Persistent Viral Infections

Symptoms Asymptomatic Asymptomatic

for long periods occurs gradually over a long period

The cause May reactivate due to changes in immunity conventional viruses

Example - Cold sores - HIV/AIDS

- Shingles - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis /
measles virus

Notes It is generally fatal

Plant cells are generally protected Impermeable cell wall

*
from disease by
Sometimes

Plant Viruses and Viroids enters So There is wounds

Notes
- Plant Viruses and Viroids also enters with invasive parasites, such as insects.

- Some plant viruses also multiply in insect (vector) cells.

 !

Virusoids

f f
'
Hepatitis D (Delta) Virus Hepatitis B virus

Affects Both affect liver cells

Envelope proteins •
( spikes ) ✗
RNA genome Supercooled Circular single - strand Not mentioned

HoDirectly infects•M@µ Indirectly Directly

liver
- Why It’s envelope has no envelope proteins to Has an envelope protein that binds to the
bind to a receptor expressed on the suface receptor of liver cells
of liver cells.
- How Using HBsAg to be able to attach to the Spikes binds to receptors and then get
same receptor used by HBV to infect liver internalized into the liver cell
cells

Notes - Delta antigen mediates supercoiling - Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)

of RNA (an envelope protein)=(Spikes).
- Hepatitis B virus is known as the helper
virus of HDV

=\
Notes
The vaccine that
•

Two types of infection with HDV:

.

(co-infection) (super infection) protects from HBV

Infection with HDV A patient infected with infection will also
either occurs together HBV and then get protect the vaccinated
with HBV infected with HDV person fom getting
infected with HDV
Prions
- Mechanism of inheritance? - Prion diseases:
Ingestion Spongiform encephalopathies
Transplant 1- Mad cow disease
2- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Surgical instruments
3-Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome
4- Fatal familial insomnia
5-Sheep scrapi

- The cause of them :

(possible genetic cause)Run in families

The conversion of a normal host

glycoprotein called PrPC (for cellular prion
protein) into an infectious form called PrPSc
(for scrapie protein).

Fragments of PrPSc molecules accumulate in

the brain, forming plaques.

The actual cause of cell damage isn’t yet known

The Human Virome Most of the human virome consists of bacteriophage
Microbiome (normal flora) Affected by bacterial pathogen

Bacteriophage of virome infects bacterial members of the microbiome

Can infect and kill potential bacterial pathogens

killing competing bacteria

protect the normal microbiome

Bacteriophages and Horizental gene transfer

In one type of specialized transduction, the phage codes for certain toxins produced by their
bacterial hosts, such
as:
- diphtheria toxin for Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
- erythrogenic toxin for Streptococcus pyogenes,
- Shiga toxin for E. coli O157:H7.
 ☒ 41 8,541*-41*0

Plaques are clearings on a lawn of bacteria on the surface of agar

Plaque-forming units (PFU) Each plaque corresponds to a single virus

Host Range The spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host
Determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

Bacteriophages viruses that infect bacteria

• ( Range from 20 nm to 1000 nm in length )
Sarcoma Cancer of connective tissue

Adenocarcinomas Cancers of glandular epithelial tissue

Oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells

Oncogenic viruses become integrated into the host cell’s DNA and induce tumors

Conventional viruses viruses acIcumulate over a long period .

Viroids are infectious pieces of RNA that cause some plant diseases.

Prions Proteinaceous infectious particles

PrPC normal cellular prion protein, on the cell surface which located
in chromosome 20 and in involved in preventing cell death .
( resent studies show)

PrPSc scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques

Malak&Manar121