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THE PEARSON GUIDE TO THE SECOND EDITION

CLAT
GAGRANI

GUIDE TO THE
THE PEARSON
COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST

HARSH GAGRANI SECOND EDITION

THE PEARSON GUIDE TO THE

CLAT
The second edition includes new topics on Analytical Reasoning, General Studies, and Fact, Inference
and Judgment (FIJ) along with complete revised and updated sections of current affairs and

CLAT
COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST
comprehension. It also includes questions from previous year papers of CLAT and AILET, so that
students can practice different types and levels of questions. A new section on General Studies includes
the concept of ‘Did you know?’ comprising facts which will give students an edge in cracking CLAT.

Salient Features
• Over 10,000 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with examples and quick tricks
• Fully-updated topics as per the latest examination pattern COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST
• Revised exercises divided as per various difficulty levels
• Question bank for General Studies
Also for AILET, SET , LSAT and
• Strategies to guide students to attempt various sections
other Law Entrance Examinations
Harsh Gagrani, a graduate from National Law Institute University, Bhopal, is the founder-director of a HARSH GAGRANI
renowned law entrance preparation institute with branches at Bhopal, Gwalior and Patna. At 26, he is one
SECOND
of the youngest ‘Current Affairs’ and ‘Critical Reasoning’ teacher in central India. He has also written a
EDITION
book on Current Affairs. An avid quiz master, he conducts quizzes both online and offline.

Mock Assessment available at

http://www.pearsoned.co.in/HarshGagrani/
Over 10,000 MCQs along with examples and quick tricks
Over 2000 MCQs exclusively on current affairs
Cover image: Africa Rising. Shutterstock

Size :254x203mm Spine : 35mm ISBN : 9789332544864 Title Sub Title Edition Authors / Editors Name With CD Red Band Territory line URL Price mQuest
 The Pearson Guide to the CLAT
(Common Law Admission Test)
Second Edition

Harsh Gagrani

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 No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.

Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN: 9789332544864

e-ISBN: 9789332558953

First Impression

Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India.
Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India.

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 Contents

Prefacevii
Preface to the Second Edition viii
Acknowledgementsx
About the Author xi

Part One: Introduction 1.1–1.6

Chapter 1: Understanding CLAT 1.3
Chapter 2: How to Use This Book? 1.5
Chapter 3: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1.6

Part Two: Preliminary Tests 2.1–2.36

Chapter 1: Preliminary Tests—An Introduction 2.3
Chapter 2: Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern) 2.4
Chapter 3: Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern) 2.14
Chapter 4: Preliminary Test – 3 (SET Pattern) 2.21
Chapter 5: Answer Key 2.28

Part Three: English 3.1–3.204

Chapter 1: Grammar 3.3
Chapter 2: Roots 3.12
Chapter 3: Reading Comprehension—An Introduction 3.14
Chapter 4: How to Improve Your Reading Speed? 3.42
Chapter 5: Synonyms, Antonyms and Homonyms 3.44
Chapter 6: Idioms and Phrases 3.53
Chapter 7: Analogies 3.60
Chapter 8: Odd One Out 3.66
Chapter 9: Passage Completion 3.71
Chapter 10: Spotting the Errors 3.76
Chapter 11: Sentence Completion 3.81
Chapter 12: One Word Substitutions 3.91
Chapter 13: Sequencing of Sentences 3.97
Chapter 14: Vocabulary List 3.112
Chapter 15: How to Improve Vocabulary? 3.203

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 iv  Contents

Part Four: Mathematics 4.1–4.52

Chapter 1: Ratio and Proportion 4.3
Chapter 2: Simple Interest/Compound Interest 4.7
Chapter 3: Time and Work/Pipes and Cisterns 4.12
Chapter 4: Speed and Distance 4.17
Chapter 5: Number System 4.21
Chapter 6: Average 4.24
Chapter 7: HCF/LCM 4.29
Chapter 8: Percentage 4.33
Chapter 9: Profit, Loss and Discount 4.38
Chapter 10: Square Roots and Cube Roots 4.43
Chapter 11: Partnership 4.46
Chapter 12: Probability 4.50

Part Five: Logical Reasoning 5.1–5.76

Chapter 1: Critical Reasoning 5.3
Chapter 2: Analytical Reasoning 5.50

Part Six: Legal Reasoning/Aptitude 6.1–6.184

Chapter 1: Legal Reasoning/Aptitude 6.3
Chapter 2: Practice Questions 6.34
Chapter 3: Important Legal Terms and Concepts 6.136
Chapter 4: Important Legal Maxims 6.159
Chapter 5: Summary of Key Laws 6.164
Chapter 6: Leading Case Laws 6.168
Chapter 7: The Constitution and Indian Polity Timeline 6.176
Chapter 8: Key Differences Between Important Concepts 6.179

Part Seven: General Studies 7.1–7.132

Chapter 1: General Studies – I 7.3
Chapter 2: General Studies – II 7.37
Chapter 3: General Studies – Question Bank 7.86

Part Eight: Current Affairs 8.1–8.110

Chapter 1: How to Prepare for Current Affairs? 8.3
Chapter 2: Part A: Timeline 8.4
Part B: Current Affairs Questions 8.51

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 Contents   v

Part Nine: Solved Papers 9.1–9.126

Chapter 1: CLAT 2011 9.3
Chapter 2: CLAT 2012 9.32
Chapter 3: CLAT 2013 9.54
Chapter 4: CLAT 2014 9.80
Chapter 5: AILET 2014 9.106

Part Nine: Before the Clat 10.1–10.6

Chapter 1: One Year Before CLAT 10.3
Chapter 2: One Month Before CLAT 10.4
Chapter 3: One Day Before CLAT 10.5

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 Preface

This book is a result of increasing magnitude of students preparing for law entrance examinations and the resultant demand for
a complete solution, covering all major topics which appear across all the law entrance examinations. The theoretical material as
well as the questions provided in this book have been prepared taking into consideration the general difficulty level of questions
as they have been appearing in the law entrance examinations.
The book begins with the essential theoretical aspects of CLAT and other law entrance examinations, familiarizing students
with the basics of such examinations as well as the ideal method of using this book. The preliminary tests are prepared keeping in
mind the preparation level of students at the beginning of their CLAT preparation journey. The latter half of the book contains past
years’ papers of CLAT for the students to familiarize themselves with the difficulty level of the actual CLAT paper. Explanatory
answers are provided as and when deemed necessary.
A lot of toil and sweat went into the preparation of this book and I hope it meets the requirements of the students. Feedback
and suggestions are always welcome.
Harsh Gagrani

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 Preface to the Second Edition

No matter how good you get, you can always get better, and that’s the exciting part.
—Tiger Woods

It is the desire for improvement that keeps us on our toes, gets out the best in us and helps us exceed our own expectations. The
second edition of this book was planned keeping in mind all the possible areas of improvement. We had the pleasure of getting
some rave reviews of the first edition, as well as some very honest recommendations for improvement, which we had started taking
note of since the day we got the first review. Some of the recommendations, and how we acted on it, are as follows:
1. Need for an Analytical Reasoning portion: This edition includes an analytical reasoning portion, in addition to the already
included critical reasoning, which covers topics like blood relations, seating arrangement, data arrangement, etc. As practice
exercises, we have also included the questions that have appeared in the past few years in CLAT and AILET, so that students get
the hang of types and difficulty level of questions usually asked in both these entrance examinations.
2. Need for a General Studies portion: The first edition of this book, though contained excellent current affairs time lines and
questions, was devoid of the general studies portion. We have included the same in this edition of the book. The general
studies part of this book contains comprehensive material on chapters such as books and authors, history, general science,
economics, etc.
As an add-on, we have also included the concept of ‘Did you know?’ which contains facts which are not typically available
in most books for competitive examinations. Though other, usually bland facts, can be found in any good general studies book,
these facts will give you an edge over others when questions asked in CLAT are a bit non-conventional and unorthodox (remember
questions such as the full form of ‘P’ in P. Chidambaram, former name of New York and the origin of the term Bluetooth?—all of
these were asked in CLAT 2013).

Our job is to figure out what our customers are going to want before they do.
—Steve Jobs

In addition to addressing the aforementioned two points, we also had the responsibility of making the book a bit more effective.
We carefully analysed each section to find out how we can make sections better and much more valuable. As a result, we made
the following changes:
1. The reading comprehension section given in the previous edition has been replaced by a revised section, whereby the passages
are divided as per difficulty levels and also contain the ideal time within which an aspirant should aim to solve the questions of a
particular passage. We have also included a theoretical chapter on reading comprehension which deals with types of passages and
addresses Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the passages.
2. Apart from the general studies chapter, we have also included a Question Bank on general studies. The highlight of this chapter is
the explanatory answers given for the correct answer to each question, which serves two functions. While explanations make sure
that additional research goes into the making of the questions, making the questions error-free, it also ensures that the aspirants
find important facts in the correct answers of these questions which prepare them for tackling various possible variants of these
types of questions.

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 Preface to the Second Edition   ix

3. We have segregated the legal reasoning questions—subject-wise and topic-wise. Thus, students may directly solve questions on
a specific topic after completion of the theoretical portion of that topic.
4. In addition to the mentioned changes, we have also included a chapter on Fact, Inference and Judgment (FIJ). Though this chapter
has not yet appeared in CLAT, it did make a surprise visit in AILET 2014. Thus, it would be a wise idea to prepare for this chapter
as well.
The usual upgradations are also a part of this book. Thus, it has a revised Current Affairs Timeline (2014), 1000 new highly rele-
vant current affairs questions, solved CLAT and AILET 2014 papers, as well as some minor changes in the chapters on Syllogisms
and Assertion-Reason.
Laurels, as usual, should be reserved for the entire team which has worked on the book. Errors, if any, are all mine.

Harsh Gagrani

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 Acknowledgements

It would be an error to suggest that any work of this stature could be completed by an individual without inspiration.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional support and constant motivation, without which not
just this book, but even Legal Edge would not have seen the light of day.
I would also like to thank Shobhit Jain, Shreya Dua, Anujaya Krishna, Shivani Satyarthi, Arushi Singh, Poorvi Shah, Tulika
Shree, Ashwin Rastogi, Vinay Pratap Singh and Ashish Shrivastava for their support in multifarious ways. I would like to thank
Laxmi Sharan Mishra and Swapnil Verma, part-colleagues and part-mentors who helped in the ideation phase of this book.
I am also thankful to Priya Sharma, who typed and formatted this work for many hours and helped me finish the work on time.
I am thankful to Ritika Jhurani, a longstanding friend and an honest critic, for taking substantial amount of time out from her busy
routine to continuously providing questions and theoretical material used in this book.
For this revised edition, it would also be apt to thank all the CLAT aspirants whose recommendations and suggestions have
played a major role in the improvements of this book.
Finally, I acknowledge the support of the team at Pearson Education, India, specifically Sharel Simon, for her valuable sugges-
tions and remarkable help in the preparation of the manuscript.

Harsh Gagrani

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 About the Author

Harsh Gagrani, a graduate from National Law Institute University, Bhopal, is the founder director of Legal
Edge Tutorials, a law entrance preparation institute based currently out of Bhopal, Gwalior and Patna. At
26, he is one of the youngest current affairs and critical reasoning teachers in central India. He has also
authored a book on current affairs. An avid quiz master, he conducts both online and offline quizzes. His
correspondence courses and online test series for CLAT aspirants can be accessed at www.clatacademy.
com. The author can be contacted at gagrani.harsh@gmail.com for any suggestion to improve the content
of this book.

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 Part One
Introduction

Chapter 1 Understanding CLAT

Chapter 2 How to Use This Book?

Chapter 3 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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 Chapter Understanding CLAT
1

Till 2007, each of the then existing National Law Schools

Examination Details (2015)
conducted their own entrance examinations, often on pat-
terns different from each other. This led to candidates spend- Common Law Admission Test (CLAT)
ing thousands of rupees over buying multiple forms, travelling
Participating College(s)
from one city to another (not every city had an examination
centre for every national law school), besides spending money • NLSIU, Bangalore
on buying multiple guides. Though it did give independence to • NALSAR, Hyderabad
each law school in preparing an entrance examination paper of • NLIU, Bhopal
their choice, it often ended up being unfair to a huge strata of • WBNUJS, Kolkata
candidates, including those who wanted to take other (non-law) • NLU, Jodhpur
entrance examinations, but had to sacrifice those examinations • HNLU, Raipur
whose dates clashed with those of law entrance examinations. • GNLU, Gandhinagar
This led to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) being filed • RMLNLU, Lucknow
against the existing system. Following the PIL, the Ministry • RGNUL, Patiala
of Human Resource Development put forward the proposal • CNLU, Patna
of a common admission test to National Law Schools, which • NUALS, Kochi
was accepted by the latter. It was decided that each year, one • NLU, Orissa
National Law School would conduct CLAT, on a rotation basis. • NUSRL, Ranchi
The first CLAT took place on May 11th, 2008, which was con- • NLUJA, Assam
ducted by NLSIU, Bangalore and its results were accepted by • TNNLS, Tiruchirappalli
seven participating National Law Schools. Also, three other • DSNLU, Visakhapatnam
National Law Schools (CNLU, Patna, RMLNLU, Lucknow
and RGNUL, Patiala) agreed to utilise the CLAT scores in Total Questions – 200
principle. Duration – 120 minutes
As of 2015, the number of National Law Schools accepting Negative Marking – Yes (0.25 marks)
the CLAT scores has increased to 16 and a few private univer-
sities have also started accepting CLAT scores now. Though Sectional Details
the previous CLAT papers have not been totally controversy- • English (40 marks)
free and more than one CLAT(s) has been criticized on various • General Knowledge (50 marks)
fronts, it can still be considered as a reasonably complete exami- • Legal Aptitude (50 marks)
nation to test the aptitude and reasoning skills of prospective • Logical Reasoning (40 marks)
candidates. • Mathematics (20 marks)
The CLAT consists of 200 questions, each containing one
mark. From CLAT 2013, negative marking has been introduced Eligibility
for incorrect answers, and a candidate will now be penalized
0.25 marks for every incorrect answer. Also, there is no sec- • Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent
tional cut-off (unlike many other entrance examinations). certificate from a recognised Board
From CLAT 2015, online mode has been introduced for tak- • Not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and
ing CLAT. The aspirants now will have to take the CLAT on ST candidates)
the online platform provided by the CLAT authorities on the • Below 20 years of age as on 1st July 2014 (22 years in case of
designated day. SC and ST candidates)

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 1.4  Part 1

All India Law Entrance Test (AILET) • Legal Reasoning (30 marks)
Participating College(s) • Logical Reasoning (30 marks)
• Analytical Reasoning (30 marks)
• NLU- Delhi
Total Questions – 150 Negative marking – No
Total Time – 90 Minutes
Eligibility
Sectional Details
• Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent
• English (35 marks) certificate from a recognized Board.
• General Knowledge (35 marks) • Not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and
• Legal Aptitude (35 marks) ST candidates)
• Logical Reasoning (35 marks) • Below 20 years of age as on 4th May 2014 (22 years in case of
• Mathematics (10 marks) SC and ST candidates)

Negative marking – No
Seats
Eligibility • 180 seats (B.B.A. LLB- 120 seats, BA.LLB. - 60 seats)
• Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent
certificate from a recognised Board Law School Admission Test (LSAT- India)
• Not less than 50% marks in aggregate Participating Colleges
• Below 21 years of age as on 1st July 2014 (23 years in case of
SC and ST candidates) • Over 60
Total Questions – 92-100
Seats Total Time – 140 Minutes

• 70 Seats through AILET Pattern of the Test

• 10 Seats for direct admission to Foreign Nationals on merit
• Analytical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
Symbiosis Entrance Test (SET) • 1st Logical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
Participating College(s) • 2nd Logical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
• Reading Comprehension (Approx. 24 marks)
• Symbiosis Law School, Pune
• Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA Negative marking – No
Total Questions – 150
Total Time – 150 Minutes Eligibility

Sectional Details • 3 years LLB: Bachelor’s degree with at least 50% aggregate
marks
• English (Reading Comprehension) (30 marks) • 5 years B.A. LLB.: 10+2 examination or equivalent with not
• General Knowledge (30 marks) less than 50% aggregate marks

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 Chapter How to Use This Book?
2
This book combines years of experience of some of the well-known
mentors in the industry, with the newer ones. It has been drafted
keeping in mind the changing pattern of law entrance examina-
tions, and changing needs of law aspirants. To get the most out of
this book, we strongly suggest following these guidelines:
Attempt all the preliminary tests on day one
The first step should be solving the preliminary tests, all of
them. These tests replicate the CLAT, AILET and SET pattern,
and thus they would be a good starting point for law aspirants.
Once you are done with the tests, take out your scores and refer
to the ‘How to read you scores?’ chapter.
Analyse your strengths and weaknesses
Inspite of the fact that some of the previous years’ papers have
been given at the end of the book, we have included Preliminary
Tests in the book, on a similar pattern. Reason being that a
­candidate should not blindly start solving various sections given
in the book, but should do that armed with the knowledge of his
strengths and weaknesses. This can be done by analysing your test
M01_9788131796399_C01.indd 5
scores in the preliminary tests. If you have consistently scored low
in a particular section, it can very well be deduced that you need to
work more on that section.
Do not ignore the explanations!
Explanatory answers, even to legal knowledge (aptitude) and
critical reasoning questions are one of the biggest strengths and
USPs of this book. Use them smartly. Many of these explana-
tions are kinds of questions in themselves. If you are ignoring
the ­explanations, you are missing out on a fantastic opportunity
of gaining the maximum out of the book.
Test yourself!
You should test yourself often. If you are done with a particular
section, hand over the book to your friend and ask him to ask you
questions randomly from this section. Do it multiple times, espe-
cially if you still have a few months to go for the examinations.
Repeat this exercise often, preferably with all the sections given
in the book.
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 Chapter Frequently Asked
3 Questions (FAQs)
Which section should I attempt first?
There are two commonly followed strategies here. The first one,
and more common one, is attempting the strongest section first.
One of the biggest advantages of this approach is that you get to
devote the maximum amount of time to the section which might
end up fetching you the maximum amount of (sectional) marks.
Another advantage of this approach is that a sense of confidence
is developed once you are done solving your best section(s).
However, one major pitfall of this approach is that you often
end up devoting more time to a particular section than what
is required, and this jeopardizes your other sections, which
sometimes contain more marks than your strong sections. One
way to get around this is to reverse the approach. Attempt the
weakest section first. The reason being – each section, whether
it is your strongest or weakest, can fetch you at least some
amount of marks. The possibility of you not knowing even one
­question in the entire section is almost negligible. However,
when you devote more time to your strong sections, you often
end up not attempting even sitters (really easy questions) of
your weak sections. This takes a toll on your overall marks.
To extract the maximum marks from each section, you have to
devote at least some amount of time to that section. We recom-
mend following this approach:
1. Even before a test begins, calculate the ideal time required
to solve each section. This time should be based on your
­experience while solving Mocks.
2. Attempt the weakest section first. Give it the time you
decided to devote to this section, in toto. Attempt all the
questions that you can during this time.
3. Once the time you decided to devote to your weak sections
runs out, leave that section, even if you are not done with
it. The section has already got the time it deserved, and you
have got the marks you deserved in that particular section.
4. Now attempt your strong sections. Use your time judi-
ciously in solving all the remaining sections.
M01_9788131796399_C01.indd 6
5. Always remember, the toppers are devoting the same
amount of time to these sections. Neither are they leaving
any section in toto, nor should you!
How many questions should I solve in clat,
especially in light of negative marking?
Remember that a negative marking of 0.25 marks per wrong
­question is not a gigantic one. It would take four wrong answers
to negate the effect of one right answer. So, do not leave a lot of
questions.
As a general rule, you should only leave those questions
in which you have absolutely no idea about the right answer,
and you cannot rule out any of the given options. This usually
happens in General Knowledge questions. In questions where
you can rule out even one option as incorrect, attempt it. For
obvious reasons, you then have a better chance of hitting the
right answer in such ­questions, even with fluke.
You may leave questions which
1. are from your weakest t­opics and
2. usually take disproportionately large amounts of time,
especially when compared to the questions from your
­strongest ­section. This would give you more time to solve
questions where you are more certain to come out with the
correct answer.
What is the ideal time to be devoted to each
section?
The answer to this varies from person to person, and also
from test to test. A certain Legal Aptitude section of a Mock
may contain only Reasoning questions, and thus would take
much more time to solve than a section of the Mock contain-
ing Reasoning, Aptitude and Assertion-Reason questions.
Thus, a candidate should himself gauge the ideal time to be
taken to solve a particular section by solving Mocks of varying
difficulty levels.
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 Part Two
Preliminary tests

Chapter 1 Preliminary Tests—An Introduction

Chapter 2 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)

Chapter 3 Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern)

Chapter 4 Preliminary Test – 3 (SET Pattern)

Chapter 5 Answer Key

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 Chapter Preliminary Tests—
1 An Introduction

The preliminary tests included in this book should be your starting
point of preparation. These tests will help you analyze your current
level of preparation, and guide you in chalking out a subject-wise
strategy as well as the level of improvement needed in each subject.
These tests have been drafted to replicate the actual test model,
thus, many of the questions given in this chapters exercises have
been included in these tests. We have followed the CLAT, AILET
and SET pattern for Preliminary Tests 1, 2 and 3 respectively,
halving the actual number of questions asked in these tests. Also,
the difficulty level of each test has been set keeping in mind the
general difficulty level of law entrance examinations in the past
few years.
We would advise taking these tests in the prescribed time limit,
keeping in mind the general instructions (negative marking in
CLAT, use of pen in SET etc.). Prescribing a rating table for test
scores would be unfair. Thus, each student should i­ndependently
take his or her score as a base for evaluating the layers of improve-
ment needed. Also, a few of the questions of these tests are of
relatively higher level (especially for beginners), and thus a low
score should not dampen your morale.
We also recommend thoroughly reading the given ­explanatory
answers of these questions before moving on to the individual
chapters. It will give you a general idea of the level of difficulty
of the questions asked, and the ideal answer which the examiner
expects from you.
That’s it for now. Set the timer and ignore he distractions.
Happy Testing.

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 Chapter Preliminary Test – 1
2 (CLAT Pattern)

Total Questions: 100 2. Which of these aspects about the city has not been men-
Total Time: 60 minutes tioned in the passage?
Negative marking: Yes (0.25 marks per wrong answer) (a) Food (b) Craft and arts
(c) Legacy (d) Language

Section I – English 3. Which is the city being referred to in the passage?

(a) Delhi (b) Lucknow
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the
(c) Bhopal and Lucknow (d) Old Indian cities
following questions.
4. Is the author against changes in the city (on the basis of
Passage: What inspired me to write this in the first place was the information given in the passage)?
recent renovation drive carried out in Hazratganj. It rang a bell. It (a) Yes (b) No
reminded me of how special our city is. It reminded me that it is (c) Can not say (d) Balanced view
truly ‘City of Nawabs’.
Every year we watch the Republic Day parade with 5. What does the expression ‘nooks and crannies’ mean?
­unprecedented pride and hope for a better future ahead for our (a) Corners (b) Obscure
country. We discuss issues for the greater good—poverty, illit- (c) Remote (d) Old
eracy, health and hygiene, nuclear power and what not? But
have we ever glanced at the grass root level. Have we ever seen 6. What prompted the author to write this article?
where our city stands at present. This time around when I went (a) Republic Day Parade
to Nakkhas (and Chowk area) and Nazirabad—kebabs, biryani, (b) Eating in the city
kulfi—a colourful palette of some of the best ‘food’ platters in (c) Reconstruction of Hazratganj
Lucknow, I looked at them and realized just how beautiful and (d) Patriotism
rich they are. Yet, they remain shrouded in the haze of an upcom- 7. What best describes the meaning of ‘wake up and smell the
ing metropolitan culture and beautification. coffee’?
There are shopping malls and high-end brands that are swarm-
(a) Awaken from sleep (b) Pay attention to
ing thees place, but the true jewels of the city lie in the nooks
(c) Argue against (d) Form an opinion
and crannies of which many are blissfully ignorant. Even the
traditional ‘chikan’ embroidery and ‘zardozi’ lie in obscurity and 8. What does ‘beacon’ mean in the light of the passage?
very few people care about preserving the rich heritage of the city. (a) Lighthouse (b) Warning signal
Modernization can neither be stopped nor should it be, but at the (c) Source of guidance (d) None of the above
same time, the cultural values of our cities must be protected as
they form a part of our identity. Directions: Choose the idiom from the options given that best fits
This may seem like just another sermon on preserving our tra- the meaning given in the question:
dition and culture and mind you, it is somewhat that—just that we
need to consider and ponder over this, not as a ‘preachy article’ 9. Entering into a conflict
but as an awakening—to wake up and smell the coffee. We need (a) Break a lance with
to be beacons of light and the frontrunners of positive change (b) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
in society. (c) Into the wild
(d) None of the above
1. What do you gather about the author from the passage? 10. Take part in something which is likely to fail
(a) Passion for the city (b) Orthodox (a) Slap dash (b) At a canter
(c) Modern (d) Self-indulgent (c) Skate on thin ice (d) None of the above

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 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)   2.5

11. Worthless person 18. Anger: vice

(a) A trump (a) Compassion : virtue (b) Resentment : virtue
(b) A black sheep (c) Empathy : vice (d) Joy : virtue
(c) To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth
(d) None of the above 19. Ram Mohan Roy : Syed Ahmed Khan : Dayanand Saraswati :
Reformers
12. To go to bed (a) Alamgir : Jahandar Shah : Farrukhsiyar : Mughals
(a) Hit the road (b) Take the cake (b) Dolphin : Platypus : Alligator : Mammals
(c) Hit the sack (d) Drop a dime (c) Wisdom : Insight : Acumen : Knowledge
(d) Resistance : Confrontation : Altercation : Surrender
Directions: The following questions consist of jumbled up parts
of a sentence which need to be arranged in the proper sequence. 20. Sugar : Tea leaves : Ginger : Tea
The list of options contains the correct sequence which needs to (a) Mandarin : Indonesian : Arabic : Languages
be identified using principles of grammar and logical deduction. (b) Cuba : Uganda : Namibia : Africa
(c) Coffee powder : Water : Salt : Coffee
13. A. The boy stood frozen
(d) Lemon : Water : Sugar : Tea
B. On the lifeless form
C. Of his mother’s still body
D. With shock, with his eyes transfixed Section II – Logical Reasoning
(a) CDBA (b) DBAC Directions: In the following questions, a statement is given
(c) ACDB (d) ADCB ­followed by two possible assumptions. Choose:
14. A. The entrance exam paper (a) If assumption I is implicit
B. Rohan missed out (b) If assumption II is implicit
C. Due to paucity of time (c) If either I or II is implicit
D. On an entire section of (d) If neither I nor II is implicit
(e) If both I and II are implicit
(a) BDCA (b) DBAC
(c) CDAB (d) BDAC 21. Statement: “For an ever glowing skin, use Fair and
Healthy”– An advertisement.
15. A. Personal affairs is my concern
Assumptions:
B. The only reason behind
I. People like other people with an ever glowing skin.
C. My interest in your
II. The advertisement will help in increasing the sales.
D. For your well being
(a) BCAD (b) DACB 22. Statement: “Readers are leaders” – A quote.
(c) BCDA (d) BDCA Assumptions:
I. Not all readers are leaders but all leaders are readers.
16. A. The point of view of your II. Not all leaders are readers but all readers are leaders.
B. Brother or be prepared
C. To face the consequences 23. Statement: One should make notes from the newspaper
D. Either try to understand everyday for an efficient preparation of current affairs.
Assumptions:
(a) ADCB (b) DABC I. One cannot prepare for current affairs efficiently with-
(c) DACB (d) ABCD out reading newspapers.
II. Making notes helps in an efficient preparation of
Directions: The following questions based on analogies require ­current affairs.
the identification of the common relation between the main set
and the given options. You are to select the appropriate option Statement: ‘I think hockey should no more be our
which is in line with the relation from the given list using the national game. Games like cricket and shooting are
meaning of the words and logical deduction. bringing us more laurels and international popularity’ –
A tells B
17. Wheat : Threshing ‘Are you serious? India was once the hockey powerhouse
(a) Rice : Crushing (b) Milk : Pasteurization and has won 8 gold medals in Olympics, with half a dozen
(c) Dog : Grooming (d) Art : Painting world records’ – B replies to A.

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 2.6  Part 2

24. What are the assumptions on which A relies?
I. The national game of India can be changed.
II. The national game of India should be decided on the
basis of international recognition it is bringing.
25. What are the assumptions on which B relies?
I. The game which has won more medals in Olympics
deserves to be the national game of India.
II. A is not serious when he says that hockey should not
be the national game of India.
Directions: Read the given passages and answer the question(s)
that follow.
26. In a recently released survey, it was found that in 76% of
the cases, the drivers of the cars which met with an accident
were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones. Thus
people can avoid accidents in majority of the cases by not
driving when they are drunk or talking on their mobile.
The central assumption of the argument is that:
(a) The driver of the car carrying others who are either
drunk or talking on their mobile phones would also
not be drunk, or talking on his mobile phone.
(b) In the rest 24% of the cases covered in the survey, the
driver was driving within permissible limits.
(c) Seatbelts and airbags play no major role in avoiding
fatal accidents.
(d) The cars which met with an accident whose drivers
were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones,
were within the permissible speed limits.
27. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) soon wants to
automate the whole system of ticket issuance, as well as
baggage checks by bringing in machines to do the job, and
wants to curtail the staff strength to save costs. The DMRC
assumes that:
(a) Automated ticket issuance and baggage checks have
been successfully running in various countries.
(b) Personal service of the staff is not required for the job
of issuing tickets and checking bags.
(c) Cost cutting would necessarily lead to increase in
profits.
(d) The costs associated with automating the job of ticket
issuance and baggage checks would be lesser than that
of keeping staff for the same.
28. A real artist is not only the one who creates beautiful pic-
tures and brilliant stories. He also raises the bar by forever
challenging status quo. Furthermore, a real artist doesn’t
even care for credit. All he cares about is his work and
contribution to art. However, in today’s world, these traits
barely matter as nothing succeeds without advertising,
marketing and branding.
The statement above logically conveys which of the following?
(a) It is virtually impossible for real artists to succeed in
today’s world without advertising, marketing and
branding.
(b) Real artists should invest in advertising, marketing and
branding to be really successful, as they also have other
traits which put them on higher footing than the others.
(c) People who succeed in today’s world are not real
­artists but only a reflection of them.
(d) Real artists shouldn’t bother about advertising, mar-
keting and branding and should just care about their
contribution to the world.
29. If Mary completes the formalities, she might get admission
in a reputed law college. Mary was able to complete the
formalities.
If the above statement is correct, which of the f­ollowing
must also be correct?
(a) She got admission in a reputed law college.
(b) She might have gotten admission in a reputed law
college.
(c) She took external help in completing the formalities.
(d) Both (b) and (c) are correct.
Directions: In each of the questions below are given two state-
ments followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have
take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at
variance with commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and
then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from
the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
(a) If only conclusion I follows.
(b) If only conclusion II follows.
(c) If either I or II follows.
(d) If neither I nor II follows.
(e) If both I and II follow.
30. Statements
I. Some salaries are expenditures
II. Some salaries are savings
Conclusions
I. Some savings are salaries
II. Some expenditures are savings
31. Statements
I. Some chromes are not mozillas
II. All mozillas are IEs
Conclusions
I. Some chromes are not IEs
II. Some mozillas are IEs

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 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)   2.7

32. Statements Zone (SEZ) Act symbolized this. ‘Labour reform’ meant the
I. A is B dismantling of labour protection laws. Government job openings
II. B is C were reducing, especially at the bottom end, and while the value
Conclusions of education for all was clearly a felt need by everyone, a large
I. A is C numbers of people at the base of the economic pyramid felt the
II. C is A shrinking of responsibility and shirking of accountability of agen-
cies of the State.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
36. The author is pointing out to the 1991 reforms, when the
33. Statements economy was opened up to foreign companies.
I. ________________
II. No Persians are Africans 37. The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act helped the rich
Conclusion more than the poor.
I. Some Africans are not Persians 38. The author asserts that the reforms now are essentially
(a) All Persians are Africans for the protection of the rich, and not for the upliftment
(b) Some Persians are Africans of the poor.
(c) Some Persians are not Africans 39. Labour reforms are helping the labour class realize and
(d) Not required protect their basic rights.
34. Statements 40. Though government jobs has been reducing, the new age
I. ________________ reforms has helped the private sector generate more jobs
II. All Mirrors are Glasses and thus increase employment.
Conclusion
I. Some Tables are Glasses
(a) All Tables are Mirrors Section III – General Knowledge/
(b) Some Tables are not Mirrors Current Affairs
(c) Some Mirrors are not Tables
(d) None of the above 41. Which canal, opened in 1869, is nicknamed ‘Highway to
India’?
35. Statements
(a) Panama (b) Suez
I. No Pens are Books
(c) Alappuzha (d) Bruges
II. ________________
Conclusion 42. RMS Titanic, a British passenger liner that sank in the
I. Some Books are not Pens Atlantic in one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history,
(a) No Books are Pencils was on its way to New York from:
(b) No Books are Pens (a) Singapore (b) Southampton
(c) All Books are Pens (c) Halifax (d) Portsmouth
(d) Not Required
43. Besides the Kargil War, Operation Vijay is related to which
Directions: In the question below is given a passage followed by sev- other event?
eral inferences. You have to examine each inference separately in the
(a) Invasion of the princely state of Hyderabad
context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.
(b) Indian Annexation of Goa
Mark answer:
(c) Capture of Siachen Glacier
(a) If the inference is definitely true. (d) Intervention in Maldives
(b) If the inference is probably true.
44. The phenomenon of change in direction of a wave due to
(c) If the data is inadequate.
change in medium is referred to as:
(d) If the inference is probably false.
(e) If the inference is definitely false. (a) Coupling (b) Retraction
(c) Refraction (d) Rarefaction
Passage: Reform also brought with it a strange reinvention of the
very meaning of the concept of ‘reform’ itself. ‘Land reform’ now 45. Who was the first Managing Director of IMF?
meant the f­acilitation of transfer of land to the rich and the new (a) Christine Lagarde (b) IvarRooth
breed of land developers. The passage of the Special Economic (c) Camille Gutt (d) Rodrigo Rato

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 2.8  Part 2

46. The UN Security Council has 5 permanent members – US, 54. In which Indian state did the modern game of Polo
UK (English), Russia (Russian), France (French) and China originate?
(Chinese). The six official languages of the UN include the (a) Meghalaya (b) Rajasthan
4 mentioned in brackets, besides? (c) Manipur (d) West Bengal
(a) Hindi and German (b) Arabic and Spanish 55. Who was the 1st president of BCCI (Board of Control for
(c) Hindi and Spanish (d) German and Arabic Cricket in India)?
(a) N. Srinivasan (b) R.E. Grant Govan
47. Which leader made the first concrete proposal for establish-
(c) Dr Maharaj Kumar (d) Anthony De Mello
ing a framework for regional cooperation in South Asia,
eventually leading to the creation of SAARC? 56. With which sport is the Durand Cup associated?
(a) ZiaurRehman (b) Rajiv Gandhi (a) Hockey (b) Golf
(c) King Birendra (d) Benazir Bhutto (c) Football (d) Cricket

48. Which was the only Congress session presided over by 57. The first Indian (and Asian) to swim the English channel
Mahatma Gandhi? was:
(a) AratiSaha (b) Nafisa Ali
(a) Bankipur, 1912 (b) Lucknow, 1916 (c) Mihir Sen (d) Sachin Nag
(c) Belgaum, 1924 (d) Nagpur, 1920
58. Which among the following is not one of the Soccer
49. Kakori Train robbery took place in: (Football) tournaments?
(a) Allahabad district – 1924 (a) OFC Nations Cup (b) Merdeka Cup
(b) Lucknow district – 1925 (c) European Nations (d) Rene Frank Trophy
(c) Agra district – 1926
(d) Sahranpur district – 1927 59. The Commonwealth Games were held for the first time in
India in:
50. What was so special about the monument Ibn Dinar (a) 2010 (b) 1974
­constructed in 629 AD in Kerala? (c) 1950 (d) 1998
(a) First walled city in India
60. Which Indian athlete has been nicknamed ‘The Payyoli
(b) First marble monument in India
Express’?
(c) First mosque in India
(a) Milkha Singh (b) JeevMilkha Singh
(d) First monument built by a Muslim ruler
(c) P.T. Usha (d) IrrfanPathan
51. Smiling Buddha was the codename given to India’s first: 61. The capital city of Lord Rama was:
(a) Nuclear test explosion in Pokhran (a) Hastinapur (b) Lanka
(b) Expedition to the South Pole (c) Ayodhya (d) None of the above
(c) Stealth airplane
(d) Naval attack on Pakistan 62. Who among the following was the son of Chandragupta
Maurya?
52. Arrange the following planets in terms of size in d­ escending (a) Bindusara (b) Ashoka
order. (c) Pushyagupta (d) Samudragupta
1. Uranus
2. Saturn 63. HieunTsang is said to have visited India during the
3. Venus reign of:
4. Mars (a) Vikramaditya (b) Harshvardhana
(c) Chandragupta Maurya (d) Samudragupta
(a) 1234 (b) 2134
(c) 1243 (d) 2143 64. The founder of Slave Dynasty in India was:
(a) Muhammad Ghori (b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
53. Marie Curie, the first person in history to have won two
(c) Iltutmish (d) None of the above
Nobel Prizes, won them in which two fields?
(a) Physics and Chemistry 65. Vasco Da Gama is said to have located Calicut in the
(b) Physics and Peace year:
(c) Chemistry and Physiology/Medicine (a) 1590 (b) 1495
(d) Physics and Physiology/Medicine (c) 1498 (d) 1843

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Section IV – Legal Aptitude/Reasoning
Principles (for Questions 66 to 68):
I. Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is or who
by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of mistake of
law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it.
II. Nothing is an offence which is done by a judge when acting
judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in
good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.
III. Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is
justified by law, or by reason of a mistake of fact and not by
reason of a mistake of law in good faith, believes himself to
be justified by law, in doing it.
IV. Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfor-
tune, and without any criminal intention or knowledge in the
doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and
with proper care and caution.
Facts: Amrinder is a mason by profession. One day, when he is work-
ing with a hammer and chisel while standing on a ladder. The chisel
slips from the wall and hits his co-worker, Lalu, who is standing near
the ladder, on the head and Lalu suffers severe head injury. When
the police come for investigation, Amrinder’s family surrounds them
and obstructs them from apprehending Amrinder. One of the police
officers, Ramjas orders his subordinate, Tipu to push everyone and
arrest Amrinder. When Tipu tries to get inside Amrinder’s house to
arrest him, Amrinder’s brother, Jaswinder gets in the way and threat-
ens to beat Tipu. Tipu shoves him aside but Jaswinder hits his head
on a wall and starts bleeding. The whole case goes to trial before
Justice Sharma. One day Justice Sharma sees Jaswinder walking
by his house. He gets perturbed thinking that Jaswinder will create
trouble and he asks his security guards to threaten Jaswinder. When
Jaswinder starts arguing with the guards, Justice Sharma starts beat-
ing Jaswinder with his walking stick.
66. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Amrinder would be guilty of an offence when he hurt
Lalu.
(b) Amrinder would not be guilty of an offence under
principle (iii).
(c) Amrinder would not be guilty of an offence under
principle (iv).
(d) None of the above.
67. Which of the following police officers may be held guilty
with respect to their conduct at Amrinder’s house?
(a) Ramjas (b) Tipu
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
68. Choose the correct alternative:
(a) Justice Sharma was justified in his actions towards
Jaswinder under principle (iii).
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 9
Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)   2.9
(b) Justice Sharma was justified in his actions towards
Jaswinder under principle (ii).
(c) Justice Sharma was not justified in his actions towards
Jaswinder.
(d) It cannot be determined.
Principles (for Questions 69 to 71):
I. Works and building contracts are undertaken only with a
view to earning profits, the party committing the breach
would be liable for the contractor’s loss in terms of expected
profits.
II. In a sale transaction, damages are generally awarded on the
basis of the difference between the contract price and market
price.
III. A party will not be entitled to damages if they arise as a
remote consequence during the contract.
Facts: M/s. Le Bou is a well-known construction company. A State
government enters into a contract with them to build an office for
the Chief Minister and to renovate the Secretariat. However, after
the renovation of the Secretariat, the State Government decides
to engage another company, M/s. Pala and Co. since M/s. Le Bou
was charging a huge amount and they felt it would exceed their
budget. M/s. Le Bou sued the State government for compensation
for their losses of their expected profit. Meanwhile, M/s. Pala and
Co. decided to buy cement from a local supplier, Shibu. However,
due to some problems, Shibu cancels the contract the day before
the work is scheduled to begin. M/s. Pala and Co. had to approach
another supplier, Soraz who agrees to supply the cement on such
short notice for `10,000 more than what had been promised to
Shibu. However, Soraz contacts M/s. Pala and Co. and tells them
that his store of cement had been ruined and he could not supply
it. M/s. Pala and Co. was unable to begin the work on time.
69. Which of the following will be entitled to damages?
(a) M/s. Le Bou (b) M/s. Pala and Co.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
70. Which of the following statements is correct?
I. M/s. Pala and Co. can sue Shibu under principle (ii).
II. M/s. Pala and Co. can sue Soraz under principle (ii).
III. M/s. Pala and Co. cannot sue Soraz under principle
(iii).
(a) I,III (b) II
(c) I,II (d) None of the above
71. The correct quantum of damages that can be claimed by
M/s. Pala and Co. from Shibu is:
(a) `10,000
(b) Difference between price promised to Shibu and the
market price
(c) The price paid to Soraz
(d) None of the above
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 2.10  Part 2
Principles (for Questions 72 and 73):
I. The distinction between tax and fee lies in the fact that tax is
levied as part of a common burden, while fee is a payment for
a special benefit or privilege.
II. A fee is generally regarded to be a charge for a special service
rendered to individuals by some government agencies.
III. The co-relationship between the levy and the services rendered
is one of general character and not of arithmetical exactitude.
Facts: Assume that Guriya and Samovan are states in India. The
people in Guriya are asked to pay `10 for every ATM transac-
tion. On the other hand, the people in Samovan are asked to pay
charges for the water used by them at the end of every year. The
people of Guriya start protesting saying that the `10 charged on
ATM transactions amounts to a tax.
72. The contention of the people of Guriya will:
(a) Hold
(b) Not hold
(c) May be partially correct
(d) It cannot be determined
73. In which category would the charges imposed on the water
used by the people in Samovan fall?
(a) Tax (b) Fee
(c) Charge (d) None of the above
Principles (for Questions 74 and 75):
I. If parties have joint liability, then they are each liable up to the
full amount of the relevant obligation.
II. Under several or proportionate liability, the parties are liable
for only their respective obligations.
Facts: Roshan and Pulkit are brothers who get a job in the same
firm in a new city. They open a joint bank account. They have to
maintain `5,000 in the account at any point in time. Once they have
to withdraw a huge amount for some family emergency and their
account balance gets reduced to `3,000. When the bank threat-
ens to freeze the account, they start fighting amongst themselves
about who is liable to pay an adequate amount into the account.
Roshan and Pulkit have borrowed some money from their col-
league, Minku. Roshan says that he will pay back a majority of
the amount while Pulkit will pay the rest.
74. What kind of liability do Roshan and Pulkit have towards
the bank account?
(a) Joint
(b) Several
(c) It depends on their respective salaries
(d) None of the above
75. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Pulkit and Roshan have several liability towards Minku.
(b) Pulkit and Roshan have joint liability towards Minku.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 10
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Principles (for Questions 76 to 78):
I. A minor is not competent to enter into a contract as per the
Indian Contract Act.
II. A minor is not estopped from setting up the defence of
‘infancy’ or being a minor.
III. If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or anyone
whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another
person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the per-
son who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reim-
bursed from the property of such incapable person.
IV. The burden of proving that the thing supplied is a necessary
lies upon the supplier.
Facts: Bittu and Sittu are two brothers, aged 14 years and 16 years
respectively. Bittu suffers from thalassaemia. Their parents die in
a car crash and they are left to fend for themselves. Sittu runs
away from home and posing as a grown-up, proposes to sell a
portion of his parents’ house to Bhola. They sign a contract for the
same but when Bhola approaches him to take possession of the
house after a few days, Sittu states that he is a minor and thus the
contract between them is void. On the other hand, Bittu’s parents’
family friend, Dheeraj provides money for Bittu’s education and
hospital expenses as well.
76. Sittu’s contention before Bhola is:
(a) Valid (b) Invalid
(c) Prevented by estoppel (d) None of the above
77. On whom does the burden of proving supply of ‘necessar-
ies’ to Bittu lie?
(a) Bittu (b) Dheeraj
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Either (a) or (b)
78. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Dheeraj may claim reimbursement from the property
of Bittu.
(b) Dheeraj may claim reimbursement from the property
of Sittu and Bhola.
(c) Dheeraj may claim reimbursement from the property
of Bittu.
(d) None of the above.
Principles (for Questions 79 to 81):
I. Whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry
will, if such miscarriage be not caused in good faith for the
purpose of saving the life of the woman, be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; and, if the woman
be quick with child, will be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to 7 years, and
will also be liable to fine.
4/15/2015 6:06:18 PM

II. A woman who causes herself to miscarry, is within the mean-
ing of the above provision.
III. Whoever commits the offence elaborated in principle (i)
without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is
quick with child or not, will be punished with imprisonment
for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to 10 years, and will also be liable to fine.
IV. Whoever, with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with
child, does any act which causes the death of such woman, will
be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to 10 years, and will also be liable to fine.
V. If the above act is done without the consent of the woman, it
will be punished either with imprisonment for life, or with the
punishment above mentioned.
VI. It is not essential to the offences described in principles (iv)
and (v) that the offender should know that the act is likely to
cause death.
Facts: Bani was expecting a child and was in the seventh month
of pregnancy. Her family was very happy about it and took plea-
sure in taking care of Bani and feeling the movement of the baby
in the womb every now and then. Bani, however, was not ready to
become a mother and decided to end the pregnancy. She deliber-
ately fell down the stairs and suffered a miscarriage. Bani’s sister-
in-law, Roli was expecting a child too. After Bani’s miscarriage,
everyone in the family gave extra attention to Roli. Being jealous
of Roli, Bani pushes Roli from the stairs, thinking to cause her
miscarriage as well. However, Roli gets seriously injured and suc-
cumb to her injuries in the hospital.
79. Can Bani be held guilty of causing her own miscarriage?
(a) Yes, and she may be punishable with imprisonment of
6 years and fine.
(b) Yes, and she may be punishable with imprisonment of
2 years and fine.
(c) No
(d) It cannot be determined.
80. Choose the correct alternative:
(a) Bani may not be punished for causing Roli’s
miscarriage.
(b) Bani may be punished for causing Roli’s death despite
not having anticipated it.
(c) Bani may not be punished for causing Roli’s death.
(d) It cannot be determined.
81. What would be an appropriate quantum of punishment to
Bani due to her actions towards Roli?
(a) Life imprisonment
(b) Death sentence
(c) A hefty fine
(d) None, since Bani is not guilty.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 11
Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)   2.11
Principles (for Questions 82 and 83):
I. Under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, a “manufacturer”
means a person who makes or manufactures any goods or
part thereof; or does not make or manufacture any goods but
assembles parts thereof made or manufactured by others; or
puts or causes to be put his own mark on any goods made or
manufactured by any other manufacturer.
II. Where a manufacturer dispatches any goods or part thereof to
any branch office maintained by him, such branch office shall
not be deemed to be the manufacturer even though the parts
so dispatched to it are assembled at such branch office and are
sold or distributed from such branch office.
Facts: Veer owns a sports equipment business in Khandala by
the name of Pulse Sport. He gets the sports shoes manufactured
in Ludhiana by Keenu Sports and then, when they reach the unit
in Khandala, he puts labels of Pulse Sport on them. The shoes are
then distributed to various branch offices in Surat, Lucknow and
Bangalore for marketing. Most of the marketing occurs from the
Lucknow office.
82. Which of the following are manufacturers as per the Act?
I. Pulse Sport
II. Keenu Sports
III. Lucknow office
(a) I, III (b) II
(c) I, II (d) II, III
83. Assume that Veer obtains the shoes manufactured by
Keenu Sports and sells them from the Khandala office
directly. Would the status of Pulse Sport change as under
the Consumer Protection Act, 1986?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) It depends on the registration of the Khandala office.
(d) It cannot be determined.
Principle: Conduct that has the tendency to injure the reputation
of a person is defamatory.
84. Facts: In the annual get together of the Chemistry
Department at the University of Rampur, Police arrives
and asks all the Professors to remain in the party hall. It
is then informed that the University administration has
recently filed a report with the police that certain lab equip-
ments have been stolen and that the only people with keys
to the lab were Professors, who were all present in the hall
(since there was no sign of break-in police narrowed down
the culprit to key holders). The lead policeman however,
held a grudge against Professor Dindayal for failing his son
in Chemistry last year, because of which his career took a
jolt. He arrests Professor Dindayal on the basis of suspi-
cion, raising murmurs in the fellow professors. Later, the
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 2.12  Part 2
s­uspicion is proven false. Professor sues for defamation.
Will the suit succeed?
(a) Yes, because policeman’s conduct was motivated by
vengeance.
(b) Yes, because the fellow professor’s are likely to wonder
whether there was any merit in police suspicion.
(c) No, because no defamatory statement was communi-
cated to any one.
(d) No, because policeman was authorized by law to
arrest on the basis of suspicion.
Directions: Given below are questions wherein a set of facts is
accompanied by a principle(s). You are required to answer the
questions strictly in context of the facts and principles given.
Principles (for Questions 85 to 87):
I. The egg shell skull rule under tort law implies that the
­tortfeasor is responsible for all consequences resulting from
his tortuous acts leading to an injury to another person,
even if the victim suffers from an unusually high level of
sensitivity.
  II. For the above principle to apply, physical contact between the
tortfeasor and the victim is not necessary.
III. An exception to the egg shell skull rule is that if there is an
intervening cause and the injury is not immediate, the tort-
feaser not liable.
Facts: Johnny works as a software engineer and was on holiday
with some of his friends in Bahamas. He had had a grave acci-
dent six months ago and is still recovering from his injuries. One
day when they were all dining at a restaurant, his friend Timothy
pushed Johnny when he was about to sit. Johnny fell hard to the
floor and damaged his spinal cord. He was bed-ridden for 3 years
and lost his job as well.
85. Which of the following is correct?
(a) Timothy is liable for Johnny’s injury.
(b) Timothy is not liable for Johnny’s injury as he thought
he was playing a harmless prank.
(c) Timothy is liable for Johnny’s injury as he pushed
timothy and there was physical contact between
them.
(d) Timothy is only guilty of contributing to Johnny’s
injury as Johnny was already slightly hurt from a past
accident.
86. How would the situation have changed had Timothy slyly
slid the chair from under Johnny when he was about to sit?
(a) Timothy will not be liable for Johnny’s injury as there
was no physical contact between them.
(b) Timothy will not be liable for Johnny’s injury as
Johnny was not careful enough while sitting.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 12
(c) Timothy will be liable for Johnny’s injury as physical
contact between the tortfeasor and the victim is not
necessary.
(d) Timothy’s liability will be mitigated as he did not push
Johnny physically.
87. Say, Johnny had been taken to hospital from the restaurant
on an ambulance and the ambulance met with an accident,
in which he lost his eyesight. Will the egg shell skull rule
apply in this case?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) It is up to 9999 Johnny’s discretion to hold Timothy
liable for it or not
(d) Cannot be determined
Principles (for Questions 88 and 89):
I. Under the law of torts, negligence is a failure to exercise
care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like
circumstances.
  II. A threefold test regarding the duty of care has been laid down
by the English court as:
(a) Harm must be reasonably foreseeable.
(b) There must be relationship of proximity between the
plaintiff and defendant.
(c) It must be ‘fair, just and reasonable’ to impose the liability.
88. Facts: Ramone manufactured a popular brand of perfume
‘Le Flora’ and there was huge demand for it, all across the
globe. However, due to repercussions from the worldwide
recession, his cost of production increased manifold and he
decided to use an alternative chemical in the manufacturing
process, which had still not been declared fully amenable
for humans. When a girl Rickita tried the perfume, she got
blisters on her skin.
I. Rickita can sue Ramone for negligence.
II. Ramone failed to exercise a duty of care.
III. Ramone did no wrong for he was trying to meet the
demand in the market.
IV. Ramone may be said to be a reasonably prudent person.
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) I, II (b) III, IV
(c) I (d) III
89. Facts: Joy was an expert with games and was the creator of
many famous video games. His latest game Warlocks was a
fast paced action game, involving blood and gore. The game
was advertised as being 16+ and even the cover of the game
box had a warning about the content of the game, including
the age restriction and the fact that it was not for people who
were faint-hearted or sensitive to violent v­ isuals and sounds.
Gary, a 16 year old boy, bought the game despite the fact
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 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)   2.13

that he had had seizures whenever he used to see violence 93. A boy takes 2 hrs to walk to the school and ride back in
in films or heard too much noise etc. When Gary played school bus. If the boy took 3 hrs to walk both ways the day
Warlocks, he had a terrible seizure which caused him to stay he missed the bus, how long could it take to ride both ways?
unconscious for a whole week, due to which he missed out (a) 1 hour (b) 1.5 hours
on a major examination in school. (c) 0.5 hour (d) 2 hours
(a) Joy will be liable for negligence as he did not exercise
94. The average age of 5 adults in a family 10 years ago was 30.
a duty of care.
Two children born later with an age difference of 2 years
(b) Gary may sue Joy for the seizure as well as
were added to the present ages of the 5 adult members and
being responsible for causing Gary to miss the
the average remained the same. Find the age of both the
examination.
children.
(c) Gary may sue Joy only for the seizure.
(a) 4, 6 years (b) 8, 6 years
(d) Gary cannot sue Joy for negligence.
(c) 5, 7 years (d) 9, 7 years
Principle: A person is said to cause an effect ‘voluntarily’ when 95. During festival season a cloth merchant gained as much as
he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or when he of 3 meters of cloth for every 25 meters he sold. Find the
was employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to gain percent in the deal.
be likely to cause it. (a) 12% (b) 12 ½%
(c) 13 ½% (d) 13%
90. Facts: Balu entered his arch enemy Kalu’s house to
confront him about a business deal gone bad. He brought a 96. The number of boys in a class is three times the number of girls.
gun along and knew it could inflict serious damage. Later, Which of the following cannot be the strength of the class?
the two got into a scuffle and Balu fired the gun in Kalu’s (a) 45 (b) 60
direction to scare him. The bullet hit Kalu in the head (c) 56 (d) 44
instead, and he died.
Can Balu’s act be said to have been done ‘voluntarily’? 97. The cost of 5 tables is ` 100 more than the cost of 8 chairs.
The total cost of half a dozen chairs and tables is ` 4,800.
(a) Yes
Find the cost of 1 chair and 1 table respectively.
(b) No
(a) ` 2,00,600 (b) ` 3,00,500
(c) Yes, Balu and Kalu had an old enmity
(c) ` 2,50,550 (d) ` 1,50,650
(d) Cannot be determined
98. A horse trainer bought 2 horses at the same price and sold
his better trained horse at a gain of 9% and the other at a
loss of 7%. If the better trained horse fetched ` 8,000 more
Section V – Mathematics
than the other, find the cost of each horse.
91. A sum was invested at simple interest at a certain interest (a) ` 54,000 (b) ` 48,000
for 2 years. It would have fetched ` 60 more had at been (c) ` 50,000 (d) ` 52,000
invested at 2% higher rate. What was the sum?
(a) ` 1,500 (b) ` 1,300 99. If 35% of a number is 105, what’s the number?
(c) ` 2,500 (d) ` 1,000 (a) 310 (b) 330
(c) 350 (d) 300
92. A prize money of ` 4600 was distributed among A, B and C
where the ratio of A:B = 3:2 and B:C = 3:4. From the fol- 100. Two cubes have volume in the ratio 8:27. The ratio of their
lowing, identify A’s share: areas is:
(a) ` 1,500 (b) ` 1,800 (a) 2:8 (b) 4:9
(c) ` 1,200 (d) ` 1,600 (c) 2:9 (d) 4:21

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 Chapter Preliminary Test – 2
3 (AILET Pattern)

Total Questions: 75 1. The focus of the passage is:

Total Time: 45 minutes (a) Reforms for labour in unorganized sector
Negative Marking: No (b) Reforms for labour in organized sector
(c) Labour laws in India
(d) International labour conventions
Section I – English
2. What does ‘vide’ mean?
Passage: India is perhaps the first country to set up, at a national (a) Along with (b) See
level, a commission to study the problems being faced by what (c) With the help of (d) None of the above
in India is called the unorganized economy or internationally
referred to as the informal economy and recommend measures to 3. What does the term ‘globalization’ denote?
the government to address them. As part of fulfilling its commit- (a) Travelling across nations
ment, the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized (b) Corporates’ rise in nations
Sector (NCEUS) was set-up by the Government vide Resolution (c) Nations coming together
No: 5(2)/2004-ICC as an advisory body to recommend mea- (d) None of the above
sures considered necessary for enhancing the competitiveness of 4. There have just two commissions dealing with labour
the unorganized sector in view of increasing globalization and of women and children. According to the passage, this
employment opportunities on a sustainable basis. In the Report statement is:
of the National Commission on Labour (1967), Chapter XXVII (a) True
dealt with the employment of women and children. In the Second (b) False
National Commission on Labour Report 2002, Chapter VII (c) Part of the statement is true
elaborated the situation regarding the unorganized sector while (d) Cannot be inferred from the passage
Chapter IX focused on women and children. One of the most strik-
5. Which of the following best describes ‘sustainable’?
ing features of this Report was the fact that the Commission real-
(a) Strong (b) Durable
ized that mere Constitutional and legislative guarantees to women
(c) Healthy (d) Best
workers were not adequate for their upliftment. Regard had to be
had to their responsibilities and unique roles in society and family 6. The tone of the passage is:
to ensure inclusive growth and development. In addition to this, (a) Narrative (b) Lyrical
between 1974 and 1988, commissions on women and labour were (c) Factual (d) Biased
instituted—‘Towards Equality’ (1974) and ‘Shramshakti’ (1988).
7. Which of these statements may not fit well in the passage?
Social security to the formal sector workers has been pro-
(a) Agricultural labour is essential to India
vided though the instrumentality of Employees State Insurance
(b) India attempts to bring its laws in consonance with
Corporation and Employees Provident Fund Organization. Recently,
international obligations
the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 has been amended to
(c) Both will fit
enable ESI infrastructure to provide health care to workers in the
(d) Neither will fit
unorganized sector. The initial coverage of unorganized sector
workers was in the limited context of Beedi workers, cine workers 8. What does ‘instrumentality’ mean, as used in the passage?
and non-coal mine workers. However, the Government constituted (a) Passage (b) Medium
the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (c) Method (d) None of the above
(NCEUS) that submitted its Report in the year 2007 to evolve
instruments through which social security could be provided to Directions: Given below are words followed by four options.
the unorganized sector workers. Finally, a legislation entitled the Choose the option with the word closest in meaning to the given
‘Unorganized Social Security Act’ was enacted in 2008. word.

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 Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern)   2.15

9. Prattle III. All rockstars are drummers.

(a) Brittle (b) Gossip   IV. Some guitarists are not drummers.
(c) Play (d) None of the above (a) I follows (b) I and IV follow
(c) Only II follows (d) II and III follow
10. Calumny
(a) Disaster (b) Truth 19. Some people are obese. No obese is an athlete. All obese
(c) Slander (d) None of the above are boxers. Some boxers are athletes. Some athletes are
singers. All singers are people.
11. Cross
     I. Some singers are obese.
(a) Amiable (b) Fretful    II. Some people are boxers.
(c) Joyous (d) None of the above III. Not all people are athletes.
Directions: Given below are words followed by four options.    IV. Some athletes are not singers.
Choose the option with the word having a meaning opposite to      V. Some obese are singers.
the given word. VI. Some people are athletes.
12. Judicious (a) Only I and III follow (b) II, III and VI follow
(c) IV and V follow (d) All follow
(a) Legislative (b) Lawyer
(c) Tricked (d) Idiotic 20. Some judges are corrupt. No corrupt person is honest. All
honest are great. Some great are cricketers. All cricketers
13. Barren
are corrupt. All cricketers are judges.
(a) Fertile (b) Productive (a) Some judges are great.
(c) Fruitful (d) All of the above (b) Some judges are honest.
14. Sublime (c) All corrupt are great.
(a) Gorgeous (b) Elegant (d) All cricketers are great.
(c) Ridiculous (d) Obvious 21. If it is raining, then it is cloudy. If it is cloudy, X will play
Directions: Complete the sentence with the appropriate option. cricket. If X plays cricket, X will end up winning. If X ends
up winning, X will celebrate.
15. I am afraid the manager has got caught up in a meeting:
     I. It is not cloudy; it is not raining.
(a) But he should be with you in a few minutes.
   II. It is raining; X will celebrate.
(b) And he will see you tomorrow.
III. X will celebrate; it is raining.
(c) But he will stay busy today.
   IV. X does not play cricket; It is not raining.
(d) And will take a break shortly.
     V. X ends up winning; X plays cricket.
16. A transition in the music industry: VI. It is not cloudy; X can still celebrate.
(a) Was effected by the introduction of the iPod. (a) I, II, IV, VI follow (b) I, II and III follow
(b) Was affected by the introduction of the iPod. (c) IV, V and VI follow (d) Only III follows
(c) Came around by the introduction of the iPod.
22. Some criminals are dangerous. Some policemen are dan-
(d) Occurred during the introduction of the iPod.
gerous. All delinquents are dangerous. Some delinquents
17. His throw made the ball land: are not policemen. Some delinquents are criminals.
(a) Farther than Mark’s throw. Which of the following conclusions follow?
(b) Further than Mark’s throw. (a) No delinquent is a policeman.
(c) Away from Mark’s throw. (b) Some criminals are policemen.
(d) Towards Mark’s throw. (c) Some of those who are dangerous are not delinquents.
(d) Some of those who are dangerous are delinquents.
Section II – Logical Reasoning 23. In the city of Garjarpur, one cannot be a coal merchant and
Directions: Read the following passages and decide which among a politician at the same time.
the given conclusions follow. From which of the following can the statement above be
18. All rockstars are showmen. Some rockstars are guitarists. properly inferred?
All guitarists are bassists. Some bassists are drummers. All (a) The coal merchants who’re not from the city of
showmen are drummers. All bassists are guitarists. Garjarpur often end up becoming politicians.
I. Some showmen are not guitarists. (b) Other than being a politician, a coal merchant can
  II. Some guitarists are drummers. become anything in the city of Garjarpur.

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 2.16  Part 2
(c) The people of Garjarpur are either coal merchants or
politicians.
(d) If a person is a politician in the city of Garjarpur, he
cannot be a coal merchant as long as he is a politician.
24. Only and only if Rahul brings the mangoes from the mar-
ket, he’ll be allowed to watch the cricket match. Rahul is
now watching cricket match.
If the above statement is correct, which of the following
must also be correct?
(a) Rahul doesn’t listen to his elders.
(b) Rahul should not be allowed to watch cricket match.
(c) Rahul has brought mangoes from the market.
(d) All of the above
25. A goes to college if and only if B goes to the college.
However, B goes to the college if and only if C does not go
to the college. Today, C went to the college.
If the above statement is correct, which of the following
must also be correct?
(a) B did not go to the college
(b) A did not go to the college
(c) A and B went to the college
(d) Both (a) and (b) are correct
26. One is not a hockey fan unless he has followed hockey for
the last 5 years. Karampreet has followed hockey for the
last 5 years. Thus:
(a) He is a hockey fan (b) He is not a hockey fan
(c) He is a cricket fan (d) He might be a hockey fan
Directions: In the following questions, a statement is given fol-
lowed by two possible assumptions. Choose:
(a) If assumption I is implicit
(b) If assumption II is implicit
(c) If either I or II is implicit
(d) If neither I nor II is implicit
(e) If both I and II are implicit
27. Statement: ‘Use XYZ toothpaste. It forms more foam in
your mouth’ – An advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. Scientifically, more foam leads to better cleansing.
II. More foam is desired by the potential customers.
28. Statement: Do your duty. That’s your beauty.
Assumptions:
I. Beautiful people perform their duties well.
II. Your work defines your beauty.
29. Statement: A seminar was recently organized at a
­prestigious law college in Madurai. Inspite of the financial
­troubles the college is facing, the college managed to bear
all the expenses of all the delegates without any troubles.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 16
Assumptions:
I. The college is suffering because of financial
mismanagement.
II. The delegates are normally expected to bear their own
costs.
III. The college had planned these expenses (on delegates)
well in advance.
IV. Seminar should not have been organized by the college
since it is already suffering from financial troubles.
(a) Only IV follows (b) Only II follows
(c) II and III follow (d) I and II follow
(e) None follow
Statements: ‘Of all the newspapers available, I prefer to
read ‘The Hindu’ the most’ – A says to B
‘But why do not you try ‘The Indian Express’? It has richer
content than ‘The Hindu’ – B replies to A
30. What are the assumptions on which A relies?
I. ‘The Hindu’ has the richest content of all the
newspapers.
II. There are other newspapers available in the market.
31. What are the assumptions on which B relies?
I. A would prefer a newspaper with richer content than
‘The Hindu’.
II. A hasn’t tried reading The Indian Express yet.
Directions: Each question given below is followed by two argu-
ments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the following
argument is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Give answer:
(a) If only argument I is strong.
(b) If only argument II is strong.
(c) If either I or II is strong.
(d) If neither I nor II is strong.
(e) If both I and II are strong.
32. Statement: Should Bharat Ratna be awarded to sportsper-
sons also?
Arguments:
I. Yes, this will give them more recognition at the inter-
national pedestal.
II. No, they do not deserve it.
33. Statement: Should Air India be privatized?
Arguments:
I. Yes, as it is financially bankrupt for many years, and is
running only on the hard earned public money given to
the government in the form of taxes.
II. No, even the private airlines are running in losses.
34. Statement: Should the Chinese styled ‘One Child Policy’
be implemented in India?
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 Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern)   2.17

Arguments: (c) No one shall take advantage of his own wrong.

I. Yes, as it has helped China in significantly controlling (d) None of the above.
its population growth.
II. No, India should firstly fix the skewed gender 43. Sexual intercourse with a girl below the age of __________
imbalance before thinking about implementing the
­ years amounts to rape, even if it is done with the consent of
one-child policy. the girl.
(a) 16 years (b) 18 years
35. Statement: Should abortion be legalized? (c) 17 years (d) 21 years
Arguments:
I. Yes. In some cases, such as when the life of mother is 44. ‘Paen non potest, culpa perenniserit’, a Latin maxim,
in jeopardy, abortion is the only way to save the life of means:
mother. (a) Let the punishment be proportioned to the crime.
II. No. It might open floodgates to casual abortions and (b) Unequal things ought not to be joined.
female foeticide. (c) The exception affirms the rule in contrary cases.
(d) Punishment may have an end, crime is perpetual.
Section III – Legal Aptitude/Reasoning Principle: The Constitution of India guarantees the Right to
Equality to all persons and embodies the principle of non-­
36. Which among the following is also described as the ‘Super- discrimination. It provides protection to persons from arbitrary
Cabinet’, due to its mode of functioning of providing state action. State and private individuals are not however placed
­directions to the government? on the same footing under some circumstances.
(a) Parliamentary Affairs Committee
(b) Appointments Committee Facts: The Madhya Pradesh government was in possession of 250
(c) Economic affairs Committee acres of land which had been let out to four different business-
(d) Political Affairs Committee men. The rate of rent applied on these businessmen for the land
was raised by the government to a rate higher than that applicable
37. In which year was the Parliament of India founded?
on other ­individual property owners under the state under the Rent
(a) 1925 (b) 1947
Control Act. The Government was exempted from the application
(c) 1950 (d) 1919
of the Act.
38. From the following, identify the first woman Chief Minister
of an Indian State. 45. As a judge your decision would be:
(a) NandiniSatpathy (b) Jayalalithaa (a) To declare that the law is invalid as it is discriminatory
(c) SuchetaKriplani (d) Rabri Devi in nature.
39. ‘Morley Minto Reforms’ is associated with: (b) To accept the claims of the businessmen on the grounds
(a) Indian Council Act 1856 of violation of the fundamental right to equality.
(b) Indian Council Act 1909 (c) To accept the claims of the businessmen on the
(c) Indian Council Act 1908 grounds of improper drafting of the Act.
(d) Indian Council Act 1912 (d) To dismiss the claims of the businessmen in light
of the exemption granted to the Madhya Pradesh
40. How many regional languages are enlisted in Eighth government.
Schedule of the Constitution of India?
(a) 21 (b) 18 46. Assuming that the government was in fact covered under
(c) 22 (d) 28 the Act, as a judge your decision would be:
(a) To accept the claims of the businessmen owing
41. ‘You have the body’, in Latin means:
to arbitrary action of raising the rent by the
(a) Mandamus (b) Habeas Corpus
government.
(c) Prohibition (d) Certiorari
(b) To accept the claims of the businessmen regardless of
42. Latin maxim ‘In criminalibus, probationesdebentesseluce- the financial loss caused to the businessmen.
clariores’ means: (c) To reject the claims of the businessmen as government
(a) In criminal cases, the proofs ought to be clearer than property is considered to be different from individual
the light. property.
(b) An act does not make a person guilty, unless the (d) To reject the claims of the businessmen for financial
­intention be also guilty. necessity of the Madhya Pradesh government.

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 2.18  Part 2
Principle A: The Indian Parliament can make laws for the whole
of India or for any specific part of India. A law made by the
Parliament which is in force is not invalid merely because it is
valid beyond the territory of India.
Principle B: The Indian Penal Code is applicable on criminal acts
of Indian citizens done in any territory within or beyond India.
Principle C: Any criminal offence committed by a non-citizen
outside the territory of India is also triable in India if the offender
is found in India.
Facts: Rajesh married Anjali in India in the year 2008 in a valid
Hindu marriage ceremony and later registered his marriage in the
Court as well. The following year Rajesh made frequent trips to
Abu Dhabi in relation to his business and finally settled down
there in January, 2010 while Anjali continued to reside with herin-
laws in Jaipur. Rajesh subsequently entered into a marriage with
Nadira in 2011. Anjali brought about criminal proceedings against
Rajesh in India for bigamy.
47. Anjali can bring about criminal proceedings against Rajesh
in India because:
(a) Bigamy is a criminal offence under the Indian Penal
Code in India which has extra territorial application.
(b) Rajesh left India with the sole intention of contracting
a second marriage.
(c) Rajesh committed the punishable offence of breach
of trust while contracting the second marriage in Abu
Dhabi.
(d) All of the above.
48. In case during his stay in Abu Dhabi, Rajesh had obtained
dual citizenship:
(a) The fact of his marriage to Nadira would necessarily
have to be proven in court proceedings.
(b) For court proceedings to be instituted he would have
to visit India.
(c) The Indian Penal Code would have become inappli-
cable on him.
(d) The Indian Penal Code would have to be enforced by
courts in Abu Dhabi.
49. Assuming that the Indian Penal Code was enacted only for
acts committed within India by Indian citizens or foreign
citizens which of the following would be true?
(a) The matter of possible bigamous relations would have
to be heard by a court in the International fora.
(b) Rajesh’s second marriage entered into outside India
would constitute the punishable offence of bigamy
under the Indian Penal Code.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 18
(c) Anjali could bring about bigamy proceedings before a
judicial forum in Abu Dhabi on the basis of the Indian
Penal Code.
(d) Rajesh’s second marriage entered into outside India
would not constitute the punishable offence of bigamy
under the Indian Penal Code.
Principle: A person who brings a dangerous and hazardous thing
on his property is absolutely responsible for any harm that is caused
by the escape of such a thing from his property. No defenses are
available to such a person to protect him from liability.
Facts: Vishal owned a large plot of land in an agricultural area
in a village near Agra. The farmlands had been suffering from
low productivity for about a decade owing to deterioration of
soil quality. He set up a firecracker factory on this land and
gave employment to a number of villagers. A number of years
passed and the factory flourished. On a dry summer afternoon
some trees in the factory yard caught fire due to a burning beedi
of one of the workers. The factory caught fire and it spread to
the village causing loss of property and life. The villagers sued
Vishal for losses caused to them and for causing loss in farm
production.
50. As a judge you would:
(a) Direct Vishal to pay compensation to the villagers for
bringing a dangerous thing on his land.
(b) Absolve Vishal from liability since the fire was caused
by the carelessness of a worker.
(c) Give relief to Vishal for generating employment in the
village.
(d) None of the above.
51. Vishal shall pay compensation to the villagers for:
(a) Loss of life and property due to the fire.
(b) Loss of agricultural productivity due to pollution.
(c) Loss of gainful employment.
(d) Failure to check smoking inside the factory
premises.
52. Assuming that a report showed that over the years noxious
chemicals had seeped into the soil and affected agricultural
productivity in the village:
(a) Vishal would pay damages only for the loss by the
fire.
(b) Damages would be paid for loss by fire and loss of
productivity due to escape of hazardous chemicals.
(c) Considering the existing low productivity of land
Vishal would be absolved of the liability for low
productivity.
(d) Liability for pollution would be set off against the
benefits of generating employment in the village.
4/15/2015 6:06:18 PM
 Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern)   2.19

62. A Prisoner’s Scrapbook is a book written by which

Section IV – General Knowledge/ ­prominent Indian politician?
Current Affairs (a) L.K. Advani (b) Kapil Sibal
53. Which US President coined the term ‘United Nations’? (c) Arun Jaitley (d) Nani Palkhivala
(a) William Taft (b) Herbert Hoover
63. One of the major attributes for which the Harappan culture
(c) Harry Truman (d) Franklin D. Roosevelt
was very famous is:
54. Who called up the direct action campaign? (a) Agriculture (b) Script
(a) Mohammad Ali Jinnah (b) C.R. Das (c) Town planning (d) None of the above
(c) Rajendra Prasad (d) Mahatma Gandhi
64. Large quantities of ostrich eggs shells and beds made out
55. In which capital city was the peace conference held after of them are found in Patne, a Stone Age site. Where is it
the end of the First World War that led to the formation of located?
League of Nations, United Nations’ predecessor? (a) Bihar (b) Maharashtra
(a) Paris (b) Washington, DC (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Rajasthan
(c) London (d) Vienna
65. Chandragupta II is also known as:
56. Which organization and headquarter is incorrectly (a) Kumaragupta (b) Samudragupta
matched? (c) Vikramaditya (d) Ajatshatru
(a) ASEAN – Jakarta (b) NATO – Brussels
(c) Arab League – Cairo (d) SAARC – Dhaka 66. The Republic is a book written by which of the following
writers?
57. With what purpose was G4 – a group of Japan, India, (a) Plato (b) Immanuel Kant
Germany and Brazil formed? (c) Socrates (d) John Locke
(a) Supporting each other in development of nuclear
weapons. 67. Rear Admiral FaridHabib has recently been appointed as
(b) Helping each other secure permanent UN Security the Chief of Naval Staff of:
Council seats. (a) Nepal (b) India
(c) Promoting unique art and culture in the other three (c) Bangladesh (d) Sri Lanka
countries.
(d) Promoting student exchange programmes and study 68. Mohan Peiris has recently been appointed as the Chief
trips in the other three. Justice of which neighbouring country?
(a) Bhutan (b) Nepal
58. President of the Congress when it declared ‘PoornaSwaraj’
(c) Pakistan (d) Sri Lanka
as its objective, was:
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) BalGangadharTilak 69. Louis Fischer wrote which of the following books?
(c) B.R.Ambedkar (d) Motilal Nehru (a) West winds (b) A Week with Gandhi
59. The Civil Disobedience Movement began in: (c) While England Sleeps (d) Whisper of the desert
(a) 1933 (b) 1930
(c) 1934 (d) 1929 70. M.S. Gopalakrishnan, a legendary __________ passed
away recently.
60. The ultimate goal of Gandhiji’s Salt Satyagraha was:
(a) Singer (b) Violinist
(a) Economic growth (c) Pianist (d) Dancer
(b) Repeal of salt laws
(c) ‘PurnaSwaraj’ for India
(d) Curtailment of government power Section V – Mathematics
61. Since 2008, the Government of India has been celebrating 71. During Diwali ` 5,000 was divided among 6 men, 12
24th January each year as: women and 17 children, so that 2 men get as much as 5
(a) National Girl Child Day children and 2 women get as much as 3 children. Find the
(b) National Youth Day share of a man.
(c) National Consumer Rights Day (a) ` 300 (b) ` 350
(d) Indian Army Day (c) ` 225 (d) ` 250

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 2.20  Part 2

72. Three sections of class X had 300 students in the ratio 74. A can do 1/4 of the work in 5 days and B can do 2/5 of
4:5:6. If the fail percentage of each section was 20%, 20% the work in 10 days. In how many days can both A and B
and 15% respectively, find their total pass percentage. working together finish the work?
(a) 82% (b) 85% (a) 9 1/8 days (b) 8 1/8 days
(c) 90% (d) 93% (c) 11 1/9 days (d) 8 1/9 days
73. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 36 minutes and 45 min- 75. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:7. If each is increased
utes respectively, and pipe C can empty it in 30 minutes. by 21, the ratio between them becomes 7:10. Find the
First A and B are opened. After 7 minutes C is also opened. numbers.
In how much time will the tank be filled? (a) 28, 49 (b) 24, 42
(a) 48 minutes (b) 42 minutes (c) 20, 35 (d) 16, 28
(c) 43 minutes (d) 46 minutes

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 Chapter Preliminary Test – 3
4 (SET Pattern)
Total Questions: 75
Total Time: 75 minutes
Negative Marking: No
Section I – English
Passage: The verdure greenery, serpentine paths of mountains and
radiant flowers have been wiped off. Instead there is a ­sculpture of
an injured Naga made of metal scrap—no head, just a helmet and
guns instead of hands. This is what a painting by MorlongAo now
looks like. Not that the art has changed, but the artist has.
This fifteen-year-old keenly sketched and filled the colours of
nature on his canvas until the day when his own life’s canvas was
robbed of colour. He got the carcass of his elder brother who had
been gunned down by militants, in a gunny bag. They had mis-
taken him to be a rival faction’s leader. ‘How can you enjoy the
beauty of nature when you are always under threat and a ­witness
to mindless violence, death and destruction?’ asked Ao. ‘We need
peace for that.’
And not only does Ao want peace, the whole world is in dire
need of a peaceful future. How do we work towards this goal? We
all have seen world leaders in politics, literature, media and vari-
ous spheres stand on pulpits and preach about PEACE. However,
this is not a very effective method. Moreover it is now cliché`.
There are radical and innovative catalysts to peace which are
waiting to be explored, namely media communication and informa-
tion technology. Before we embark on a voyage to see how peace
and these elements intertwine, it is imperative to understand what
they mean or deal with. Media communication commonly acts,
just as the name suggests, like a medium of interaction between
people, states, nations and the entire world. It is the hub for global
connections and has evolved greatly since its beginning. It began
with newspapers, then the radio and then the television and still
going strong, with its new manifestations being evolved everyday.
On the other hand, Information Technology (IT) has also pro-
gressed with leaps and bounds. This term became common in the
1970s but the basic concept can be traced very early in history.
Throughout the 20th century, there has been relations between the
military and various industries has existed in the development
of electronics, computers, and information theory. The military
has historically driven such research by providing motivation and
funding for innovation in the field of mechanization and computing.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 21
From the revolution in military affairs to hacking, from the
virtualization of money to the digital divide, from computer code
to genetic code, information technology is transforming inter­
national relations. It displays a capacity not only to collapse dis-
tance between here and there, near and far, but also between fact
and fiction. It played a critical role in the Gulf War and more
vividly, in the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon. It takes many forms in international relations: network
wars, computer simulations, smart weapons, sensor arrays, over-
head surveillance, live-feeds, media pools, 24/7 news cycles, and
other complex combinations of digital information, transmission,
and storage. Ranging from organized warfare to terrorist attacks
to coercive diplomacy to netwars, Information Technology
enables the continuation of violence through info-war. Used by
governmental as well as nongovernmental organizations, trans
and sub-national actors, and a wide variety of virtual communi-
ties, IT has also demonstrated a capability to prevent, mediate,
and resolve conflicts through info-peace.
The IT sector is racing ahead and so are the inventions it churns
out each day. There are computerized security systems which are
amazingly efficient and reliable. And while you thought informa-
tion technology and peace had only security in common, the IT
sector offers more than just that.
The Information Technology, War and Peace Project, estab-
lished with support from the Ford Foundation, tracks the effects of
Information Technology on traditional statecraft and new forms of
networked global politics. InfoTechWarPeace supports and seeks to
extend networks of knowledge and authority that are working to ana-
lyze and mediate conflicts enabled by global terror, hate media, infor-
mation warfare, and other bellicose uses of information technology.
‘A thousand years have passed and a world of peace and
justice for all remains an ancient aspiration yet to be fulfilled.
A more humane world needs new thinking, new direction and
new institutions. Nations resist yielding privilege or power and
individuals cling to entrenched dogmas. Progress takes time and
even imperfect compromise always has a price; there can be no
instant ­evolution and no painless revolution...’ is how Benjamin
B. Ferencz summarizes the present scenario and rightly so.
1. What is the tone of this passage?
(a) Factual (b) Narrative
(c) Debate (d) None of the above
4/15/2015 6:06:18 PM
 2.22  Part 2

2. What is the central theme underlying the passage? (b) ________ there have been relations between the
(a) Information Technology (b) Terrorism ­military and various industries which have existed in
(c) Peace (d) None of the above the development of electronics, computers, and infor-
mation theory.
3. What does ‘verdure’ mean? (c) ________ there has been relations between the mili-
(a) Beautiful (b) Long tary and various industries which has existed in the
(c) Hidden (d) Abundant development of electronics, computers, and informa-
4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 1 and 2 of the tion theory.
passage? (d) No change required.
(a) Show ill-effects of violence
10. According to the passage, which of the following incidents
(b) Show the beauty of nature
did IT play a major part in?
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above (a) World Trade Centre Attacks   (b) Gulf War
(c) Both   (d) Neither
5. According to the author, which of these may not be a very
effective method of achieving a peaceful future? 11. I.T. enables the continuation of violence through:
(a) Information Technology (a) Networking (b) 24/7 news cycles
(b) Media communication (c) Info-war (d) None of the above
(c) Speeches by leaders
(d) None of the above 12. What are the common grounds between information
­security and peace?
6. What is the meaning of ‘dire’ as used in the passage? (a) Digitization (b) Security
(a) Horrible (b) Late (c) The list is finite (d) The list is not exhaustive
(c) Urgent (d) None of the above
13. What does ‘bellicose’ mean?
7. ‘It began with newspapers, then the radio and then the tele- (a) Aggressive (b) Innovative
vision and still going strong, with its new manifestations (c) Unknown (d) Dangerous
being evolved everyday.’ What can be a better construction
of this statement? 14. InfoTechWarPeace is supported by all countries. This
(a) It began with newspapers, then came the radio and ­statement is:
then the television and still going strong, with its new (a) True
manifestations being evolved everyday. (b) False
(b) It began with newspapers. Then came the radio and (c) It is supported by the UN
the television. It is still going strong, with its new (d) It cannot be inferred from the passage
manifestations being evolved everyday.
(c) It began with newspapers, then the radio and the tele- 15. What is meant by ‘dogmas’?
vision still going strong, with its new manifestations (a) Rumours (b) Ties
being evolved everyday. (c) Principles (d) None of the above
(d) No change is required.
8. Which of the following functions is not performed by
media communication? Section II – Logical Reasoning
(a) Networking (b) International relations Directions: In the following questions, a statement is given fol-
(c) Peace (d) All of the above are performed lowed by two possible assumptions. Choose:
9. Correct the sentence: ‘…there has been relations between (a) If assumption I is implicit
the military and various industries has existed in the devel- (b) If assumption II is implicit
opment of electronics, computers, and information theory.’ (c) If either I or II is implicit
(d) If neither I nor II is implicit
(a) ________ there have been relations between the mili-
(e) If both I and II are implicit
tary and various industries which existed in the devel-
opment of electronics, computers, and information 16. Statement: ‘Disneyland will never be completed, as long
theory. as there is imagination left in the world’ – Walt Disney.

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Assumptions:
I. Imagination is essential for the continuous improve-
ment of Disneyland.
II. Imagination is also essential for other creative activi-
ties like cartooning and script-writing.
17. Statement: ‘Clearly deviating from the high standards
you’ve set, your last shipment was not up to the mark’ –
A tells B.
Assumptions:
I. One should not set high standards as they might devi-
ate from the standards.
II. The previous shipments before the said shipment were
up to the mark.
18. Statement: ‘Use our trial products once before using
XYZ’s products’ – An advertisement of ABC company.
Assumptions:
I. People will respond to such advertisements.
II. People like using trial products before buying them.
19. Statement: As opposed to a bad student, a good student is
one who makes notes in class, and revises them on a daily
basis.
Assumptions:
I. Good students do exist
II. A bad student doesn’t make notes in class.
20. Statement: ‘Do as you’re told, and we will not hurt you.
Call up your parents, and tell them to give ` 15 lakhs to the
person we’re sending to get the money’ – Kidnapper to the
kidnapped boy.
Assumptions:
I. The parents of the kidnapped boy can manage to give
the person ` 15 lakhs on a short notice.
II. The kidnapped boy would not like to get hurt.
III. If the kidnapped boy does not call his parents, he might
be hurt.
(a) I and III follow (b) I and II follow
(c) II and III follow (d) Only I follow
(e) All follow
21. In a recently released survey, it was found that in 76% of
the cases, the drivers of the cars which met with an accident
were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones. Thus,
people can avoid accidents in majority of the cases by
saying no to driving when they are drunk or when they’re
talking on their mobile phone.
The central assumption of the argument is that:
(a) The driver of the car carrying others who are either
drunk or talking on their mobile phones would also
not be drunk, or talking on his mobile phone.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 23
Preliminary Test – 3 (SET Pattern)   2.23
(b) In the rest 24% of the cases covered in the survey, the
driver was driving within permissible limits.
(c) Seatbelts and airbags play no major role in avoiding
fatal accidents.
(d) The cars which met with an accident whose drivers
were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones,
were within the permissible speed limits.
22. On an average, a mid-sized company needs a marketing
team of 5 people. However, some companies have an added
advantage as their founders/partners are themselves from
marketing background. Thus:
(a) Such companies need not spend on marketing due to
their added advantage.
(b) Mid-sized companies cannot increase their size and
market share if they do not increase their hires for the
marketing team.
(c) Such companies can compromise on the number of
people required for the marketing team.
(d) Their founders or partners should desist from interfer-
ing in the marketing work and should leave it to the
specialists.
23. The government is justified in spending hundreds of crores
on producing cheap and subsidized computers. Because
it is a well-accepted fact that the future of learning, from
learning in classrooms, to learning about better crops and
farming methods, to learning about the important develop-
ments around the world, is technology. Furthermore, it will
also help the poorer sections of the society in embracing the
technological revolution going around the world.
The argument above assumes that:
(a) Learning isn’t the sole prerogative of the elite.
(b) The costs incurred in producing cheap and subsidized
computers would be atleast partially recovered when
poor start benefitting from using such devices.
(c) The poorer sections of the society do want to
embrace the technological revolution going around
the world.
(d) The government is justified in spending on anything that
will bring the poor in terms with the modern technology.
24. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the
argument above?
(a) Russia has recently spent close to 10,000,00 Russian
rubles on producing cheap computers for distribution
amongst the poorer sections of the society.
(b) India is already the epicenter of what we proudly pro-
claim jugaad innovation.
(c) Sri Lanka recently spent 270 crore Sri Lankan rupees
on producing and distributing 1,00,000 subsidized
computers amongst its farmers and saw its literacy
4/15/2015 6:06:19 PM
 2.24  Part 2

rate, as well as quality and quantity of its farming II. Only Pasts are Futures. Some Futures are Presents. All
­produce go up. Pasts are Presents.
(d) India has been lagging behind in broadband pen- III. Only Pasts are Futures. No Futures are Presents. Some
etration rate as compared to the developed as well as Pasts are Presents
developing countries. IV. Only Pasts are Futures. Some Futures are not Presents.
Some Pasts are Presents.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
(a) Only I (b) Only II
25. Statements (c) Only III (d) Only IV
I. ________________ (e) All of the above
II. All News are Entertainment 30.     I. Some Charlies are Tangos. Some Tangos are Chaplins.
Conclusion Some Charlies are Chaplins.
I. Some Entertainment are Happenings II. Some Charlies are Tangos. All Tangos are Chaplins.
(a) All Happenings are News All Charlies are Chaplins.
(b) Some Happenings are Entertainment III. Some Charlies are Tangos. All Tangos are Chaplins.
(c) All Entertainment are Happenings Some Charlies are Chaplins.
(d) Not required IV. Some Charlies are Tangos. No Tangos are Chaplins.
Some Chaplins are not Charlies.
26. Statements
I. ________________ (a) Only III (b) Only IV
II. No coach are men (c) II and III (d) I and II
Conclusion (e) All of the above
I. No men are women
(a) No women are coach (b) Some women are coach Section III – Analytical Reasoning
(c) All women are coach (d) Not required Directions: In the question below is given a passage followed by
27. Statements: several inferences. You have to examine each inference separately
I. No Waiters are Traitors in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth
II. ________________ or falsity.
Conclusion Mark answer:
I. Some Creators are not Waiters (a) If the inference is definitely true.
(a) All Traitors are Creators (b) If the inference is probably true.
(b) Some Traitors are Creators (c) If the data is inadequate.
(c) Both of the above (d) If the inference is probably false.
(d) Not required (e) If the inference is definitely false.
Directions: Each question given below has a set of three or four Passage: Though many scoffed, and with good reason if you see
statements. Each of those are further divided into three state- how the government is constantly trying to shoot itself in the foot,
ments. Choose the option in which the third statement can be India’s story since economic reforms began in 1991 has been
logically derived using both the preceding two, and not inferred the story of many glimmers that pointed to the BRICS version
from only one. of paradise lost and regained. In the last 20 years, according to
Rajesh Shukla of NCAER-CMCR, the number of poor in India
28.     I. Nathmon is a metalhead. Some metalheads are crazy. has fallen while the size of the middle class has grown, giving rise
Nathmon is crazy. to the likelihood that by 2025, India will have more middle-class
II. Tattimon is a vegetable. All vegetables are green. people than the poor. According to Rama Bijapurkar, in the last
Tattimon is green. 20 years, India’s passenger car sales rose 16 times and the number
III. All germs are bacteria. Some bacteria are purple. All of rural households that acquired TV sets between 2000 and 2008
germs are purple. equals the population of Australia; with a trade-to-GDP ratio of
(a) Only I (b) Only II 49 percent, India is a lot more open to the world than it has been
(c) Only III (d) None of the above since Independence.
29.     I. Only Pasts are Futures. All Futures are Presents. Some 31. India switched from a socialistic economy to a capitalistic
Pasts are Presents. economy in 1991.

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 Preliminary Test – 3 (SET Pattern)   2.25

32. Economic reforms have helped the poorer sections of the 44. (a) Badminton (b) Chess
society the most. (c) Cricket (d) Football
33. The passenger car sales rose primarily due to better tech- (e) Ice Hockey
nology and indigenous production of cars.
34. Trade-to-GDP ratio was much less than it is now before the 45. (a) Cricket (b) Athletics
economic reforms (post-independence). (c) Cycling (d) Wrestling
(e) Triathlon
Directions: In each of the following questions a number series is
given with one term missing. Choose the correct alternative that
will continue the same pattern and fill in the blank spaces. Section IV – Legal Aptitude/Reasoning
35. 5, 25, 250, 3750, ____________, 1875000. 46. From which of the following Constitutions was procedure
(a) 18,750 (b) 19,500 of Constitutional Amendments borrowed?
(c) 75,000 (d) 1,00,000 (a) South African Constitution
(b) Japanese Constitution
36. 1, 8, 27, ____________, 125.
(c) Irish Constitution
(a) 64 (b) 80
(d) French Constitution
(c) 74 (d) 76
37. 10, 90, 720, ____________, 30, 240. 47. Which of the following cases is also known as the Oleum
(a) 7200 (b) 7450 Gas Leak case?
(c) 5000 (d) 5040 (a) Bhopal Gas Tragedy case
(b) Rylands v Fletcher
Directions: Choose the correct alternative of the two words (on (c) M.C. Mehta v. Union of India
either side of ‘:’ ) as provided in each question. (d) Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action v. Union of
India
38. Doomed : Lucky
(a) Petroleum : Kerosene (b) Calendar : Clock 48. For the test of reasonable foresight, the yardstick is of:
(c) Permitted : Restricted (d) Acquit : Imprisonment (a) A common layman
(b) An unvaried customer
39. Football : FIFA
(c) Balance of probabilities
(a) Hockey : IHF (b) Hockey : FIH
(d) A reasonable man
(c) Olympics : IOA (d) None of the above
40. Brevity : Succinctness 49. In contractual terms, ‘as much as earned or deserved’ is
(a) Paragraph : Length (b) Static : Dynamic also known as:
(c) Static : Current (d) Dynamic : Enterprising (a) Unjust enrichment (b) Equitable relief
(c) Specific relief (d) Quantum merit
41. Chennai Open : Sunfeast Open : Bangalore Open
(a) Ranji Trophy : Deodhar Trophy : Duleep Trophy 50. The highest law officer of a State in India is:
(b) World Cup : Asia Cup : Ranji Trophy (a) Advocate General (b) Solicitor General
(c) US Open : French Open : Australian Open (c) Attorney General (d) Central Law Minister
(d) Winter Olympics : Paralympics : Summer Olympics (e) President of India

42. Truth: Privilege : Opinion

(a) They are defences to the tort of defamation. Directions: The questions given below consist of two statements
(b) They are defences to the tort of negligence. labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). In the context of the two
(c) Second and third are antonyms of the first. statements, which of the following is correct?
(d) None of the above. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A.
Directions: Of the given five options, one of them doesn’t belong
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
to the group of others. Identify the odd one out.
­explanation of A.
43. (a) Ireland (b) Spain (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) Hungary (d) Uruguay (d) A is false but R is true.
(e) Portugal (e) Both A and R are False.

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 2.26  Part 2
51. A: A person who is unable to understand the terms of the
contract or form a rational opinion of the contract is
considered incompetent to contract.
R: Persons suffering from both permanent and temporary
mental disability are incompetent to contract.
52. A: In case of a mistake as to an essential fact, there is no
meeting of minds.
R: A contract concluded without the meeting of minds is
voidable.
53. A: India follows a Parliamentary system of governance.
R: United States of America follows a Presidential sys-
tem of governance.
54. A: India has declared financial emergency thrice since
independence.
R: Article 360 provides for imposition of financial emer-
gency by the President of India.
55. A: The ultimate sovereignty lies in the people of India.
R: Only people, and not corporations or companies have
a right to vote in India.
56. Principle I: Taking away any movable property dishon-
estly with an intention to dispossess a person of such object
without his consent amounts to theft.
Principle II: Dispossession is said to occur if a person
is denied of enjoying the benefit of an object without his
consent.
Principle III: Consent means and includes any express or
implied permission granted to a person for the specific usage.
Principle IV: Implied permission is said to be granted if a
person by actions or utterance conveys his acceptance of
usage by the other person.
Facts: A is the owner of a library of around 30,000 books on
physiology. A invites B for reading and borrowing the same. B
while going through the books comes across a rare book and takes
it to A. But A receives an urgent call and steps out of the library.
B shows him the book and indicates his intent to borrow it for a
month; A nods his heads without understanding B’s intent. After
a week A finds that rare book in B’s bookshelf. He lodges a com-
plaint of theft.
Did A grant implied permission to B in this case?
(a) Yes, as A specially invited B for reading.
(b) No, as B ought to have sought permission of A for
specified usage.
(c) No, as A didn’t understand the intent of B and the essen-
tial ingredient of acceptance of usage was not complied.
(d) Yes, as A nodded to the request of B.
M02_9788131796399_C02.indd 26
57. Was A disposed of the usage of his book by the act of B?
(a) Yes, as B removed the book from the library without
A’s consent.
(b) No, as A was not aware that the book has been taken
away.
(c) No, as B took the book with an intent of returning it
within a month
(d) Yes, as A was denied the usage of a book for almost a
week.
58. Did B take the book out of the library with A’s consent?
(a) Yes, as A accorded implied consent to B by nodding.
(b) No, as A did not convey either express or implied per-
mission for a specified usage.
(c) No, as B neither entered details of book or time period
in the register.
(d) Yes, as A specifically invited B for borrowing books.
Principle I: Defamation is reducing the worth of a person in the
eyes of right thinking members of society.
Principle II: Defamation can be either through verbal or written
words or transient gestures or any other means.
Principle III: A statement is defamatory only if it is communi-
cated to a person other than the one about whom the statement
is made.
Principle IV: Truth is a defence to defamation.
Facts: Manoranjan Singh is a big politician and holds the distinc-
tion of being the only person to have been the Chief Minister of
two Indian states. A tabloid called Masala India publishes a pho-
tograph of him, where though it is an innocent situation, the photo
is taken at such an angle such that it suggests that Manoranjan’s
lips are close to that of a lady, maybe even ­touching hers. Both
have closed their eyes and the lady has puckered up, maybe in
speech thereby adding to the confusion. The photo carries the cap-
tion ‘Photo of the day’. Manoranjan sues the tabloid.
59. Has the tabloid defamed Manoranjan?
(a) Yes, they have caused his worth to go down in the
minds of the right thinking members of society.
(b) They have not written anything defamatory and hence
are not liable.
(c) The photograph is unaltered and true, so they can
claim truth as a defence.
(d) It is not the tabloid, which has said anything. They
have put up a photo and left it up to the readers to
decide for themselves.
60. If the photographs were not published but rather sent to the
minister in a sealed envelope that said ‘Top secret’, would
the tabloid still have defamed him?
4/15/2015 6:06:19 PM
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Vahingon ja vastoin käynin
Tuulet turkaiset tulevat?
Niinkuin aaltoja ajaavi
Tulemahan tuonempata.
Raju ilma innoissansa
Meri meiskavi jalosti
Pilven tanssivi tasalla.
Niinpä mielessä minulla
Ajatukset ajelevat
Toinen toistansa jälestä.
Runtelevat ruumistani.
Vievät unet viikkoisiksi
Rauha kauaksi katoovi.
Niinkuin pilven pimennossa
Meren muoto mustenevi —
Eikä taida taivaskana
Taivas täysi tähtinensä
Kuvaella kuvaistansa
Veden pinnassa pimiän —
Niin on sieluni sisussa
Kuvan julkisen Jamalan
Mustununa murheilta. —

Tähän asti aikojani

Kuljeskelin kunnialla
Vaan nyt vasta alkavaiset
Päivät päätäni panevat
Jo mä selvästi selitän
Katsellessa kahden puolen
Silmän eessä ja sivulla
Vaaroja ja vastuksia.
Jopa saattavi salassa
Olla joit' en oivaltana.
Kallioita ja karia
Joihin haaksi halkiavi
Pahki purteni menevi. —

[Nimellä »Epäilys» painettu Koittareen I, s. 138.]

JOS MA LAULAJA OLISIN.

Jos ma laulaja olisin

Laulasin ma laivan tänne,
Laivan tänne lastinensa
Tälle laihalle lah'elle
Tälle ra'alle rannikolle.
Mik' on lasti laivassani?
Suuri summaton tavara,
Tuota tuolta tuonempoa
Etsitty eteläisiltä
Paikoilta palaus-piirin.
Kelle tarvitsen tavaran?
Sille tarvitsen tavaran,
Jota kauvan katseltua
Olisin jo ottanunna
Oman onneni osaksi,
Jos se joutava koria
Kukka-päinen, päärly-vöinen, —
Ehkä on kanaljan kaunis,
Aika kaunis kasvoiltansa,
Koko ruusu ruumihilta,
Soma-varsinen, solakka, —
Olis mieltynyt minuhun,
Ois mieheksi minua
Tahtonut tavaratonta. —
Vaan jos laivani näkisit
Tuovan tuulella tavaran
Rikeneellä rikkauden,
Takoa Tasaus-kaaren
Tälle ra'alle rannikolle
Tälle laihalle lah'elle,
Niin ma verkkoni, veneeni,
Pyssyni ja pyydökseni,
Hevoseni, henkeheni,
Kaikki pantiksi panisin,
Vedon löisin ja vetäsin,
Että tahtosit tariten
Ihan ilo-mielelläsi
Tulla miehelle minulle.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 149, muutamilla parannuksilla.]

VARPUNEN.

Lauletaan kuin:
Muntra sparf i linden
Gungande för vinden etc.

Varpunen sä räivä!
Joka tullut päivä
Härkyt seutuilla kartanon.
Jos o'is sulla mieltä
O'isit tästä tieltä
Mennyt kunne pääsky mennyt on.

Päällä kurki-hirren
Pidät ääntä virren
Kadehtittu yli kaiken maan.
Eikä kuka pidä
Sirkutosta sitä
Laulun arvoisena kuitenkaan.

Vaikk' on sulla kaula,

Niin et herjä laula
Kansan mieltä myöten ensinkään.
Tekisit sä muuta,
Tukitsisit suuta,
Pakenisit tieltä pahan sään.

Varpunen se vastaan,
Tuuvitellen lastaan
Pihlajalta pilpatti ne syyt,
Miks ei sinne mennyt
Kunne pääskyn pennut
Kunne kiurut ja muut pelto pyyt.

Syy on isä vainaan;

Miks hän meni naimaan
Harmajana, päistäröityn päin;
Elänyt ei kauvan;
Jätti lapsi-lauman,
Josta pahnan pohjimaiseks jäin.

Tuskin vielä lensin

Kuin jo kurki ensin
Läksi matkan tielle ajallaan,
Vaikk' ol' viljat vielä
Koskemata siellä
Haasioilla eli hajallaan.

Minä kiljun heille:

Mikä kiire teille
Ennen kuin ma nämät syödyks saan.
Mutta syönnin alla
Pakkanen ja halla
Jääksi jähmetytti järven, maan.
 Ken o'is silloin tiennyt
Kuinka nyt on viennyt
Talvi kaiken sen kuin kasvo maa.
O'isin lentänynnä,
Muiden kansa ynnä
Vaivallakin, valta meren taa.

Vaan mä syöä mätin,

Matka huolet jätin
Kunne kesä-kelit kestivät.
Sitte liika päkki,
Ja nyt tyhjä säkki
Menon matka-tielle estivät.

Vaan kuin päivä palaa,

Kultiansa valaa
Yli hangen, yli meren, maan;
Talvi herkiäävi,
Kevät kerkiäävi,
Silloin minä uuden mielen saan.

Kosiin mään ja palan,

Luvan saan ja valan
Teen, mun kulta kaunoiselleni.
Sitte työtä lisää
Taivaallinen isä
Mulle ja mun ainoiselleni.

Ei nyt huolet anna,

Eikä minua panna
Aikaa laulamalla viettämään;
Kuin ma annan suuta
Joudanko ma muuta,
Silloin huulillani tiettämään.

Ensin tehdään pesää,

Sitten pitkin kesää
Pesä pienoisilla täytetään;
Niist' on kyllä työtä,
Niitä juota, syötä,
Niitä pellollakin käytetään.

Ei Mar' oltu laiskat,

Mutta lapsi-raiskat
Tarvitsivat kaiken kesän työn;
Etten saanut sunkaan,
Mitään muuta junkaan,
Talveks tallelleni mitä syön.

Nyt mä pidän majaa

Pitkin katon rajaa,
Enkä niinkään ole turvata.
Vasten Luojan mieltä
Katoltakaan sieltä
Eipä varpuistakaan murhata.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 156.]

Jos kunniaksi kutsut sitä rosvon tapaa,

Kuin toisen varat miekan voimin viep' ja paljastaa
Ja orjaksensa kansan tekis, joka oli vapaa
Ja maat ja asuinpaikat lyöp' ja anastaa
Jos kunnialliseksi kutsut sitä kansaa,
Niin Suomen mies ei kunniallisuutta sitä ansaa.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 150 nimellä 'Suomalaisen kunnia'.]

Niinkuin narri minä nain

Vanhan kompuran ma sain
Hän oil rikas, minä köyhkö
Vaikka työtä tein kuin löyhkö.

Hoki sitä päivät yöt

Kuka tehnyt täss on työt
Tokko leivot tokko paistat
Vaikka parhat palat maistat.

Minä poltin tupakkaa

Jost' oil altis jupakkaa
Otin kerran tilkan viinaa
Jost' kärsin paljon piinaa.

[Ennen painamaton.]

Viittaukset

1) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja Suomen aatelittomia sukuja.

Kuopiossa, 1892 —. XIII vh. s. 1038. 2) Kts. C.A. Gottlundin
päiväkirjaa esim. v. 1808—10 Suomal. Kirjall. Seuran
kokoelmissa. 3) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja. 4) C.A.G:n päiväkirja
1817 lokak:n 17 p:ltä. 5) C.A.G:n päiväkirja. 6) A.R. Niemi,
Kalevalan kokoonpano I, s. 29. 7) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 1/3 1816
8) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 5/11 1816 9) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 15/10
1816 10) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 5/11 1816 11) C.A.G:n päiväkirja,
kirjeenjäljennös 5/11 1816 12) C.A.G:n päiväkirja,
kirjeenjäljennös 15/1 1817 13) Tällaisia pitäjänkertomuksia oli
Porthanin kehoituksesta muutamia kokoonpantu jo hänen
elinaikanansa, ja hiljattain v. 1815 oli Bengt Jakob Ignatius
kirjoittanut semmoisen: »De paroecia Haliko I». — 14) C.G.
Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 31-32. 15)
Kts. Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 17/3 1818, Suomal. Kirj.
Seuran kokoelmissa. 16) 17/3 1818 17) Helmikuussa 1818
18) C.G. Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 33
—34. — C.A.G:n päiväkirja 12/10 1817. 19) C.A.G:n
päiväkirja 13/10 —28/10 1817. 20) C.G. Estlander, A.I.
Arwidsson som vitter författare, s. 34. — C.A.G, Läsning for
finnar i blandade ämnen, ss. 219-223. 21) C.A.G., Läsning for
finnar, s. 224 ja C.G. Estlander — A.I. Arwidsson som vitter
författare, s. 34, 36. 22) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 15/6 1818. 23)
Helmikuussa 1818. 24) 17/3 1818 25) C.A.G:n päiväkirja.
esim. 4/11 ja 19/12 1817. 26) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille
helmikuussa 1818. 27) 14/8 1818 28) Helmikuussa 1818. 29)
C.G. Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 34-35.
30) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 17/3 1818. 31) 14/8 1818. 32)
14/11 1818. 33) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 26/5 1818. 34)
»Omkring 800 Rdr B:co har jag redan på detta år förstört»,
sanoo Poppius kirjeessään Sjögrenille 15/10 1823. 35)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/9 1818. 36) C.A.G:n päiväkirja
vuosilta 1818—20. 37) Julius Krohn, Koitar I, s. 128;
Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden vaiheet, s. 235. — Biografinen
Nimikirja, s. 547. — A.R. Niemi, Kalevalan kokoonpano I, 43.
38) 7/7 1819 kirjoittaa GottIund päiväkirjaansa: »Tog i gär 3
exemplar af Schröters Finnische Runen af Aminoff.» (»Otin
eilen Aminoffilta 3 kappaletta Schröterin Finnische Runen.»)
39) 15/10 1818. 40) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 27/5 1820. 41) 16/9
1818. 42) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 23/5 1820. 43)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 28/8 1822. 44) Poppiusen kirje
Gottlundille 15/4 1823. 45) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 28/3
1822. 46) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 15/4 1823. 47)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 15/10 1823. 48) Edellä main. kirje.
49) Kirjeessä Upsalasta 3/10 1828. 50) Poppiusen kirje
Tukholmasta Gottlundille Upsalaan 22/11 1824. Lagusen
tiedonanto Åbo Akademies Studentmatrikelissa II s. 529, että
Poppius jo edellisenä keväänä olisi saanut papinviran
Pietarissa, ei siis voi pitää paikkansa; P. muutti nähtävästi
Tukholmasta suoraan Viipuriin vasta seuraavana vuonna. 51)
J. Krohn, Koitar I, s. 129. 52) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja, s. 1040,
T. 6. 53) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/2 1826. 54) Poppiusen
kirje Sjögrenille 31/5 1820. 55) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja, s.
1040, T. 6. 56) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 7/6 1858. 57)
Edellä main. kirje. 58) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 24/1 1860.
59) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 7/6 1858. 60) Poppiusen kirje
Gottlundille 26/8 1862. 61) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 1/5
1863. 62) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 23/5 1820. 63)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/8 1826.
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