1.

Even if we reach that state where an Al can behave as a human does, how do we measure if Al is
acting like a human? and how can we be sure it can continue to behave that way? We can base the
human-ikeness of an Al entity with the: Turing Test, the Cognitive Modelling Approach, The Law of
Thought Approach, and the Rational Agent Approach. Explain in detail these terms with suitable
examples.

The question of whether an AI can behave like a human is a complex one, and there are several
approaches to measuring the human-likeness of an AI entity. Here are four commonly used approaches:

1.Turing Test: The Turing Test is a measure of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior that is
indistinguishable from that of a human. In this test, a human evaluator engages in a natural language
conversation with both a human and a machine, without knowing which is which. If the evaluator
cannot reliably distinguish between the two, the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test.

For example, if an AI chatbot can convincingly simulate a human conversation and the evaluator cannot
tell if they are talking to a human or a machine, then the AI has passed the Turing Test.

2.Cognitive Modelling Approach: The Cognitive Modelling Approach involves creating a model of human
cognition and comparing the AI's behavior to that model. This approach assumes that human cognition
can be broken down into a set of discrete processes, and that an AI can be considered human-like if it
exhibits those same processes.

For example, an AI that can recognize emotions in human speech and respond appropriately may be
considered human-like according to the Cognitive Modelling Approach.

3.The Law of Thought Approach: The Law of Thought Approach is based on the idea that human thinking
can be described by a set of logical rules, such as the laws of identity, non-contradiction, and excluded
middle. An AI is considered human-like if it can follow these same logical rules.

For example, an AI that can reason logically and make deductions based on a set of premises may be
considered human-like according to the Law of Thought Approach.

4.Rational Agent Approach: The Rational Agent Approach defines a rational agent as one that takes
actions to achieve its goals based on its knowledge and beliefs about the world. An AI is considered
human-like if it behaves like a rational agent.

For example, an AI that can learn from its experiences and adjust its behavior to achieve its goals may be
considered human-like according to the Rational Agent Approach.

In conclusion, measuring the human-likeness of an AI entity is a complex task that requires careful
consideration of the approach used. The Turing Test, Cognitive Modelling Approach, Law of Thought
Approach, and Rational Agent Approach are all valid ways to measure human-likeness, and each has its
own strengths and weaknesses.
2.What are the applications of Artificial intelligence in the following fields (use short note under each
application)?

a. Virtual Assistant or Chatbots

b. Agriculture and Farming

c. Autonomous Flying

d. Retail, Shopping, and Fashion

e. Security and Surveillance

f. Sports Analytics and Activities

g. Manufacturing and Production

h. Live Stock and Invertory Management

i. Self-driving cars or Autonomous Vehicles

j. Healthcare and Medical Imaging Analysis

k. Warehousing and Logistic Supply Chain

a. Virtual Assistant or Chatbots: AI-powered virtual assistants or chatbots can help businesses automate
customer service, answer queries, and provide personalized recommendations to customers.

b. Agriculture and Farming: AI can be used in agriculture and farming to monitor crop health, predict
weather patterns, and optimize irrigation and fertilization.

c. Autonomous Flying: AI can be used to develop autonomous flying vehicles that can be used for
transportation, surveillance, and delivery.

d. Retail, Shopping, and Fashion: AI can be used to personalize shopping experiences, optimize inventory
management, and provide product recommendations based on customer preferences.

e. Security and Surveillance: AI can be used to monitor and analyze security footage, detect suspicious
behavior, and alert authorities in case of potential threats.

f. Sports Analytics and Activities: AI can be used to analyze player performance, predict game outcomes,
and optimize training programs.

g. Manufacturing and Production: AI can be used to optimize production processes, monitor equipment
health, and predict maintenance needs.
h. Live Stock and Inventory Management: AI can be used to monitor livestock health, optimize feed and
water consumption, and manage inventory levels.

i. Self-driving cars or Autonomous Vehicles: AI can be used to develop self-driving cars that can navigate
roads, avoid obstacles, and make decisions based on real-time data.

j. Healthcare and Medical Imaging Analysis: AI can be used to analyze medical images, diagnose
diseases, and develop personalized treatment plans.

k. Warehousing and Logistic Supply Chain: AI can be used to optimize warehouse operations, manage
inventory levels, and optimize logistics and supply chain management.

3.What are the five basic principles of professional ethics? Discuss all.

The five basic principles of professional ethics are:

1.Integrity: Integrity refers to the quality of being honest, trustworthy, and having strong moral
principles. Professionals are expected to act with integrity by being truthful, transparent, and
maintaining high ethical standards in their work. They should avoid conflicts of interest and act in the
best interest of their clients or employers.

2.Objectivity: Objectivity means professionals should be impartial and unbiased in their decision-making
and judgments. They should base their decisions on facts, evidence, and professional expertise rather
than personal biases or external influences. Objectivity ensures fairness and promotes the best
outcomes for all stakeholders involved.

3.Professional competence: Professionals are expected to possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and
expertise to perform their duties competently. They should continuously update their knowledge and
skills to stay current in their field. Professional competence ensures that professionals provide high-
quality services and deliver the best possible outcomes for their clients or employers.

4.Confidentiality: Confidentiality is the principle that professionals should respect and protect the
privacy of their clients or employers. They should maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information
obtained during their work and only disclose it when authorized or required by law. Confidentiality
builds trust and ensures that clients or employers feel comfortable sharing information.

5.Professional behavior: Professionals should adhere to a code of conduct that promotes respectful and
ethical behavior. They should treat others with dignity, respect diversity, and avoid any form of
discrimination or harassment. Professional behavior also includes being accountable for one's actions,
taking responsibility for mistakes, and learning from them.

These five principles form the foundation of professional ethics and guide professionals in their decision-
making and behavior. Adhering to these principles helps maintain trust, credibility, and the overall
integrity of the profession.
4. List and discuss the challenges concerning professional ethics that are posed as a result of the rise of
emerging technologies?

The rise of emerging technologies has brought about several challenges concerning professional ethics.
Here are four key challenges:

1.Privacy and data protection: With the advent of technologies like artificial intelligence, big data, and
the Internet of Things, there is an increasing amount of personal data being collected and analyzed.
Professionals in various fields, such as data scientists and software developers, must ensure that they
handle this data ethically and protect individuals' privacy. They need to be transparent about data
collection, obtain informed consent, and implement robust security measures to prevent unauthorized
access or misuse of personal information.

2.Bias and discrimination: Emerging technologies often rely on algorithms and machine learning, which
can inadvertently perpetuate biases and discrimination. For example, facial recognition systems have
been found to have higher error rates for women and people of color. Professionals working with these
technologies need to be aware of these biases and actively work to mitigate them. They should ensure
that their algorithms are trained on diverse datasets and regularly audited to identify and rectify any
discriminatory outcomes.

3.Autonomous systems and accountability: The development of autonomous systems, such as self-
driving cars and autonomous drones, raises questions about accountability. When accidents or errors
occur, it becomes challenging to assign responsibility to a human or a machine. Professionals involved in
designing and deploying these systems must establish clear guidelines and protocols for accountability.
They need to consider ethical considerations, such as minimizing harm and ensuring transparency, while
also adhering to legal frameworks.

4.Job displacement and societal impact: Emerging technologies like automation and artificial intelligence
have the potential to disrupt industries and lead to job displacement. Professionals working in these
fields must consider the societal impact of their work and take steps to mitigate any negative
consequences. This may involve retraining and upskilling affected workers, ensuring a just transition,
and actively participating in discussions around the ethical implications of automation and AI.

Overall, the rise of emerging technologies presents several challenges for professional ethics, including
privacy protection, bias mitigation, accountability in autonomous systems, and addressing societal
impacts. Professionals in these fields must be proactive in addressing these challenges to ensure that
the benefits of emerging technologies are realized without compromising ethical principles.

5. What are the common ethical rules that must be applied in all technologies?

There are several common ethical rules that should be applied in all technologies. These rules include:

1.Privacy: Technologies should respect and protect the privacy of individuals. This includes ensuring that
personal data is collected, stored, and used in a responsible and secure manner.
2.Security: Technologies should prioritize the security of users and their data. This involves
implementing robust security measures to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and other cyber
threats.

3.Transparency: Technologies should be transparent in their operations and functionalities. Users should
have a clear understanding of how their data is being collected, used, and shared.

4.Accountability: Technologies should be accountable for their actions and the consequences they may
have on individuals or society as a whole. This includes taking responsibility for any harm caused and
providing appropriate remedies.

5.Fairness: Technologies should be designed and implemented in a fair and unbiased manner. They
should not discriminate against individuals based on factors such as race, gender, religion, or
socioeconomic status.

6.Accessibility: Technologies should strive to be accessible to all individuals, regardless of their physical
or cognitive abilities. This involves designing inclusive interfaces and providing alternative means of
access for those with disabilities.

7.Consent: Technologies should obtain informed consent from users before collecting or using their
personal data. Users should have the right to control how their data is used and be able to withdraw
consent at any time.

8.Sustainability: Technologies should be developed and used in a sustainable manner, taking into
account their environmental impact and long-term consequences.

These ethical rules provide a framework for ensuring that technologies are developed and used in a
responsible and ethical manner, benefiting individuals and society as a whole.

6. Mention and discuss specific professional ethics related to augmented reality, Artificial Intelligence,
and the Internet of Things?

1.Augmented Reality: Professional ethics related to augmented reality include the responsibility to
ensure that the technology is used in a safe and ethical manner. This includes protecting user privacy,
avoiding harm to individuals or society, and ensuring that the technology is not used to deceive or
manipulate people. Additionally, professionals in this field should be transparent about the data they
collect and how it is used, and they should be committed to ensuring that the technology is accessible to
all users, regardless of their abilities.

2.Artificial Intelligence: Professional ethics related to artificial intelligence include the responsibility to
ensure that the technology is developed and used in a way that is safe, ethical, and beneficial to society.
This includes avoiding bias in algorithms, protecting user privacy, and ensuring that the technology is not
used to discriminate against individuals or groups. Additionally, professionals in this field should be
transparent about the data they collect and how it is used, and they should be committed to ensuring
that the technology is accessible to all users, regardless of their abilities.
3.Internet of Things: Professional ethics related to the Internet of Things include the responsibility to
ensure that the technology is developed and used in a way that is safe, ethical, and beneficial to society.
This includes protecting user privacy, ensuring that the technology is secure and not vulnerable to
hacking or other forms of cyber-attacks, and ensuring that the technology is not used to discriminate
against individuals or groups. Additionally, professionals in this field should be transparent about the
data they collect and how it is used, and they should be committed to ensuring that the technology is
accessible to all users, regardless of their abilities.

7. Discuss the following Emerging technologies? Each topic needs to include a detailed overview
(background, introduction), advantages and disadvantages, current trends, applications, and conclusion

a. Nanotechnology

b. Blockchain

c. Biotechnology

d. Cloud and Quantum computing

e. Computer vision

f. Automatic computing

g. Cybersecurity

a. Nanotechnology:

Overview: Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. It
involves the design, production, and application of materials and devices with dimensions of less than
100 nanometers. The technology has the potential to revolutionize many fields, including medicine,
electronics, and energy.

Advantages: Nanotechnology has several advantages, including the ability to create new materials with
unique properties, improve drug delivery systems, and enhance energy efficiency. It can also lead to the
development of smaller and more powerful electronic devices.

Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about the potential
health and environmental risks associated with the use of nanoparticles. There are also ethical concerns
regarding the use of nanotechnology in military applications.

Current Trends: The global nanotechnology market is expected to reach $125 billion by 2024, with the
healthcare sector being the largest application area. The development of nanosensors for medical
diagnosis and treatment is a growing trend.

Applications: Nanotechnology has applications in various fields, including medicine, electronics, energy,
and environmental science. It is used in drug delivery systems, cancer treatment, water purification, and
solar cells.
Conclusion: Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize many fields, but there are still concerns
about its safety and ethical implications. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks and
benefits of the technology.

b. Blockchain:

Overview: Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions in a secure and
transparent manner. It is the technology behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Advantages: Blockchain provides a secure and transparent way to record transactions without the need
for intermediaries. It can also reduce the risk of fraud and increase efficiency in various industries.

Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about its scalability and
energy consumption. There are also regulatory and legal challenges associated with the use of
blockchain.

Current Trends: The global blockchain market is expected to reach $39.7 billion by 2025, with the
financial sector being the largest application area. The development of blockchain-based supply chain
management systems is a growing trend.

Applications: Blockchain has applications in various fields, including finance, healthcare, supply chain
management, and voting systems. It is used for secure and transparent record-keeping, identity
verification, and smart contracts.

Conclusion: Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize many industries, but there are still challenges
that need to be addressed. Further research and development are needed to fully realize the benefits of
the technology.

c. Biotechnology:

Overview: Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products to improve human health and
the environment. It involves the manipulation of DNA and other biological molecules to create new
products and processes.

Advantages: Biotechnology has several advantages, including the ability to create new drugs and
vaccines, improve crop yields, and reduce environmental pollution. It can also lead to the development
of new diagnostic tools and personalized medicine.

Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about the potential
health and environmental risks associated with the use of genetically modified organisms. There are also
ethical concerns regarding the use of biotechnology in human enhancement.

Current Trends: The global biotechnology market is expected to reach $727.1 billion by 2025, with the
healthcare sector being the largest application area. The development of gene editing technologies like
CRISPR is a growing trend.
Applications: Biotechnology has applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and
environmental science. It is used for drug discovery, genetic testing, and bioremediation.

Conclusion: Biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize many fields, but there are still concerns
about its safety and ethical implications. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks and
benefits of the technology.

d. Cloud and Quantum computing:

Overview: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet, while quantum
computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena to perform calculations. Both technologies
have the potential to revolutionize the way we process and store data.

Advantages: Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources, reduces the need for
physical infrastructure, and increases scalability. Quantum computing can perform calculations much
faster than classical computers and has the potential to solve complex problems in fields like
cryptography and drug discovery.

Disadvantages: Cloud computing is vulnerable to security breaches and data loss, and there are concerns
about the environmental impact of data centers. Quantum computing is still in its early stages, and
there are technical challenges associated with the development of quantum hardware and software.

Current Trends: The global cloud computing market is expected to reach $832.1 billion by 2025, with the
healthcare sector being the largest application area. The development of quantum computers with more
qubits is a growing trend.

Applications: Cloud computing has applications in various fields, including healthcare, finance, and
education. It is used for data storage, software development, and virtualization. Quantum computing
has applications in fields like cryptography, drug discovery, and materials science.

Conclusion: Cloud and quantum computing have the potential to revolutionize the way we process and
store data, but there are still challenges that need to be addressed. Further research and development
are needed to fully realize the benefits of the technologies.

e. Computer vision:

Overview: Computer vision is the ability of computers to interpret and understand visual data from the
world around them. It involves the use of algorithms and machine learning to analyze images and
videos.

Advantages: Computer vision has several advantages, including the ability to automate tasks like object
recognition and tracking, improve safety in autonomous vehicles, and enhance medical imaging.

Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about the potential
biases and inaccuracies in computer vision algorithms. There are also ethical concerns regarding the use
of the technology in surveillance and facial recognition.
Current Trends: The global computer vision market is expected to reach $19.1 billion by 2025, with the
automotive sector being the largest application area. The development of deep learning algorithms is a
growing trend.

Applications: Computer vision has applications in various fields, including healthcare, automotive, and
security. It is used for object recognition, facial recognition, and autonomous vehicles.

Conclusion: Computer vision has the potential to revolutionize many fields, but there are still concerns
about its accuracy and ethical implications. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks and
benefits of the technology.

f. Automatic computing:

Overview: Automatic computing is the use of algorithms and machine learning to automate tasks that
were previously done by humans. It involves the development of intelligent systems that can learn from
data and improve over time.

Advantages: Automatic computing has several advantages, including the ability to improve efficiency,
reduce errors, and enhance decision-making. It can also lead to the development of new products and
services.

Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about the potential loss
of jobs and the need for retraining. There are also ethical concerns regarding the use of automatic
computing in decision-making.

Current Trends: The global artificial intelligence market is expected to reach $267 billion by 2027, with
the healthcare sector being the largest application area. The development of natural language
processing and chatbots is a growing trend.

Applications: Automatic computing has applications in various fields, including healthcare, finance, and
customer service. It is used for predictive analytics, fraud detection, and chatbots.

Conclusion: Automatic computing has the potential to revolutionize many fields, but there are still
concerns about its impact on employment and ethical implications. Further research is needed to fully
understand the risks and benefits of the technology.

g. Cybersecurity:

Overview: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems and networks from
unauthorized access, theft, and damage. It involves the use of technologies and processes to prevent
and detect cyber attacks.

Advantages: Cybersecurity provides protection against cyber threats, reduces the risk of data breaches,
and enhances the trust of customers and stakeholders. It can also lead to the development of new
security products and services.
Disadvantages: The technology is still in its early stages, and there are concerns about the potential
vulnerabilities and weaknesses in cybersecurity systems. There are also ethical concerns regarding the
use of cybersecurity in surveillance and censorship.

Current Trends: The global cybersecurity market is expected to reach $248.26 billion by 2023, with the
banking and finance sector being the largest application area. The development of artificial intelligence
and machine learning for cybersecurity is a growing trend.

Applications: Cybersecurity has applications in various fields, including finance, healthcare, and
government. It is used for network security, data protection, and threat detection.

Conclusion: Cybersecurity has the potential to protect against cyber threats, but there are still concerns
about its effectiveness and ethical implications. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks
and benefits of the technology.