1.

Air Traffic Control Systems (ATC): 47

 Integrity Level: Very High

 ATC systems manage the movement of aircraft in airspace and on the ground to prevent
collisions. Failure in these systems could lead to catastrophic consequences, including
mid-air collisions and ground accidents involving aircraft.

2. Medical Devices and Systems (e.g., pacemakers, infusion pumps, MRI machines):

 Integrity Level: Very High

 Medical devices and systems are responsible for directly impacting patient health and
safety. Failure in these systems can lead to incorrect treatment, injury, or even death.

3. Automotive Safety Systems (e.g., ABS, airbag control, collision avoidance):

 Integrity Level: High

 Automotive safety systems are crucial for preventing accidents and minimizing the
severity of collisions. Failure in these systems could lead to increased risk of accidents
and injuries for occupants and pedestrians.

4. Nuclear Reactor Control Systems:

 Integrity Level: High

 Nuclear reactor control systems manage the safe operation of nuclear reactors, ensuring
proper power generation and preventing accidents such as meltdowns or radiation
leaks. Failure in these systems can lead to widespread environmental contamination and
health hazards.

5. Railway Signaling and Control Systems:

 Integrity Level: Medium to High

 Railway signaling and control systems manage the safe movement of trains, including
track switching and collision avoidance. Failure in these systems can lead to train
derailments, collisions, and endangerment of passengers and railway staff.

2)

Software that is both mission and safety critical includes systems used in spacecraft and satellites, such
as software for a Mars Rover or a space exploration mission. These systems are mission-critical as they
control and monitor various aspects of the spacecraft or satellite, and failure could result in mission
failure or loss of the spacecraft. They are also safety-critical as they are responsible for the safety of the
spacecraft, its crew, and any potential scientific payload. industries, including aerospace, medical
devices, nuclear power plants, and transportation In summary, software used in spacecraft and satellites
is a prime example of software that is both mission and safety critical, as it is essential for the success of
the mission and the safety of the spacecraft, its crew, and any potential scientific payload.
3)

Testing is an essential aspect of software development aimed at identifying defects or errors in a

program. However, despite rigorous testing, it cannot guarantee that a program is entirely correct.
Several reasons contribute to this limitation:

1. Incompleteness of Testing: It is practically impossible to test all possible inputs, scenarios, and
interactions within a software program. Even with comprehensive test suites, there might still be
unexplored paths or edge cases that could lead to unexpected behavior.

2. Limited Scope: Testing typically focuses on verifying the expected behavior of the program based
on predefined requirements and specifications. However, it may not cover all possible behaviors
or interactions with the broader system environment. Certain integration issues or unforeseen
interactions may only surface when the program is deployed in a real-world setting.

3. Human Error in Test Design and Execution: Test cases are designed and executed by humans,
who may inadvertently overlook certain scenarios or make mistakes in designing test cases,
leading to incomplete or ineffective testing.

4. Complexity of Software Systems: Modern software systems are increasingly complex,

comprising numerous components, layers, and dependencies. Testing such complex systems
thoroughly is challenging, and defects may remain hidden within intricate interactions between
components.

5. Heisenbugs and Non-Deterministic Behavior: Some bugs may manifest only under specific,
hard-to-reproduce conditions, making them elusive during testing. Additionally, non-
deterministic behavior, where the outcome of an operation depends on unpredictable factors,
can complicate testing efforts.

6. Evolution of Software: Software is dynamic and subject to continuous changes, updates, and
maintenance. Testing provides a snapshot of the program's behavior at a specific point in time,
but subsequent modifications may introduce new bugs or regressions.

7. Complexity of Correctness: Defining what constitutes "correct" behavior for a program can be
challenging, especially for complex systems with ambiguous or evolving requirements. Even if a
program behaves as expected based on current specifications, it may not necessarily meet users'
needs or expectations in all scenarios.

4)

Natural language can be a poor choice for expressing specifications for several reasons:

Ambiguity: Natural language is inherently ambiguous, meaning that the same phrase or sentence can be
interpreted in multiple ways. This ambiguity can lead to misunderstandings and confusion among
stakeholders.
Lack of Precision: Natural language often lacks the precision and specificity required for expressing
complex technical specifications. It may not provide the level of detail necessary to fully convey
requirements, leading to incomplete or inaccurate specifications.

Subjectivity: Natural language is subjective and can be interpreted differently by different individuals.
What seems clear to one person may be vague or confusing to another, resulting in inconsistencies in
understanding and implementation.

Difficulty in Formalization: Natural language specifications are challenging to formalize into precise,
machine-readable formats such as code or formal logic. This can hinder automation and make it harder
to verify compliance with requirements.

Maintenance Challenges: Natural language specifications can be difficult to maintain over time,
especially as requirements evolve or as new stakeholders become involved. Without a structured and
standardized format, it's harder to track changes and ensure consistency.

Risk of Miscommunication: Due to its informal nature, natural language specifications are more prone to
miscommunication errors, which can lead to costly rework or project delays.

5)

The requirements definition provided appears to be a functional requirements specification for a

software system intended to manage a library's document collection. However, there are a few areas
where the definition could be improved to provide more clarity and completeness. Here are some
potential weaknesses and suggestions for improvement:

Lack of non-functional requirements: The definition focuses primarily on functional requirements, but it
is also important to consider non-functional requirements such as performance, security, and usability.
For example, the system should be able to handle a certain number of concurrent requests, ensure the
confidentiality and integrity of the data, and provide an intuitive and user-friendly interface.

Lack of system constraints: The definition does not specify any constraints on the system, such as
hardware or software requirements, operating environment, or integration with other systems. These
constraints are important to ensure that the system can be deployed and operated effectively.

Lack of user roles and permissions: The definition does not specify how the system will handle user
authentication and authorization. It is important to define the roles and permissions of the users who
will interact with the system, such as librarians, administrators, and staff members, to ensure that they
can perform their tasks efficiently and securely.

Lack of data validation and integrity: The definition does not specify how the system will ensure the
accuracy and consistency of the data. It is important to define the rules and constraints for data
validation, such as format, length, and data type, as well as data integrity, such as referential integrity
and data consistency.

Lack of error handling and recovery: The definition does not specify how the system will handle errors
and exceptions, such as network failures, system crashes, or user errors. It is important to define the
error messages, alerts, and notifications, as well as the recovery procedures, such as backup and restore,
to ensure that the system can operate reliably and recover from failures.
Lack of testing and validation: The definition does not specify how the system will be tested and
validated to ensure that it meets the requirements and performs as expected. It is important to define
the test cases, scenarios, and criteria, as well as the testing tools and methods, to ensure that the system
is of high quality and meets the user's needs.