Sc7 Booklet

Year 7 Science Booklet
Forces and their effects

Lesson 5.2 - Discovering Forces
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recognise different examples of forces.
2. List the main types of force.
3. Represent forces using arrows.
Key Vocabulary:
Complete these from pages 242-259 of your Student book:
● Pushing Force:
● Pulling Force:
● Turning Force:
A - Pushing, pulling, turning forces

Open your student book to pages 164-165, and read through the “blue” section.You may
check your answers from the back of this booklet.
Book Question 1
How would you describe the type of force that the Earth produces on the bungee jumper?
Book Question 2
What is the name given to this force?
Comprehension Question 1:
What are the three types of forces mentioned in the text?
1
2
B - Multiple Forces
Open your student book to pages 164-165, and read through the “orange” section.You may
check your answers from the back of this booklet.
Book Question 3:
Which forces are helping the plane in Figure 1.5.2b to fly?
Book Question 4:
Which forces are working against the plane when it flies?
Book Question 5:
Which of the forces in the picture is the largest?
Extra Activity 1:
C - Balanced Forces
Book Question 6:
Explain what would happen to each of the forces if an extra person was added to one of the
teams in Figure 1.5.2c.
3
Book Question 7:
Sketch a car that is starting to move away from a set of traffic lights. Draw arrows to show
the forces at work.
Book Question 8:
Draw and explain the forces at work in these situations:
a. a boat sailing across the sea
b. a sledge being pulled over snowy ground.
D - Additional Practice
Extra Activity 2:
Answer the following multiple choice questions to the best of your ability. For each question,
choose the single best answer (even if it is not “perfect” or if you believe there are multiple
correct answers). Some questions might even go beyond the book’s text, so use your best
judgement and compare your answers with your partner before checking the answers.
1. What is a pushing force? 2. What is a pulling force?
a. A force that makes objects move towards each a. A force that makes objects move towards each
other other
b. A force that makes objects move away from each b. A force that makes objects move away from each
other other
c. A force that makes objects change direction c. A force that makes objects change direction
d. A force that makes objects move in a straight line d. A force that makes objects move in a straight line
3. What is a turning force?
4
a. A force that makes objects move towards each 9. When you turn a doorknob, you are applying a
other __ force.
b. A force that makes objects move away from each
other
a. Pushing
c. A force that makes objects change direction
b. Pulling
d. A force that makes objects move in a straight line
c. Turning
d. Moving
4. Which of the following is an example of a pulling
force?
10. When you kick a ball, you are applying a __
force.
a. Opening a door
b. Closing a window
a. Pushing
c. Riding a bike
b. Pulling
d. Pulling a wagon
c. Turning
d. Moving
5. How can forces be represented?
11. Which type of force is responsible for stopping a
a. Using arrows moving object?
b. Using emojis
c. Using fruit
a. Pushing force
d. Using colors
b. Pulling force
c. Turning force
6. Which of the following is NOT a type of force? d. Friction force
a. Pushing force 12. A person pushing a box is an example of a __

b. Pulling force force.
c. Turning force
d. Moving force
a. Pushing
b. Pulling
7. When you push an object, the object moves __ c. Turning
your body. d. Moving
a. Towards 13. A person pulling a wagon is an example of a __

b. Away from force.
c. Sideways from
d. Diagonally from
a. Pushing
b. Pulling
8. When you pull an object, the object moves __ c. Turning
your body. d. Moving
a. Towards 14. A person opening a door is an example of a __

b. Away from force.
c. Sideways from
d. Diagonally from
a. Pushing
b. Pulling
c. Turning
d. Moving
15. A person riding a bike is an example of a __

force.
a. Pushing
b. Pulling
c. Turning
d. Moving
5
Lesson 5.3 - Measuring Forces
Learning Outcomes:
1. Measure forces using newtonmeters.
2. Use the correct unit for force.
3. Explain the difference between mass and weight.
Key Vocabulary:
● newton:
● newtonmeter:
● precision:
● weight:
● gravity:
● mass:
A - Newtons and newtonmeters

Open your student book to pages 166-167, and read through the “blue” section.
Book Question 1:
What is the unit of measurement for force?
6
Book Question 2:
What is the correct abbreviation for the unit of force?
Book Question 3:
What instrument is used to measure force?
B - Measuring instruments
Open your student book to pages 166-167, and read through the “orange” section.
Book Question 4:
What is the maximum value that each of the newtonmeters in Figure 1.5.3b can measure?
Book Question 5:
Which of the newtonmeters in Figure 1.5.3b allows the most precise reading? Explain your
answer.
Extra Question 1:
C - Mass and weight

Open your student book to pages 166-167, and read through the “purple” section.
7
Book Question 6:
Why do you think that some people confuse weight and mass?
Book Question 7:
If you measured the mass and the weight of an object on two planets of different sizes, what
differences would you notice? Explain your answer.
Book Question 8:
Imagine a car crash on the Moon and the same crash on Earth. There would probably be no
difference in the damage between the two crashes. Explain why this is the case.
Extra Question 2:
1. What is the unit for measuring force? a. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while
weight is the force exerted on an object due to
a. Kilograms gravity.
b. Meters b. Mass and weight are the same thing.
c. Newtons c. Mass is the force exerted on an object due to
d. Liters gravity, while weight is the amount of matter in an
object.
d. Mass and weight are unrelated to each other.
2. Which instrument is used to measure force?
a. Thermometer
b. Ruler
c. Newtonmeter
d. Scale
4. Which of the following is NOT a unit of force?
a. Kilogram
b. Newton
3. What is the difference between mass and c. Pound
weight? d. Dyne
8
5. Which force keeps us on the ground? 12. Which of the following is an example of mass?
a. Friction a. The water in a swimming pool.

b. Magnetism b. The weight of a book.
c. Gravity c. The force applied to move a car.
d. Tension d. The amount of matter in an object.
6. How does the weight of an object change when it 13. What is another term for the force of gravity?
is taken to the Moon?
a. Velocity
a. The weight remains the same. b. Friction
b. The weight increases. c. Acceleration
c. The weight decreases. d. Weight
d. The weight becomes zero.
14. What is the SI unit for mass?
7. What is the correct symbol for the unit of force?
a. Pound
a. F b. Kilogram
b. N c. Gram
c. W d. Newton
d. M
15. Which of the following statements is true about
8. Which of the following most accurately describes force?
gravity?
a. Force can only be applied by living things.
a. Gravity is a force that pushes objects away from b. Force can only be used to move objects.
each other. c. Force can change the shape of an object.
b. Gravity is a force that pulls objects towards each d. Force is always visible.
other.
c. Gravity is a force that makes objects spin.
d. Gravity is a force that makes objects float. 16. Why is it important to use the correct unit for
measuring force?
9. What can a newtonmeter measure?

a. Different units have different meanings.
b. It doesn't matter which unit you use.
a. Distance c. It makes the measurement more accurate.
b. Weight d. Units have no effect on force measurements.
c. Mass
d. Speed
17. What is the scientific instrument used to
measure weight?
10. What is the precision of a measuring
instrument?
a. Kilometer
b. Thermometer
a. The measure of how heavy the instrument is. c. Newtonmeter
b. The measure of how long the instrument is. d. Scale
c. The measure of how many decimal places can
be accurately read from the instrument.
d. The measure of how tall the instrument is. 18. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
a force?
a. Direction
b. Speed
c. Magnitude
d. Point of application
11. Which of the following is an example of weight?

19. What is the force that resists motion between
two surfaces in contact?
a. The mass of an object.
b. The force exerted by a person.
c. The force required to move an object. a. Friction
d. The force exerted on an object due to gravity. b. Magnetism
9
c. Gravity a. Friction
d. Tension b. Magnetism
c. Tension
d. Buoyancy
20. Which force allows objects to float in water?
Lesson 5.4 - Understanding Weight on other

planets
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the meaning of ‘weightless’.
2. Investigate weight on the Moon and on different planets.
3. Identify the link between weight and gravitational attraction.
Key Vocabulary:
● gravity:
● weightless:
A - Gravity and Weightlessness

Book Question 1:
In much of outer space there is little or no gravity. Why is this?
Book Question 2:
Think of a spacecraft setting off from Earth and travelling directly to the Moon. Describe the
changes in gravity you expect the spacecraft to experience during the journey.
Book Question 3:
10
Suggest some differences you would experience when eating and drinking in weightless
conditions, compared to on Earth.
Extra Question 1:
B - Different gravities
Book Question 4:
Look at Table 1.5.4. Where is gravity highest?
Book Question 5:
Using information from the table, write the planets and the Moon in order of increasing
gravitational attraction if you were standing on the surface.
Book Question 6:
11
Explain why the mass of an object is the same on all planets and on the Moon.
C - Under the surface

Book Question 7:
Imagine it was possible to build a tower on Earth to the height of an orbiting space station.
a. What force(s) would you experience if you stepped off the tower?
b. What movement would you expect?
Book Question 8:
Explain what would happen if you tried to weigh yourself in these situations:
a. outer space
b. in a tunnel, halfway to the Earth’s centre
c. on top of a tower at space station level
Extra Question 2:
1. What is the meaning of 'weightless'? 2. Which term refers to the force that pulls objects
towards the center of the Earth?
a. Having no weight
b. Having a lot of weight a. Mass
c. Feeling light b. Volume
d. Feeling heavy c. Gravity
d. Density
12
3. How does weight on the Moon compare to weight 10. Why do astronauts float in space?
on Earth?
a. Because there is no gravity in space
a. Weight on the Moon is greater than weight on b. Because the force of gravity is equal to their
Earth weight
b. Weight on the Moon is less than weight on Earth c. Because their weight is reduced in space
c. Weight on the Moon is the same as weight on d. Because they wear special anti-gravity suits
Earth
d. Weight on the Moon cannot be measured
11. How does the weight of an object on Mars
compare to its weight on Earth?
4. What is the link between weight and gravitational
attraction?
a. Weight on Mars is greater than weight on Earth
b. Weight on Mars is less than weight on Earth
a. As weight increases, gravitational attraction c. Weight on Mars is the same as weight on Earth
decreases d. Weight on Mars cannot be measured
b. As weight increases, gravitational attraction
increases
c. Weight and gravitational attraction are not related 12. Which planet in our solar system has the lowest
d. Gravitational attraction is the opposite of weight gravitational pull?
a. Saturn
5. Which planet in our solar system has the
b. Uranus
strongest gravitational pull?
c. Neptune
d. Pluto
a. Mercury
b. Venus
c. Earth 13. True or False: Weight and mass are the same
d. Jupiter thing.
a. True
6. If an object weighs 60 pounds on Earth, what
b. False
would be its weight on the Moon?
a. 10 pounds 14. What would happen to your weight if you were

b. 20 pounds standing on a planet with a stronger gravitational
c. 40 pounds pull than Earth?
d. 60 pounds
a. Your weight would increase
b. Your weight would decrease
7. The force of gravity on a planet depends on its:
c. Your weight would stay the same
d. Your weight would become negative
a. Size and distance from the Sun
b. Size and number of moons
c. Distance from Earth 15. Which planet in our solar system has a similar
d. Color and shape gravitational pull to Earth?
a. Mars
8. Which term refers to the measure of the amount
b. Jupiter
of matter in an object?
c. Saturn
d. Uranus
a. Weight
b. Volume
c. Mass 16. How does weight on Jupiter compare to weight
d. Density on Earth?
a. Weight on Jupiter is greater than weight on Earth

9. What happens to an object's weight as you move
b. Weight on Jupiter is less than weight on Earth
further away from the surface of a planet?
c. Weight on Jupiter is the same as weight on Earth
d. Weight on Jupiter cannot be measured
a. Its weight decreases
b. Its weight increases
c. Its weight stays the same
d. Its weight becomes negative
13
17. True or False: Weight is a measure of the c. Its weight stays the same
amount of matter in an object. d. Its weight becomes negative
a. True 19. Which term refers to the resistance an object

b. False has against changes in its motion?
18. What happens to an object's weight as you a. Gravity

move closer to the surface of a planet? b. Weight
c. Mass
d. Force
a. Its weight decreases
b. Its weight increases
Lesson 5.5 - Exploring the effects of forces

Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify and describe the effects of forces of different sizes and directions.
2. Predict and explain the changes caused by forces.
3. Explain the concept of force pairs (action and reaction).
Key Vocabulary:
● prediction:
● action force:
● reaction force:
A - Trolley “Experiment”
Book Question 1:
What force is acting on the hanging mass?
14
Book Question 2:
What forces are acting on the trolley:
a. before it is moving?
b. while the mass is dropping?
c. once the mass has reached the floor?
B - Making predictions
Book Question 3:
a. Write a prediction about the movement of the trolley in Figure 1.5.5b, using this
sentence stem: ‘The heavier the mass hanging on the pulley, ...’
b. Use the idea of force to explain your prediction.
Book Question 4:
What do you think would happen to the speed of the trolley if, instead of increasing the mass
hanging on the pulley, the mass of the trolley was increased?
Extra Question 1:
15
C - Action and Reaction
Book Question 5:
In each of these situations, identify the action force and the reaction forces:
a. a cricketer hitting a ball
b. a person catching a ball
c. someone opening a fridge door.
Book Question 6:
Draw simple diagrams to show the forces when:
a. a tennis player hits a ball
b. a cyclist pushes down on a pedal
c. a dog pulls on a lead.
Extra Question 2:
1. What is the definition of prediction?
a. The force that opposes motion

b. The force that causes an object to move
c. A statement about what will happen in the future
d. The force that keeps objects at rest
16
2. When two forces are equal in size but act in d. The action force and the reaction force are
opposite directions, what can happen to the object? perpendicular to each other
a. It moves in the direction of the stronger force 8. How does the size of a force affect its effect on
b. It moves in the direction of the weaker force an object?
c. It remains at rest
d. It accelerates in the direction of the net force
a. The greater the force, the greater the effect on
the object
3. What is the net force on an object if two forces of b. The smaller the force, the greater the effect on
equal size act in the same direction? the object
c. The size of the force does not affect the effect on
a. Zero the object
b. Half of the individual forces d. The size of the force only affects the direction of
c. The sum of the individual forces the object's motion
d. The difference of the individual forces
9. Which of the following is an example of a force
4. Which of the following forces is an example of that opposes motion?
gravity?
a. The force that pushes objects away from each
a. The force that pushes objects away from each other
other b. The force that opposes the force of gravity
b. The force that opposes motion c. The force that pulls objects towards the center of
c. The force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth
the Earth d. The force that causes an object to move
d. The force that causes an object to move
10. What is the force that causes objects to fall
5. How does the direction of a force affect its effect towards the Earth?
on an object?
a. The action force
a. It does not affect the effect of the force b. The reaction force
b. It determines the size of the force c. The force of gravity
c. It determines the shape of the object d. The force of friction
d. It determines the direction of the object's motion
11. Which of the following forces is an example of a
6. Which of the following is an example of a force contact force?
that causes an object to accelerate?
a. The force that pulls objects towards the center of
a. The force that pushes objects away from each the Earth
other b. The force that causes an object to move
b. The force that opposes motion c. The force that opposes motion
c. The force that pulls objects towards the center of d. The force exerted by a person pushing a box
the Earth
d. The force that causes an object to move 12. How does the direction of an action force
compare to the direction of the reaction force?
7. Which of the following statements is true about
force pairs? a. They are always in the same direction
b. They are always in opposite directions
a. The action force is always greater than the c. They are sometimes in the same direction and
reaction force sometimes in opposite directions
b. The action force and the reaction force are equal d. The direction of the action force does not affect
in size the direction of the reaction force
c. The action force and the reaction force are in
opposite directions
17
13. Which of the following is an example of a force 14. How does the magnitude of a force affect its
that causes an object to change shape? effect on an object?
a. The force that pushes objects away from each a. The greater the magnitude, the greater the effect
other on the object
b. The force that opposes motion b. The smaller the magnitude, the greater the effect
c. The force that pulls objects towards the center of on the object
the Earth c. The magnitude of the force does not affect the
d. The force exerted by stretching a rubber band effect on the object
d. The magnitude of the force only affects the
direction of the object's motion
Lesson 5.6 - Understanding stretch and

compression
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the relationship between an applied force and the change of shape of an
object.
2. Investigate forces involved in compressing and stretching materials.
3. Identify applications for compressible and stretchable materials.
Key Vocabulary:
● Compress:
● Stretch:
● Elastic behaviour:
● Elastic limit:
● Brittle:
18
A - Elastic Behaviour
Book Question 1:
Name some materials or objects that can be noticeably compressed or stretched and show
elastic behaviour.
Book Question 2:
Name materials that show non-elastic behaviour when they are compressed or stretched.
Extra Question 1:
B - Elastic Limit
Book Question 3:
Name some brittle materials.
19
Book Question 4:
Look at the data in Table 1.5.6. Write a list of features that a correctly plotted graph to show
this data should include.
Book Question 5:
Plot a line graph to display the data in Table 1.5.6. Describe what your graph shows about
how the force applied affects the spring.
Book Question 6:
a. From your graph, what do you notice about the compression when a force of 60 N is
applied, compared to smaller forces?
20
b. What could explain the difference in part a)? Suggest why the final data point does
not fit the pattern of the others.
C - Practical Applications
Book Question 7:
Why might a cushion not work well if the foam was:
a. too soft?
b. too hard?
Book Question 8:
Explain why springs are particularly suitable for use in weighing devices and forcemeters.
Book Question 9:
Suggest why a climbing rope would be less effective if it had no elasticity at all.
Extra Question 2:
1. What is the relationship between an applied force c. An applied force can cause the object to stretch
and the change of shape of an object? or compress.
d. An applied force only affects the color of an
a. The shape of an object remains the same object.
regardless of the applied force.
b. An applied force does not have any effect on the
shape of an object.
21
2. Which term describes the behavior of a material c. Extending a spring
that returns to its original shape after being d. Tension in a rope
stretched?
7. Which of the following scenarios represents

a. Compressible stretching?
b. Elastic behavior
c. Elastic limit
a. Pulling a rubber band
d. Brittle
b. Squeezing a ball
c. Extending a spring
3. Which of the following materials is an example of d. Tension in a rope
a stretchable material?
8. Which of the following scenarios represents

a. Brick neither compression nor stretching?
b. Wood
c. Rubber glove
a. Pulling a rubber band
d. Ceramic plate
b. Squeezing a ball
c. Extending a spring
4. What does it mean for a material to be brittle? d. Tension in a rope
a. The material can be easily stretched. 9. Which term describes the ability of a material to
b. The material can be easily compressed. be easily stretched or compressed?
c. The material can be stretched and compressed.
d. The material breaks easily when force is applied.
a. Elastic behavior
b. Elastic limit
5. What is a primary application of stretchable c. Compressible
materials? d. Brittle
a. Elastic waistbands 10. What is the purpose of investigating forces

b. Glass windows involved in compressing and stretching materials?
c. Metal wires
d. Ceramic tiles
a. To understand how materials change color when
compressed or stretched.
6. Which of the following scenarios represents b. To discover new methods of stretching materials
compression? beyond their limit.
c. To identify applications for compressible and
a. Pulling a rubber band stretchable materials.
b. Squeezing a ball d. To determine the relationship between
compression and stretching in materials.
22
Lesson 5.7 - Investigating Hooke’s Law
Learning Outcomes:
1. Investigate the effects of applied forces on springs.
2. Generate data to produce a graph and analyse outcomes.
Key Vocabulary:
● Extension:
● Hooke’s Law:
● Elastic Limit:
A - Springs
Book Question 1:
Give three uses of springs.
Book Question 2:
Suggest some properties of materials that would make good springs.
23
Extra Question 1:
B - Hooke’s Law
Book Question 3:
A spring is being tested. It stretches by 3 cm when a force of 10 N is applied to it. If it
behaves according to Hooke’s Law, how far would you expect it to extend when these forces
are put on it?
a. 20 N
b. 70 N
c. 2 N
Book Question 4:
State Hooke’s Law in your own words.
C - Elastic Limit
Book Question 5:
Look at Figure 1.5.7d. Describe what happens as the force on the spring is increased.
24
Book Question 6:
From the graph:
a. how much force is needed to extend the spring by 7 cm?
b. how much does the spring extend by if a force of 3.5 N is applied to it?
Book Question 7:
a. Suggest approximately what size of force is needed to exceed the elastic limit of the
spring.
b. Why is it not possible to be sure what the exact limit is from the graph?
Extra Question 2:
Answer the following multiple choice questions to the best of your ability. Some might even
go beyond the book’s text, so use your best judgement and compare your answers with your
partner before checking the answers.
1. What is Hooke’s Law? 3. Which term describes the maximum amount a

spring can stretch or compress without permanently
a. The law that states the effects of applied forces deforming?
on springs
b. The law that states the relationship between an a. Elastic Limit
object's extension and the force applied to it b. Hooke's Law
c. The law that states the elastic limit of a spring c. Extension
d. The law that states the extension of a spring is d. Applied Force
directly proportional to the applied force as long as
the elastic limit is not exceeded 4. When investigating the effects of applied forces
on springs, what kind of data should you generate
2. What is the meaning of the term "Extension" in to produce a graph?
the context of Hooke's Law?
a. The extension of the spring at different force
a. The force applied to a spring values
b. The maximum limit of a spring's elasticity b. The mass of the spring at different extension
c. The change in length of a spring when a force is values
applied to it c. The temperature of the spring at different force
d. The point at which a spring stops returning to its values
original shape d. The length of the spring at different mass values
5. What does the graph of extension vs. force look

like when following Hooke's Law?
25
a. A linear graph with a positive slope a. The larger the spring constant, the stiffer the
b. A curved graph with varying slope spring
c. A straight horizontal line b. The smaller the spring constant, the stiffer the
d. A graph with no relationship between extension spring
and force c. The spring constant has no relation to the
stiffness of a spring
d. The stiffness of a spring is determined by its
6. Which of the following statements correctly
describes Hooke's Law? length, not its spring constant
a. The extension of a spring is inversely 11. What is the purpose of investigating Hooke's
proportional to the applied force Law?
b. The extension of a spring is directly proportional
to the applied force a. To understand the behavior of springs under
c. The extension of a spring is not affected by the different forces
applied force b. To determine the mass of an object
d. The extension of a spring is unrelated to the c. To measure the temperature of a spring
applied force d. To investigate the effects of gravity on springs
7. What happens to a spring when it reaches its 12. Which of the following statements is true about
elastic limit? Hooke's Law?
a. It breaks and cannot be used anymore a. It only applies to springs made of steel
b. It returns to its original shape b. It only applies to springs made of rubber
c. It permanently deforms and does not return to its c. It applies to all materials, as long as they exhibit
original shape linear elasticity
d. It becomes stronger and can handle higher d. It does not apply to any materials, as no material
forces exhibits linear elasticity
8. Which of the following units is commonly used to 13. What happens to the extension of a spring if the
measure extension? applied force is doubled?
a. Newtons (N) a. The extension is halved

b. Kilograms (kg) b. The extension is quadrupled
c. Meters per second (m/s) c. The extension is doubled
d. Centimeters (cm) d. The extension remains the same
9. If a spring has an extension of 5 cm when a force 14. Which of the following materials would exhibit
of 10 N is applied, what is the spring constant? the least elastic behavior?
a. 0.5 N/cm a. Steel

b. 2 N/cm b. Rubber
c. 5 N/cm c. Plastic
d. 15 N/cm d. Glass
15. If a spring has a spring constant of 3 N/cm, what

10. How does the spring constant relate to the force is required to extend it by 10 cm?
stiffness of a spring?
26
a. 0.3 N 16. Which of the following statements accurately
b. 3 N describes the relationship between extension and
c. 10 N force according to Hooke's Law?
d. 30 N
a. Extension is inversely proportional to force
b. Extension is directly proportional to force
c. Extension is not affected by force
d. Extension is unrelated to force
Lesson 5.8 - Understanding Friction
Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify the force of friction between two objects.
2. Describe the effects of friction.
3. Understand that friction acts in the opposite direction to the direction of movement.
Key Vocabulary:
● Friction:
● Contact Force:
● Lubricant:
A - Friction and water slides

Book Question 1:
What features of a water slide help people to travel fast? Explain your answer.
27
Book Question 2:
List three situations in which friction acts to slow something down.
Extra Question 1:
B - Studying Friction
Book Question 3:
In general, in what direction does the force of friction act?
Book Question 4:
Look at Figure 1.5.8b. Assuming that in all three cases the object is stationary to start with,
state in which case, if any, the object might move. Explain your reasoning.
28
C - Friction and Surfaces
Book Question 5:
Draw a diagram with labels to explain how friction occurs between two surfaces.
Book Question 6:
Draw an outline of a car in the middle of a sheet of paper. Around the outside add labels to
identify where friction could occur. Add details to the diagram to make your descriptions
clear.
Book Question 7:
Suggest some problems that friction could cause in a machine – for example a car or a
bicycle.
Extra Question 2:
1. What is friction? 2. Friction acts in the _ direction to the direction of

movement.
a. A type of magnetism.
b. A push or pull on an object. a. Same.
c. A force that slows down or stops motion. b. Opposite.
d. A type of energy.
29
c. Perpendicular. c. To change the direction of friction.
d. Diagonal. d. To reverse friction.
3. What can reduce the force of friction? 10. When you slide a book on a table, what force
causes it to stop moving?
a. Lubricant.
b. Gravity. a. Friction.
c. Magnetism. b. Gravity.
d. Electricity. c. Magnetism.
d. Elastic force.
4. Which of the following is an example of a
lubricant? 11. Which of the following is NOT an example of
friction in everyday life?
a. Sandpaper.
b. Glue. a. Walking.
c. Oil. b. Riding a bicycle.
d. Rubber. c. Playing with a ball.
d. Floating in water.
5. Friction can cause an object to:
12. Friction can make it easier or harder to:
a. Speed up.
b. Slow down. a. Start an object moving.
c. Change direction. b. Stop an object moving.
d. Float. c. Change the direction of an object.
d. All of the above.
6. The force that opposes motion between two
surfaces in contact is called: 13. The force of friction depends on:
a. Magnetic force. a. The weight of the object.

b. Gravitational force. b. The material of the object.
c. Contact force. c. The surface it is moving on.
d. Friction force. d. All of the above.
7. What kind of force is friction? 14. What happens to friction when surfaces are
rough?
a. Pulling force.
b. Pushing force. a. It decreases.
c. Contact force. b. It increases.
d. Electric force. c. It stays the same.
d. It reverses.
8. When using lubricants, the force of friction is:
15. Which of the following is an example of a high
a. Increased. friction surface?
b. Decreased.
c. Stayed the same. a. Ice.
d. Reversed. b. Glass.
c. Sandpaper.
d. Water.
9. What is the purpose of using lubricants?
a. To increase friction. 16. Friction can be helpful because it:

b. To decrease friction.
30
a. Slows down objects. a. Increase the weight of the object.
b. Keeps objects in place. b. Make the surfaces smoother.
c. Creates heat energy. c. Increase the force applied to the object.
d. All of the above. d. None of the above.
17. How can we reduce friction between two

surfaces?
Lesson 5.9 - Exploring the benefits of friction
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe applications that make use of friction.
2. Design procedures for investigating the force of friction.
Key Vocabulary:
● Independent variable:
● Dependent variable:
● Control variables:
● Reliable:
● Safety:
31
A - Friction and grip
Book Question 1:
Describe what might happen if you tried to open a door in a world without friction.
Book Question 2:
Explain whether friction is useful or unwanted in these situations:
a. skiing
b. rock climbing
c. driving on a wet road
d. pedalling a bicycle.
Book Question 3:
Draw force diagrams to illustrate the forces in action in the situations in question 2.
Extra Question 1:
32
B - Using friction
Book Question 4:
Explain how a webbing strap uses friction to stop itself coming undone.
Book Question 5:
Suggest why carbon ceramic disc brakes are more suitable for a racing car than for a family
car.
C - Experimenting with friction

Book Question 6:
Look at the apparatus for an investigation in Figure 1.5.9c.
a. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and any control
variables.
b. Explain how the experimenters could judge whether the results were reliable.
33
c. State what safety considerations should be taken into account.
34
Extra Question 2:
1. What is the purpose of friction in everyday life? 6. Which of the following is an example of an
application that utilises friction?
a. To reduce the force needed to push an object
b. To increase the velocity of moving objects a. A car braking system
c. To eliminate the need for lubrication b. A rocket propulsion system
d. To decrease the surface area of objects c. A solar panel for generating electricity
d. A smartphone touch screen
2. Which of the following best describes the
independent variable in a friction experiment? 7. How can you design a procedure for investigating
the force of friction?
a. The variable that is measured or observed
b. The variable that is intentionally changed or a. By using different materials for surfaces
manipulated b. By changing the temperature of the experiment
c. The variable that remains constant throughout c. By varying the size of the objects in the
the experiment experiment
d. The variable that is affected by other variables d. By adjusting the weight of the objects used
3. What is the role of control variables in a friction 8. Which term refers to the variable that is
experiment? measured or observed in a friction experiment?
a. To provide a basis for comparison a. Independent variable

b. To keep the experiment reliable and consistent b. Dependent variable
c. To measure the effects of friction accurately c. Control variable
d. To ensure the safety of the participants d. Reliable variable
4. Which term describes a variable that is affected 9. What is the main benefit of friction in a car
by changes in other variables? braking system?
a. Independent variable a. It reduces the force needed to accelerate the car

b. Dependent variable b. It increases the speed of the car while braking
c. Control variable c. It prevents the car from skidding or sliding
d. Reliable variable d. It eliminates the need for brake pads
5. What does the term "reliable" mean in the context 10. What is the role of the dependent variable in a
of a friction experiment? friction experiment?
a. The experiment produces consistent results a. To provide a basis for comparison

b. The experiment is conducted in a safe manner b. To keep the experiment reliable and consistent
c. The experiment is controlled by a single variable c. To measure the effects of friction accurately
d. The experiment measures the force of friction d. To ensure the safety of the participants
accurately
11. Which of the following best describes the control
variables in a friction experiment?
35
a. The variables that are measured or observed a. Independent variable
b. The variables that are intentionally changed or b. Dependent variable
manipulated c. Control variable
c. The variables that remain constant throughout d. Reliable variable
the experiment
d. The variables that are affected by other variables
14. What can you conclude about the force of
friction when the weight of an object increases?
12. Why is it important to have reliable
measurements in a friction experiment? a. The force of friction decreases
b. The force of friction increases
a. To ensure accurate conclusions can be drawn c. The force of friction remains constant
b. To increase the speed of the experiment d. The force of friction becomes unreliable
c. To eliminate the need for control variables
d. To reduce the force needed to push an object
15. Which term refers to the variable that remains
constant throughout a friction experiment?
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Control variable
d. Reliable variable
13. Which term describes a variable that is
intentionally changed or manipulated?
Lesson 5.10 - Understanding Air and Water

Resistance
Learning Outcomes:
1. Link frictional forces between surfaces to ‘drag’ between objects in a fluid.
2. Discuss examples of frictional drag in air and in water.
3. Consider the effects of friction on sky divers.
Key Vocabulary:
● Air resistance:
● Water resistance:
● Terminal Velocity:
36
● Particle:
● Collide:
A - Air and water resistance

Book Question 1:
What type of force is air resistance?
Book Question 2:
In what direction does air resistance act?
Book Question 3:
Why does air resistance limit the top speed of a vehicle?
Book Question 4:
What is the main difference between air resistance and water resistance?
Extra Question 1:
37
B - Terminal Velocity
Book Question 5:
At what point(s) during a sky dive are all the forces in balance?
Book Question 6:
When during a sky dive is the downward force of weight larger than the force of air
resistance?
Book Question 7:
a. When during a sky dive is air resistance larger than the downward force of weight?
b. Draw a force diagram to show the situation in part a).
C - Focusing on Particles
Book Question 8:
Suggest why you cannot feel the collisions of the individual air particles on your skin.
Book Question 9:
Using the idea of particles, explain why it is much harder to run through water than through
air.
Extra Question 2:
38
1. Which of the following is an example of air 7. How does air resistance affect the descent of a
resistance? parachute?
a. A boat moving through water a. It slows down the descent

b. A car accelerating on a highway b. It speeds up the descent
c. A parachute falling through the sky c. It has no effect on the descent
d. A train moving on a track d. It causes the parachute to spin
2. What is the term for the force that opposes the 8. What is the primary purpose of using streamlined
motion of an object through water? shapes?
a. Gravitational force a. To increase air resistance

b. Water resistance b. To decrease air resistance
c. Magnetic force
d. Electric force
9. How does water resistance affect the movement
of a swimmer?
3. Which of the following is an example of water
resistance? a. It helps the swimmer move faster
b. It slows down the swimmer
a. Swimming in a pool c. It has no effect on the swimmer
b. Riding a bike on a road d. It causes the swimmer to sink
c. Driving a car on a highway
d. Ice skating on a lake
10. Which of the following can help reduce water
resistance for a swimmer?
4. What is the term for the maximum speed an
object can reach when falling through the air? a. Wearing a wetsuit
b. Wearing heavy clothing
a. Acceleration c. Swimming against the current
b. Velocity d. Swimming with a backpack
c. Terminal velocity
d. Momentum
11. Which of the following sports rely on air
resistance?
5. Which of the following factors does not affect air
or water resistance? a. Soccer
b. Bowling
a. The size of the object c. Skydiving
b. The shape of the object d. Tennis
c. The mass of the object
d. The temperature of the object
6. What is the main reason skydivers wear

parachutes?
a. To increase their speed

b. To decrease their speed
c. To improve their balance 12. What happens to the speed of a skydiver as
d. To reduce their weight they reach terminal velocity?
39
a. The speed increases rapidly 13. Which of the following forces is responsible for
b. The speed remains constant making a skydiver eventually reach a constant
c. The speed decreases rapidly speed?
d. The speed fluctuates unpredictably
a. Gravitational force
b. Air drag
c. Magnetic force
d. Electric force
Lesson 5.11 - Discovering Streamlining

Learning Outcomes:
1. Recognise natural and man-made examples of streamlining.
2. Link streamlining to fuel efficiency in vehicles.
3. Evaluate the use of data collected from investigations of drag.
Key Vocabulary:
● streamlined:
● evaluate:
● turbulence:
40
A - Streamlined shapes
Book Question 1:
What features does a streamlined shape have compared to a less streamlined one?
Book Question 2:
State two benefits of streamlining.
Book Question 3:
Explain the effect of streamlining on friction.
Extra Question 1:
B - Experimenting with shapes

41
Book Question 4:
Refer to the data in Table 1.5.11. Which shape is the most streamlined? Explain how you
know.
Book Question 5:
Evaluate the data in Table 1.5.11.
a. First suggest how reliable the results are.
b. Now suggest factors that could have affected the results.
C - Investigating how air flows

Book Question 6:
Suggest two ways in which the choice of shape can reduce drag.
Book Question 7:
In designing a streamlined shape, why might the rear of the shape be important as well as
the front?
Book Question 8:
What are the advantages to car designers of using wind tunnels to help design the shape of
a car?
42
Extra Question 2:
1. Which of the following is an example of a natural c. A race car with a sleek, curved body
streamlining? d. A truck with a trailer attached
a. A brick 7. How does streamlining affect the speed of a

b. A leaf moving object?
c. A square
d. A rock
a. It decreases the speed
b. It has no effect on the speed
2. What does the term 'streamlined' mean? c. It increases the speed
d. It causes the object to stop moving
a. Very slow
b. Aerodynamic and smooth 8. How does streamlining affect fuel consumption?
c. Rough and bumpy
d. Heavy and clunky
a. It increases fuel consumption
b. It has no effect on fuel consumption
3. How does streamlining affect fuel efficiency in c. It decreases fuel consumption
vehicles? d. It causes the vehicle to run out of fuel
a. It increases fuel efficiency 9. When evaluating the use of data collected from
b. It has no effect on fuel efficiency investigations of drag, what are you analyzing?
c. It decreases fuel efficiency
d. It causes vehicle malfunctions
a. The weight of the objects
b. The size of the objects
4. Which of the following is an example of man- c. The impact of drag on streamlining
made streamlining? d. The color of the objects
a. A mountain 10. Which of the following is an example of a man-

b. A tornado made object that is not streamlined?
c. An airplane
d. A forest
a. A rocket
b. A boat
5. How can streamlining help reduce drag? c. A submarine
d. A pyramid
a. By making an object heavier
b. By making an object larger 11. Which of the following is an example of a
c. By reducing the amount of air resistance natural object that is not streamlined?
d. By increasing the turbulence around an object
a. A cheetah
6. Which of the following is an example of a b. A dolphin
streamlined vehicle? c. A tree
d. A bird
a. A bus with square edges and a flat surface
b. A bicycle with a large basket on the front
43
12. How can streamlining be linked to energy c. It decreases energy efficiency
efficiency? d. It causes energy loss
a. It increases energy efficiency

b. It has no effect on energy efficiency
44
Answers
Lesson 5.2
● Book Question 1:
● Comprehension question 1:
The three types of forces mentioned in the text are pushing force, pulling force, and
turning force.
● Extra Activity 1:
In each situation, show at least two forces - e.g. for the sailing boat you could show
the pushing force of the wind and the resistance of the water. Think about the relative
sizes of the forces.
45
1. a 9. c
2. b 10. a
3. c 11. d
4. d 12. a
5. a 13. b
6. d 14. c
7. b 15. c
8. a
Lesson 5.3
Newton
N
Newtonmeter (or forcemeter)
● Extra Question 1:
46
1. c 11. d
2. c 12. d
3. a 13. d
4. a 14. b
5. c 15. c
6. c 16. a
7. b 17. d
8. b 18. b
9. b 19. a
10. c 20. d
Lesson 5.4
47
1. a 11. b
2. c 12. d
3. b 13. b
4. b 14. a
5. d 15. a
6. c 16. a
7. a 17. b
8. c 18. b
9. a 19. c
10. c
Lesson 5.5
48
1. c 8. a
2. c 9. b
3. c 10. c
4. c 11. d
5. d 12. c
6. c 13. d
7. c 14. a
Lesson 5.6
49
1. c 6. b
2. b 7. a
3. c 8. d
4. d 9. a
5. a 10. c
Lesson 5.7
50
1. d 9. b
2. c 10. a
3. a 11. a
4. a 12. c
5. a 13. c
6. b 14. d
7. c 15. d
8. d 16. b
Lesson 5.8
51
1. c 10. a
2. b 11. d
3. a 12. d
4. c 13. d
5. b 14. b
6. d 15. c
7. c 16. d
8. b 17. b
9. b
Lesson 5.9
52
1. a 9. c
2. b 10. c
3. b 11. c
4. b 12. a
5. a 13. a
6. a 14. b
7. a 15. c
8. b
Lesson 5.10
53
1. c 8. b
2. b 9. b
3. a 10. a
4. c 11. c
5. d 12. b
6. b 13. b
7. a
Lesson 5.11
54
1. b 7. c
2. b 8. c
3. a 9. c
4. c 10. d
5. c 11. c
6. c 12. a
55

Sc7 Booklet

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sc7 Booklet

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Year 7 Science Booklet

Forces and their effects

A - Pushing, pulling, turning forces

1. What is a pushing force? 2. What is a pulling force?

3. What is a turning force?

a. Pushing force 12. A person pushing a box is an example of a __

a. Towards 13. A person pulling a wagon is an example of a __

a. Towards 14. A person opening a door is an example of a __

15. A person riding a bike is an example of a __

A - Newtons and newtonmeters

C - Mass and weight

a. Friction a. The water in a swimming pool.

9. What can a newtonmeter measure?

11. Which of the following is an example of weight?

Lesson 5.4 - Understanding Weight on other

A - Gravity and Weightlessness

C - Under the surface

a. 10 pounds 14. What would happen to your weight if you were

a. Weight on Jupiter is greater than weight on Earth

a. True 19. Which term refers to the resistance an object

18. What happens to an object's weight as you a. Gravity

Lesson 5.5 - Exploring the effects of forces

b. while the mass is dropping?

c. once the mass has reached the floor?

b. Use the idea of force to explain your prediction.

b. a person catching a ball

c. someone opening a fridge door.

b. a cyclist pushes down on a pedal

c. a dog pulls on a lead.

1. What is the definition of prediction?

a. The force that opposes motion

Lesson 5.6 - Understanding stretch and

7. Which of the following scenarios represents

8. Which of the following scenarios represents

a. Elastic waistbands 10. What is the purpose of investigating forces

1. What is Hooke’s Law? 3. Which term describes the maximum amount a

5. What does the graph of extension vs. force look

a. Newtons (N) a. The extension is halved

a. 0.5 N/cm a. Steel

15. If a spring has a spring constant of 3 N/cm, what

Lesson 5.8 - Understanding Friction

A - Friction and water slides

1. What is friction? 2. Friction acts in the _ direction to the direction of

a. Magnetic force. a. The weight of the object.

a. To increase friction. 16. Friction can be helpful because it:

17. How can we reduce friction between two

Lesson 5.9 - Exploring the benefits of friction

c. driving on a wet road

C - Experimenting with friction

a. To provide a basis for comparison a. Independent variable

a. Independent variable a. It reduces the force needed to accelerate the car

a. The experiment produces consistent results a. To provide a basis for comparison

Lesson 5.10 - Understanding Air and Water

A - Air and water resistance

b. Draw a force diagram to show the situation in part a).

a. A boat moving through water a. It slows down the descent

a. Gravitational force a. To increase air resistance

6. What is the main reason skydivers wear

a. To increase their speed

Lesson 5.11 - Discovering Streamlining

B - Experimenting with shapes

b. Now suggest factors that could have affected the results.

C - Investigating how air flows

a. A brick 7. How does streamlining affect the speed of a