Dr.

Awni Alkhazaleh
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
 Other Publications

ASCE Publications. American Society of Civil Engineers

ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM Publications. ASTM International
AWS Publications. American Welding Society
AWWA Publications. American Water Works Association
IEEE Publications. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc

Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual

responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving
equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.
The term authority having jurisdiction is that person or office enforcing the
standard. In cases where the standard is to be legally enforced, the authority
having jurisdiction is usually a fire marshal or building official

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an
organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned
with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of
production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and
whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets
appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a
specified purpose such as pipe, alarm valves, hangers, and sprinklers

Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement

Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Deluge Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers that are
attached to a piping system that is connected to a water supply through a valve
that is opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the same areas
as the sprinklers. When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and
discharges from all sprinklers attached thereto.

The difference between the two types of systems is that preaction systems employ
automatic sprinklers that respond to heat, and deluge systems use open sprinklers
that have no fusible element

Deluge systems are normally used for high hazard areas requiring an immediate
application of water over the entire hazard. An aircraft hangar is an example of a
facility that is likely to use deluge systems.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
 Dry Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers
that are attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure,
the release of which (as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water
pressure to open a valve known as a dry pipe valve, and the water then flows into
the piping system and out the opened sprinklers.

A dry pipe sprinkler system should only be installed where pipe is subject to
freezing. It requires dry pipe systems to be installed where the building
environment cannot be maintained at or above 40°F (4°C).

A dry pipe system is typically filled with compressed air or nitrogen and is
activated when a drop in pressure occurs. A drop in pressure can be caused by the
activation of a single.

sprinkler or by damage to the sprinkler system piping. A drop in pressure causes

the dry pipe valve to open and allows water to flow through the system. Exhibit
3.5 illustrates an example of a dry pipe system.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
 Gridded Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which parallel cross mains are
connected by multiple branch lines. An operating sprinkler will receive water
from both ends of its branch line while other branch lines help transfer water
between cross mains.

Gridded sprinkler systems are designed to provide a number of flow paths to the
sprinklers on the branch lines. This multiple path design reduces the potential for
pressure loss through the system piping as compared to other system
configurations. Due to the very complex nature of the hydraulic calculations
involved, the use of computer hydraulic programs is almost. always necessary in
evaluating the piping grid and determining the pressure requirements of the
system. Although the gridded system possesses highly advantageous hydraulic
characteristics, certain limitations and design conditions are associated with its
use.
For example, gridded systems are not permitted for dry pipe systems and certain
preaction systems, because excessive amounts of air can remain trapped in the
system piping, which significantly delays water from reaching the operating
sprinklers.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Gridded system designs must also include additional verification that the
hydraulically most demanding combination of sprinklers was selected. Gridded
systems must be equipped with a relief valve to remove trapped air from the
piping. In addition to removing trapped air, the relief valve allows for pressure
fluctuations associated with the thermal expansion of the water within the
piping. In a tree system, the air trapped within the branch lines absorbs these
increases in pressure. However, a gridded system has no such room for expansion
due to water filling all sections of pipe.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Looped Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are
tied together so as to provide more than one path for water to flow to an
operating sprinkler and branch lines are not tied together.
A looped sprinkler system possesses better hydraulic characteristics than does a
tree system. Tree systems are the most basic system of sprinkler pipe layout
where the cross mains and the branch lines are not tied together, providing only
one path for the water to flow to an operating sprinkler. While looped systems
hydraulically perform better than tree systems, their hydraulic characteristics are
not as good as those of a gridded system. The hydraulic calculations associated
with a looped system are not as complicated as those for a gridded system.
Additionally, looped systems do not have the same limitations and design
considerations as do gridded systems.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Wet pipe systems should always be the first type of system considered. Only in
cases where a wet pipe system cannot properly protect a space should another
type of system be contemplated. For example, a wet pipe system is not a good
candidate for a cold storage room, because the cold temperature is likely to
cause the water in the sprinkler piping to freeze, resulting in damage to the
piping and an impairment of the sprinkler system. Therefore, a dry pipe or an
antifreeze system is a better choice for the protection of cold storage rooms.

Looped Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are
tied together so as to provide more than one path for water to flow to an
operating sprinkler and branch lines are not tied together.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Looped Sprinkler System

A looped sprinkler system possesses better hydraulic characteristics than does a tree
system. Tree systems are the most basic system of sprinkler pipe layout where the
cross mains and the branch lines are not tied together, providing only one path for
the water to flow to an operating sprinkler. While looped systems hydraulically
perform better than tree systems, their hydraulic characteristics are not as good as
those of a gridded system. The hydraulic calculations associated with a looped
system are not as complicated as those for a gridded system. Additionally, looped
systems do not have the same limitations and design considerations as do gridded
systems.

Multi-Cycle System. A type of sprinkler system capable of repeated on–off flow

cycles in response to heat.

Preaction Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that

are attached to a piping system that contains air that might or might not be under
pressure, with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the
sprinklers.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Preaction Sprinkler System. The actuating means of the valve are described in
Actuation of the detection system and sprinklers in the case of double-interlocked
systems opens a valve that permits water to flow into the sprinkler piping system
and to be discharged from any sprinklers that are open.

Wet pipe systems should always be the first type of system considered. Only in
cases where a wet pipe system cannot properly protect a space should another
type of system be contemplated. For example, a wet pipe system is not a good
candidate for a cold storage room, because the cold temperature is likely to cause
the water in the sprinkler piping to freeze, resulting in damage to the piping and an
impairment of the sprinkler system. Therefore, a dry pipe or an antifreeze system is
a better choice for the protection of cold storage rooms.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh