Science 10

Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 4

Kinetic Molecular Theory

 EXPECTATIONS
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
1.describe each Kinetic Molecular Theory assumptions;
2.explain the properties of gases using the kinetic molecular theory;
and,
3.cite instances wherein kinetic molecular theory is observed in life
experiences.

PRETEST

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.Which of the following has particles that can be drawn into
smaller volume?
a. air inside a balloon c. ice cube
b. block of wood d. water
2. A balloon can still be pumped even if it is already inflated. What
explains this phenomenon?
a. Air molecules can be compressed.
b. Balloons are made up of plastic.
c. Balloons look better if the size is bigger.
d. The air inside the balloon is hot.

3.What will happen when an aerosol is heated?

a. The can will be deformed.
b. The can will stay the same.
c. The can will eventually explode.
d. The can will tarnish.

4. Which of the following is true?

a. Gases are composed of atoms.
b. Gas molecules cannot move.
 c. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between and among
gas molecules.
d. The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly related to the
temperature of a gas.

5. Tire usually explodes during summer. Which best explains this

observation?
a. There is too much air inside the tires.
b. Vehicle tires are not maintained.
c. There are more travelers during summer vacation.
d. The high temperature during summer causes the tires to
explode.

RECAP

Direction: Match the items in column A with that of colum B.

Write your answer on the spcae provided before the number.

_____1. force per unit area a.Compressibility

_____2.the degree of hotness b.Diffusion
or coldness of the body
_____3.the ability to be compressed c.Pressure
_____4.particles can easily diffuse d.Temperature

LESSON

What happens when you pump air inside a balloon? The

balloon becomes bigger and the increase in size is cause by the
infusion of more molecules of air inside. Why do balloons stay as that
high in the sky?
Gas particles are very far apart with one another and that we
cannot see these particles. We can just feel them. Gases behave
differently from solids and liquids. The gas laws help us predict the
behavior of gases, but they do not explain what happens at the
molecular level to cause the changes we observe in the macroscopic
world like for example this question;” Why does the volume of gas
expand upon heating?
In the 19th century physicist, namely Ludwig Boltzmann and
James Clerk Maxwell found that the physical properties of gases could
be explained in terms of motion of the individual molecules. The
molecular movement is a form of energy. The findings of Maxwell and
Boltzmann resulted in the generalization about the behavior of gases
known as the Kinetic Molecular Theory. This theory provides a logical
explanation on the behavior of ideal gases. The assumptions of this
theory are the following:
1.Gases are made up of tiny particles called molecules. These
molecules are separated from each other by distances far greater
than their dimensions, which means that they possess mass but
negligible volume. This explains why gases have low densities
and are highly compressible.
2.Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions and
they frequently collide with one another. The constant motion of
the particles enables gases to easily occupy all available space.
This is the reason why gases expand, diffuse and effuse.
3.There is a negligible attractive or repulsive force between or among
gas molecules.
4.The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of gas in Kelvin.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory provides a molecular interpretation
of temperature. The absolute temperature is the measure of the
average kinetic energy of the molecules. In other words, the absolute
temperature is an index of random motion of the molecules. The higher
the temperature, the more energetic the motion is. For this reason,
random molecular motion is sometimes called the thermal motion
because it is related to the temperature of the gas sample.
Application to gas laws:
1. Since molecules are separated by large distances in assumption
1, gases can easily be compressed to occupy smaller volume.
 2. The pressure exerted by a gas results from the impact of its
molecules on the walls of the container. The rate on the number
of collisions within the walls per second is proportional on the
molecule per unit volume of gas. Decreasing the volume increases
its density and its collision rate. Because of this, the pressure of
a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies.

3. Since the average kinetic energy is proportional to the absolute

temperature in assumption 4, raising the temperature increases
the average kinetic energy. Consequently, molecules will collide
with the walls of the container more frequently and with greater
impact if the gas is heated and thus the pressure increases.

4. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to both the density

and temperature of the gas.

5. If the molecules do not attract or repel one another (assumption

3), then the pressure exerted by one type of molecule is
unaffected by the pressure of another gas. Consequently, the
total pressure is given by the sum of the individual gas pressure.

Instances wherein kinetic molecular theory is applied:

Mechanism of breathing

During inhalation, our diaphragm contracts causing expansion

of the thoracic cavity and the lungs. Air flows into the lungs due to
decreased air pressure in the cavity. On the other hand, during
exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and is raised pushing up into the
thoracic activity. This causes a decrease in the volume of the lungs.
At this, time the pressure inside the lungs becomes higher than the
pressure of the atmosphere. Hence, air flows out of the lungs.
Technologies with some gas laws application

a. Pressure cooker
A pressure cooker reduces the time in cooking food. It is airtight
sealed that does not allow steam from escaping. As food is being
cooked inside, steam accumulates, thus increasing the number of
frequencies of collision of molecules. Pressure increases as
temperature increases. This causes the shortening of time in cooking.
b. Aerosol can and gas cylinder
When a sealed gas containing high pressured gas is opened, the
gas moves by following the direction of the pressure gradient. This
means that the gas moves from an area of higher pressure to an area
of lower pressure. LPG tanks and other gas tanks work on the same
principle. Gas cylinders usually contain high pressure gases and
thus, they are usually placed in container made up of strong
materials like steel to prevent explosion. Proper storage must be
observed.

c. Scuba Diving
SCUBA means Self -Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus or
sometimes called aqua lung is used by deep sea divers to breathe
comfortably in an underwater environment. As the diver swims
deeper into the ocean he would normally experience high pressure
making it difficult for the lungs to breathe. The scuba provides added
air to the lungs increasing its pressure that will match the pressure
in the underwater.
d. Hot air balloons
Hot-air balloons are used for recreational purposes. It is a typical
simple type of aircraft that you use to fly from one place to another. It
is filled with hot air. Since air will rise when it is heated, the balloon
with the air inside is lifted, giving up an upward thrust. The balloon is
made up of nylon materials which is heat resistant at the mouth where
the burner is. The liquid propane fuel is sored in cylinders in the wicker
basket. They cannot navigate on their own. They must rely on the wind
to push them direction. Since the wind blows in different directions,
the navigator of the balloon can increase or decrease the amount of
hot air in the balloon, to make it rise and fall.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Assumptions of the KMT

Direction: Given are some of the situations on the behavior of gases.
Write the assumptions described in the kinetic Molecular Theory.

SITUATIONS ASSUMPTIONS
1.Tires of motor vehicle usually
explode during summer
2.The use of pressure cooker
usually decrease the length in
time during cooking
3.When you heat an empty
balloon eventually the balloon
will expand
4.A balloon with air can still be
inflated.

Activity 2. Properties of Gases in Terms of KMT

Direction: Given are the properties of gases. Explain these properties
in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory. Write your explanation in the
table provided.

EXPLANATION
Gases can easily be compressed
to occupy smaller volume.

The pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies.
 Molecules will collide with the
walls of the container more
frequently and with greater
impact if the gas is heated and
thus the pressure increases
The total pressure is given by
the sum of the individual gas
pressure.

Activity 3: Applications of kinetic Molecular Theory

Direction: Given are the applications where Kinetic Molecular
Theory is applied. Write your explanation in the table.

APPLICATION EXPLANATION
Pressure Cooker
SCUBA
Gas Cylinder like LPG gas
Hot Air balloon

WRAP-UP
Direction: Fill up the concept map

Assumptions of the Kinetic

Molecular Theory
 VALUING

Gas molecules are unpredictable; thus, they behave differently

than solids and liquids. However, gases are useful to man. There are
also unpredictable circumstances in our life which sometimes make
us stumble, feel weak and discourage. The pressure that we encounter
like COVID19, online learning, financial, social, and psychological are
some of these. May these challenges become our guide and inspiration
to be stronger as human, motivate us to become positive in life and
build strong relationship with or creator. We can handle all of these
with care. Its just a matter of faith and hope in God.

POSTTEST

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, which of the following
statements is true of the molecules in the gaseous state?
a. They have the same average kinetic energy at different
temperatures.
b. Gas molecules move randomly in different directions,
continuously colliding with one another.
c. Gas molecules show large attraction for each other due to the
wide spaces separating them.
d. Larger molecules have greater velocities than smaller
molecules at the same temperature.

2.Which is NOT an observable property of a gas?

a. mixes homogeneously with other gases
b. varies its shape and volume to fit the container.
c. highly compressible when enough pressure is applied.
d. expands infinitely and distributes uniformly.
3.Which of the following gas principles best explains why it is advisable
to keep aerosol can away from heat and flame?
a. Gases inside the aerosol are always moving very fast.
b. Volume of gas varies directly with temperature.
c. An increase in temperature causes an increase in pressure.
d. Temperature varies inversely with temperature.

4. Which property of gas is explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

a. Gas exerts pressure.
b. Gases are widely separated.
c. Gases are in constant, random motion.
d. All the above

5.Which of the following refers to forces exerted by molecules on the

wall of the container because of the collision of molecules?
a. density c. mass
b. diffusion d. pressure
 References
Vengco, Lilia G., Delia Navaza, and Teresita Religioso. You and the Natural World
Science. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, 2015.

Chang, Raymond. “Chemistry. Princeton Road, New Jersey: Mc-Graw Hills Inc.
5th Edition 1994.

’Illustration of Solid, Liquid and Gas”. Accessed, September 18, 2020.

https://www.google.com/search?q=solidparticles&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwjNv8mny_LrAhVNyYsBHVlACf8Q_AUoA3oECAwQBQ&biw=1366
&bih=625#imgrc=wX3jXS1yb0xhHM

Science Learners’ Material. Department of Education. National Capital Region,

Philippines. 2013

Dignos, Ginalyn B., Angeles,Diomedes G., Ganaden,Mildred M. Chemistry III. Neo

Asia Publishing Inc.2010.

“Photo on Mecahnism on Breathing” Accessed; February 6, 2021. mechanism of

breathing - Bing images

”Photo of Hot Air Balloon”. Accessed February 6, 2021.

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=0Td97lxN&id=4986E
2667DAC6F8EBB6D844C62F96A842D1B5DC&thid=OIP.0Td97lxNqnHNyTcG.Pic
tu re of Hot Air Balloon

Photo of Gas Cylinder” accessed February 6, 2021.

https://www.bing.com/images/search? view=detailV2&ccid=Bl%2F1JICI&id=
4A2B7CD191672612F60DFFB72E55E7528E401304&thid=OIP.Bl_1JICIZOOC4p5
XPa2teAHaHa&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.flaticon.com%2Ficons%2Fpng%2F5
12%2F1405%2F1405540.png&exph=512&expw=512&q=aerosol+and+gas+cylinder&si
mid=608022311562840750&ck=2D11CA03A1E490A0F326C37CA3C8FB8